Diabetic nephropathy: The regulatory interplay between epigenetics and microRNAs

D’Addio, 2014, Harnessing the immunological properties of stem cells as a therapeutic option for diabetic nephropathy, Acta Diabetol., 51, 897, 10.1007/s00592-014-0603-1 Persson, 2018, Diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease: state of the art and future perspective, Kid. Int. Suppl., 8, 2, 10.1016/j.kisu.2017.10.003 Fineberg, 2013, Diabetic nephropathy: diagnosis and treatment, Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 9, 713, 10.1038/nrendo.2013.184 Fowler, 2008, Microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes, Clin. Diabetes, 26, 77, 10.2337/diaclin.26.2.77 Forbes, 2007, Diabetic nephropathy: where hemodynamics meets metabolism, Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes, 115, 69, 10.1055/s-2007-949721 Dronavalli, 2008, The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab., 4, 444, 10.1038/ncpendmet0894 Kim, 2017, New therapeutic agents in diabetic nephropathy, Korean J. Intern. Med., 32, 11, 10.3904/kjim.2016.174 Wang, 2017, Synergistic interaction of hypertension and diabetes in promoting kidney injury and the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress, Hypertension, 69, 879, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08560 Lv, 2015, Therapeutic strategies of diabetic nephropathy: recent progress and future perspectives, Drug Discov. Today, 20, 332, 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.10.007 Toth-Manikowski, 2015, Diabetic kidney disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic targets, J. Diabetes Res., 2015, 697010, 10.1155/2015/697010 Baragetti, 2017, Targeting immunity in end-stage renal disease, Am. J. Nephrol., 45, 310, 10.1159/000458768 Fiorina, 2014, Role of podocyte B7-1 in diabetic nephropathy, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 25, 1415, 10.1681/ASN.2013050518 Krolewski, 2017, Fast renal decline to end-stage renal disease: an unrecognized feature of nephropathy in diabetes, Kidney Int., 91, 1300, 10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.046 Sun, 2017, Role of epigenetic histone modifications in diabetic kidney disease involving renal fibrosis, J. Diabetes Res., 2017, 7242384, 10.1155/2017/7242384 Chakraborty, 2017, Therapeutic miRNA and siRNA: moving from bench to clinic as next generation medicine, Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids, 8, 132, 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.06.005 Christopher, 2016, MicroRNA therapeutics: discovering novel targets and developing specific therapy, Perspect. Clin. Res., 7, 68, 10.4103/2229-3485.179431 Mukhadi, 2015, The role of MicroRNAs in kidney disease, Noncoding RNA, 1, 192 Wu, 2014, The role of microRNAs in diabetic nephropathy, J. Diabetes Res., 10.1155/2014/920134 Chuang, 2007, Epigenetics and microRNAs, Pediatr. Res., 61, 24R, 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3180457684 Bianchi, 2017, Coordinated actions of MicroRNAs with other epigenetic factors regulate skeletal muscle development and adaptation, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18, 840, 10.3390/ijms18040840 Sheervalilou, 2017, A new insight on reciprocal relationship between microRNA expression and epigenetic modifications in human lung cancer, Tumour Biol., 39, 10.1177/1010428317695032 Ichii, 2018, MicroRNAs associated with the development of kidney diseases in humans and animals, J. Toxicol. Pathol., 31, 23, 10.1293/tox.2017-0051 Daugaard, 2017, Biogenesis and function of ago-associated RNAs, Trends Genet., 33, 208, 10.1016/j.tig.2017.01.003 Ha, 2014, Regulation of microRNA biogenesis, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 15, 509, 10.1038/nrm3838 Paul, 2018, Interplay between miRNAs and human diseases, J. Cell. Physiol., 233, 2007, 10.1002/jcp.25854 Tana, 2017, microRNA profiling in atherosclerosis, diabetes, and migraine, Ann. Med., 49, 93, 10.1080/07853890.2016.1226515 Ramassone, 2018, Epigenetics and MicroRNAs in Cancer, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19, 10.3390/ijms19020459 Melo, 2014, Biogenesis and physiology of MicroRNAs, 5 Kim, 2005, MicroRNA biogenesis: coordinated cropping and dicing, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 6, 376, 10.1038/nrm1644 Finnegan, 2013, MicroRNA biogenesis: regulating the regulators, Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 48, 51, 10.3109/10409238.2012.738643 Libri, 2013, Regulation of microRNA biogenesis and turnover by animals and their viruses, Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 70, 3525, 10.1007/s00018-012-1257-1 Bhadra, 2016, Pigmy MicroRNA: surveillance cops in Therapies kingdom, Mol Med, 22 Dong, 2013, MicroRNA: function, detection, and bioanalysis, Chem. Rev., 113, 6207, 10.1021/cr300362f Rupaimoole, 2017, MicroRNA therapeutics: towards a new era for the management of cancer and other diseases, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 16, 203, 10.1038/nrd.2016.246 Hou, 2013, MicroRNA regulation in renal pathophysiology, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 14, 13078, 10.3390/ijms140713078 Tian, 2008, MicroRNA-target pairs in the rat kidney identified by microRNA microarray, proteomic, and bioinformatic analysis, Genome Res., 18, 404, 10.1101/gr.6587008 Sun, 2004, Development of a micro-array to detect human and mouse microRNAs and characterization of expression in human organs, Nucleic Acids Res., 32, e188, 10.1093/nar/gnh186 Trionfini, 2015, MicroRNAs in kidney physiology and disease, Nat. Rev. Nephrol., 11, 23, 10.1038/nrneph.2014.202 Chandrasekaran, 2012, Role of microRNAs in kidney homeostasis and disease, Kidney Int., 81, 617, 10.1038/ki.2011.448 Kwekel, 2015, Age and sex differences in kidney microRNA expression during the life span of F344 rats, Biol. Sex Differ., 6, 1, 10.1186/s13293-014-0019-1 Pacurari, 2015, Role of MicroRNAs in renin-angiotensin-Aldosterone system-mediated cardiovascular inflammation and remodeling, Int. J. Inflam., 10.1155/2015/101527 Batkai, 2012, MicroRNAs in hypertension: mechanisms and therapeutic targets, Curr. Hypertens. Rep., 14, 79, 10.1007/s11906-011-0235-6 Zheng, 2010, MicroRNA-155 regulates angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression and phenotypic differentiation in vascular adventitial fibroblasts, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 400, 483, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.08.067 Madeira, 2016, Detecting aquaporin function and regulation, Front. Chem., 4, 3, 10.3389/fchem.2016.00003 Gomes, 2018, The emerging role of microRNAs in aquaporin regulation, Front. Chem., 6, 238, 10.3389/fchem.2018.00238 Sepramaniam, 2010, MicroRNA 320a functions as a novel endogenous modulator of aquaporins 1 and 4 as well as a potential therapeutic target in cerebral ischemia, J. Biol. Chem., 285, 29223, 10.1074/jbc.M110.144576 Wei, 2013, The regulation and function of microRNAs in kidney diseases, IUBMB Life, 65, 602, 10.1002/iub.1174 Elvira-Matelot, 2010, Regulation of WNK1 expression by miR-192 and aldosterone, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 21, 1724, 10.1681/ASN.2009111186 Gong, 2012, Claudin-14 regulates renal Ca(+)(+) transport in response to CaSR signalling via a novel microRNA pathway, EMBO J., 31, 1999, 10.1038/emboj.2012.49 Castrop, 2010, Physiology of kidney renin, Physiol. Rev., 90, 607, 10.1152/physrev.00011.2009 Sequeira-Lopez, 2010, The microRNA-processing enzyme dicer maintains juxtaglomerular cells, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 21, 460, 10.1681/ASN.2009090964 DiStefano, 2013, Emerging roles for miRNAs in the development, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetic nephropathy, Curr. Diab. Rep., 13, 582, 10.1007/s11892-013-0386-8 Kato, 2015, MicroRNAs in diabetic nephropathy: functions, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1353, 72, 10.1111/nyas.12758 Dewanjee, 2018, MicroRNA: a new generation therapeutic target in diabetic nephropathy, Biochem. Pharmacol., 155, 32, 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.017 Khella, 2013, MicroRNAs in kidney disease: an emerging understanding, Am. J. Kidney Dis., 61, 798, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.09.018 Eissa, 2016, Clinical verification of a novel urinary microRNA panal: 133b, -342 and -30 as biomarkers for diabetic nephropathy identified by bioinformatics analysis, Biomed. Pharmacother., 83, 92, 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.06.018 Eissa, 2016, Urinary exosomal microRNA panel unravels novel biomarkers for diagnosis of type 2 diabetic kidney disease, J Diabetes Complications, 30, 1585, 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.07.012 Kato, 2007, MicroRNA-192 in diabetic kidney glomeruli and its function in TGF-β-induced collagen expression via inhibition of E-box repressors, PNAS, 104.9, 3432, 10.1073/pnas.0611192104 Kato, 2016, An endoplasmic reticulum stress-regulated lncRNA hosting a microRNA megacluster induces early features of diabetic nephropathy, Nat. Commun., 7, 12864, 10.1038/ncomms12864 Kanwar, 2011, A glimpse of various pathogenetic mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy, Annu. Rev. Pathol., 6, 395, 10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092150 Hagiwara, 2013, MicroRNA in diabetic nephropathy: renin angiotensin, aGE/RAGE, and oxidative stress pathway, J. Diabetes Res., 10.1155/2013/173783 Assmann, 2018, MicroRNAs and diabetic kidney disease: systematic review and bioinformatic analysis, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 10.1016/j.mce.2018.06.005 Pollack, 2016, Anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of diabetes and its vascular complications, Diabetes Care, 39, S244, 10.2337/dcS15-3015 Donath, 2011, Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 11, 98, 10.1038/nri2925 Donath, 2014, Targeting inflammation in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: time to start, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 13, 465, 10.1038/nrd4275 Bhatt, 2016, Anti-inflammatory role of MicroRNA-146a in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 27, 2277, 10.1681/ASN.2015010111 Guo, 2017, MiRNA-29c regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines in diabetic nephropathy by targeting tristetraprolin, Sci. Rep., 7, 2314, 10.1038/s41598-017-01027-5 Hsu, 2016, Protective effects of miR-29a on diabetic glomerular dysfunction by modulation of DKK1/Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, Sci. Rep., 6, 30575, 10.1038/srep30575 Hewitson, 2012, Fibrosis in the kidney: is a problem shared a problem halved?, Fibrogenesis & tissue repair. BioMed Central., 5, S14, 10.1186/1755-1536-5-S1-S14 Liu, 2006, Renal fibrosis: new insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutics, Kidney Int., 69, 213, 10.1038/sj.ki.5000054 Kaimori, 2017, Visualization of kidney fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy by long diffusion tensor imaging MRI with spin-echo sequence, Sci. Rep., 7, 5731, 10.1038/s41598-017-06111-4 de Zeeuw, 2004, Albuminuria, not only a cardiovascular/renal risk marker, but also a target for treatment?, Kidney Int. Suppl., S2, 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.09201.x Verma, 2017, Study of microalbuminuria as early risk marker of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic subjects, Int. J. Res. Med. Sci., 5, 10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20173006 Zhao, 2016, MicroRNA-23b targets ras GTPase-Activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 2 to alleviate fibrosis and Albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 27, 2597, 10.1681/ASN.2015030300 Wu, 2016, MicroRNA-27a induces mesangial cell injury by targeting of PPARgamma, and its in vivo knockdown prevents progression of diabetic nephropathy, Sci. Rep., 6, 26072, 10.1038/srep26072 Zhou, 2017, MicroRNA-27a promotes podocyte injury via PPARgamma-mediated beta-catenin activation in diabetic nephropathy, Cell Death Dis., 8, e2658, 10.1038/cddis.2017.74 Simpson, 2016, MicroRNAs in diabetic nephropathy: from biomarkers to therapy, Curr. Diab. Rep., 16, 35, 10.1007/s11892-016-0724-8 Zhang, 2009, MicroRNA-21 protects from mesangial cell proliferation induced by diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice, FEBS Lett., 583, 2009, 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.05.021 Lai, 2015, MicroRNA-21 in glomerular injury, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 26, 805, 10.1681/ASN.2013121274 Xu, 2012, Delayed ischemic preconditioning contributes to renal protection by upregulation of miR-21, Kidney Int., 82, 1167, 10.1038/ki.2012.241 Kolling, 2017, Therapeutic miR-21 silencing ameliorates diabetic kidney disease in mice, Mol. Ther., 25, 165, 10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.08.001 McClelland, 2015, miR-21 promotes renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy by targeting PTEN and SMAD7, Clin. Sci., 129, 1237, 10.1042/CS20150427 Gomez, 2015, Anti-microRNA-21 oligonucleotides prevent Alport nephropathy progression by stimulating metabolic pathways, J. Clin. Invest., 125, 141, 10.1172/JCI75852 Dey, 2011, MicroRNA-21 orchestrates high glucose-induced signals to TOR complex 1, resulting in renal cell pathology in diabetes, J. Biol. Chem., 286, 25586, 10.1074/jbc.M110.208066 Lovisa, 2015, Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition induces cell cycle arrest and parenchymal damage in renal fibrosis, Nat. Med., 21, 998, 10.1038/nm.3902 Grande, 2015, Snail1-induced partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition drives renal fibrosis in mice and can be targeted to reverse established disease, Nat. Med., 21, 989, 10.1038/nm.3901 Srivastava, 2013, MicroRNAs in kidney fibrosis and diabetic nephropathy: roles on EMT and EndMT, Biomed Res. Int., 2013, 125469, 10.1155/2013/125469 Zheng, 2018, MicroRNA-30a suppresses the activation of hepatic stellate cells by inhibiting epithelial-to-Mesenchymal transition, Cell. Physiol. Biochem., 46, 82, 10.1159/000488411 Yu, 2014, MicroRNA-29b inhibits peritoneal fibrosis in a mouse model of peritoneal dialysis, Lab. Invest., 94, 978, 10.1038/labinvest.2014.91 Peng, 2015, MiR-30a inhibits the epithelial--Mesenchymal transition of podocytes through downregulation of NFATc3, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 16, 24032, 10.3390/ijms161024032 Bai, 2016, MicroRNA-130b improves renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis via repression of Snail-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in diabetic nephropathy, Sci. Rep., 6, 20475, 10.1038/srep20475 Bera, 2017, Reciprocal regulation of miR-214 and PTEN by high glucose regulates renal glomerular mesangial and proximal tubular epithelial cell hypertrophy and matrix expansion, Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol., 313, C430, 10.1152/ajpcell.00081.2017 Wang, 2016, Cross talk between miR-214 and PTEN attenuates glomerular hypertrophy under diabetic conditions, Sci. Rep., 6, 31506, 10.1038/srep31506 Li, 2017, Triptolide restores autophagy to alleviate diabetic renal fibrosis through the miR-141-3p/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathway, Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids, 9, 48, 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.08.011 Lu, 2015, Ursolic acid attenuates diabetic mesangial cell injury through the up-regulation of autophagy via miRNA-21/PTEN/Akt/mTOR suppression, PLoS One, 10, e0117400, 10.1371/journal.pone.0117400 Kanherkar, 2014, Epigenetics across the human lifespan, Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 2, 49, 10.3389/fcell.2014.00049 Riancho, 2016, How to interpret epigenetic association studies: a guide for clinicians, Bonekey Rep., 5, 797, 10.1038/bonekey.2016.24 Lind, 2018, Evolutionary consequences of epigenetic inheritance, Heredity (Edinb), 10.1038/s41437-018-0113-y Kelly, 2010, Epigenetic  modifications as therapeutic targets, Nat. Biotechnol., 28, 1069, 10.1038/nbt.1678 Handy, 2011, Epigenetic modifications: basic mechanisms and role in cardiovascular disease, Circulation, 123, 2145, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.956839 Allis, 2016, The molecular hallmarks of epigenetic control, Nat. Rev. Genet., 17, 487, 10.1038/nrg.2016.59 Moore, 2013, DNA methylation and its basic function, Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 23, 10.1038/npp.2012.112 Villota-Salazar, 2016, Epigenetics: from the past to the present, Front. Life Sci., 9, 347, 10.1080/21553769.2016.1249033 Jones, 2012, Functions of DNA methylation: islands, start sites, gene bodies and beyond, Nat. Rev. Genet., 13, 484, 10.1038/nrg3230 Ramakrishnan, 1997, Histone structure and the organization of the nucleosome, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct., 26, 83, 10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.83 Mariño-Ramírez, 2005, Histone structure and nucleosome stability, Expert Rev. Proteomics, 2, 719, 10.1586/14789450.2.5.719 Chen, 2017, Epigenetic regulation: a new frontier for biomedical engineers, Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng., 19, 195, 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071516-044720 Huang, 2014, SnapShot: histone modifications, Cell, 159, 10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.037 Yoon, 2016, HDAC and HDAC inhibitor: from Cancer to cardiovascular diseases, Chonnam Med. J., 52, 1, 10.4068/cmj.2016.52.1.1 Liu, 2015, Genetics and epigenetics of diabetic nephropathy, Kidney Dis. Basel (Basel), 1, 42, 10.1159/000381796 Wang, 2018, Specific expression network analysis of diabetic nephropathy kidney tissue revealed key methylated sites, J. Cell. Physiol., 233, 7139, 10.1002/jcp.26638 Marumo, 2015, Diabetes induces aberrant DNA methylation in the proximal tubules of the kidney, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 26, 2388, 10.1681/ASN.2014070665 Sapienza, 2014, DNA methylation profiling identifies epigenetic differences between diabetes patients with ESRD and diabetes patients without nephropathy, Epigenetics, 6, 20, 10.4161/epi.6.1.13362 Wing, 2014, DNA methylation profile associated with rapid decline in kidney function: findings from the CRIC study, Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 29, 864, 10.1093/ndt/gft537 Chu, 2017, Epigenome-wide association studies identify DNA methylation associated with kidney function, Nat. Commun., 8, 1286, 10.1038/s41467-017-01297-7 Bomsztyk, 2018, DNA methylation yields epigenetic clues into the diabetic nephropathy of Pima Indians, Kidney Int., 93, 1272, 10.1016/j.kint.2018.02.015 Qiu, 2018, Cytosine methylation predicts renal function decline in American Indians, Kidney Int., 93, 1417, 10.1016/j.kint.2018.01.036 Sun, 2010, Epigenetic histone methylation modulates fibrotic gene expression, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 21, 2069, 10.1681/ASN.2010060633 Yuan, 2016, Epigenetic histone modifications involved in profibrotic gene regulation by 12/15-Lipoxygenase and its oxidized lipid products in diabetic nephropathy, Antioxid. Redox Signal., 24, 361, 10.1089/ars.2015.6372 Chen, 2014, Apelin inhibits the development of diabetic nephropathy by regulating histone acetylation in Akita mouse, J. Physiol., 592, 505, 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.266411 Wang, 2015, Novel curcumin analog C66 prevents diabetic nephropathy via JNK pathway with the involvement of p300/CBP-mediated histone acetylation, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1852, 34, 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.11.006 Goru, 2018, Novel reno-protective mechanism of Aspirin involves H2AK119 monoubiquitination and Set7 in preventing type 1 diabetic nephropathy, Pharmacol. Rep., 70, 497, 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.11.018 Pandey, 2016, H2AK119 monoubiquitination regulates Angiotensin II receptor mediated macrophage infiltration and renal fibrosis in type 2 diabetic rats, Biochimie, 131, 68, 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.09.016 Kadakol, 2017, Esculetin ameliorates insulin resistance and type 2 diabetic nephropathy through reversal of histone H3 acetylation and H2A lysine 119 monoubiquitination, J. Funct. Foods, 35, 256, 10.1016/j.jff.2017.05.051 Deans, 2015, What do you mean, "epigenetic"?, Genetics, 199, 887, 10.1534/genetics.114.173492 Poddar, 2017, Interplay between the miRNome and the epigenetic machinery: implications in health and disease, J. Cell. Physiol., 232, 2938, 10.1002/jcp.25819 Iorio, 2010, Interplay between microRNAs and the epigenetic machinery: an intricate network, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1799, 694, 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2010.05.005 Osella, 2014, Interplay of microRNA and epigenetic regulation in the human regulatory network, Front. Genet., 5, 345, 10.3389/fgene.2014.00345 Jobe, 2012, Crosstalk among epigenetic pathways regulates neurogenesis, Front. Neurosci., 6, 59, 10.3389/fnins.2012.00059 Van den Hove, 2014, Epigenetically regulated microRNAs in Alzheimer’s disease, Neurobiol. Aging, 35, 731, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.10.082 Szulwach, 2010, Cross talk between microRNA and epigenetic regulation in adult neurogenesis, J. Cell Biol., 189, 127, 10.1083/jcb.200908151 Volkmann, 2013, MicroRNA-mediated epigenetic silencing of sirtuin1 contributes to impaired angiogenic responses, Circ. Res., 113, 997, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301702 Sun, 2013, The epigenetic feedback loop between DNA methylation and microRNAs in fibrotic disease with an emphasis on DNA methyltransferases, Cell. Signal., 25, 1870, 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.05.013 Chhabra, 2015, miRNA and methylation: a multifaceted liaison, Chembiochem, 16, 195, 10.1002/cbic.201402449 Saito, 2006, Specific activation of microRNA-127 with downregulation of the proto-oncogene BCL6 by chromatin-modifying drugs in human cancer cells, Cancer Cell, 9, 435, 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.04.020 Li, 2010, MicroRNA (miRNA) expression is regulated by butyrate-induced epigenetic modulation of gene expression in bovine cells, Genet. Epigenet., 3 Sato, 2011, MicroRNAs and epigenetics, FEBS J., 278, 1598, 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08089.x Liu, 2016, TGF-β induces miR-30d down-regulation and podocyte injury through Smad2/3 and HDAC3-associated transcriptional repression, J. Mol. Med., 94, 291, 10.1007/s00109-015-1340-9 Shi, 2013, Smad2-dependent downregulation of miR-30 is required for TGF-β-induced apoptosis in podocytes, PLoS One, 8, e75572, 10.1371/journal.pone.0075572 Wu, 2014, Downregulation of microRNA-30 facilitates podocyte injury and is prevented by glucocorticoids, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 25, 92, 10.1681/ASN.2012111101 Zanchi, 2017, MicroRNA-184 is a downstream effector of albuminuria driving renal fibrosis in rats with diabetic nephropathy, Diabetologia, 60, 1114, 10.1007/s00125-017-4248-9 Peng, 2015, Promoter hypermethylation of let-7a-3 is relevant to its down-expression in diabetic nephropathy by targeting UHRF1, Gene, 570, 57, 10.1016/j.gene.2015.05.073 Shan, 2016, Epigenetic modification of miR-10a regulates renal damage by targeting CREB1 in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 306, 134, 10.1016/j.taap.2016.06.010 Kang, 2016, Atrasentan increased the expression of klotho by mediating miR-199b-5p and prevented renal tubular injury in diabetic nephropathy, Sci. Rep., 6, 19979, 10.1038/srep19979 Kato, 2013, TGF-beta induces acetylation of chromatin and of Ets-1 to alleviate repression of miR-192 in diabetic nephropathy, Sci. Signal., 6, ra43, 10.1126/scisignal.2003389 Biao Feng, 2011, miR-146a–mediated extracellular matrix protein production in chronic diabetes complications, DIABETES, 60, 2975, 10.2337/db11-0478 Badal, 2016, miR-93 regulates Msk2-mediated chromatin remodelling in diabetic nephropathy, Nat. Commun., 7, 12076, 10.1038/ncomms12076 Kandasamy, 2014, Nephrin–a biomarker of early glomerular injury, Biomark. Res., 2, 21, 10.1186/2050-7771-2-21 Lin, 2015, MicroRNA-155 deficiency promotes nephrin acetylation and attenuates renal damage in hyperglycemia-induced nephropathy, Inflammation, 38, 546, 10.1007/s10753-014-9961-7 Lin, 2014, MicroRNA-29a promotion of nephrin acetylation ameliorates hyperglycemia-induced podocyte dysfunction, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 25, 1698, 10.1681/ASN.2013050527 Yin, 2017, TGFbeta-incurred epigenetic aberrations of miRNA and DNA methyltransferase suppress Klotho and potentiate renal fibrosis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1864, 1207, 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.03.002 Villeneuve, 2010, Enhanced levels of microRNA-125b in vascular smooth muscle cells of diabetic db/db mice lead to increased inflammatory gene expression by targeting the histone methyltransferase Suv39h1, Diabetes, 59, 2904, 10.2337/db10-0208 Villeneuve, 2008, Epigenetic histone H3 lysine 9 methylation in metabolic memory and inflammatory phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells in diabetes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 105, 9047, 10.1073/pnas.0803623105 Kelly, 2010, Epigenetic modifications as therapeutic targets, Nat. Biotechnol., 28, 1069, 10.1038/nbt.1678 Li, 2017, Epigenetic targeting drugs potentiate chemotherapeutic effects in solid tumor therapy, Sci. Rep., 7, 4035, 10.1038/s41598-017-04406-0 Kaminskas, 2005, FDA drug approval summary: azacitidine (5-azacytidine, Vidaza™) for injectable suspension, Oncologist, 10.3, 176, 10.1634/theoncologist.10-3-176 Kantarjian, 2006, Decitabine improves patient outcomes in myelodysplastic syndromes: results of a phase III randomized study, Cancer, 106, 1794, 10.1002/cncr.21792 Mann, 2007, FDA approval summary: vorinostat for treatment of advanced primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, Oncologist, 12, 1247, 10.1634/theoncologist.12-10-1247 Piekarz, 2009, Phase II multi-institutional trial of the histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin as monotherapy for patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, J. Clin. Oncol., 27, 5410, 10.1200/JCO.2008.21.6150 O’Connor, 2015, Belinostat in patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-Cell lymphoma: results of the pivotal phase II BELIEF (CLN-19) study, J. Clin. Oncol., 33, 2492, 10.1200/JCO.2014.59.2782 San-Miguel, 2014, Panobinostat plus bortezomib and dexamethasone versus placebo plus bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind phase 3 trial, Lancet Oncol., 15, 1195, 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70440-1 Janssen, 2013, Treatment of HCV infection by targeting microRNA, N. Engl. J. Med., 368, 1685, 10.1056/NEJMoa1209026 Zeisel, 2017, Clinical development of hepatitis C virus host-targeting agents, Lancet, 389, 674, 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30043-0 Ali, 2016, Pathological microRNAs in acute cardiovascular diseases and microRNA therapeutics, J Acute Dis, 5, 9, 10.1016/j.joad.2015.08.001 2018 Beg, 2017, Phase I study of MRX34, a liposomal miR-34a mimic, administered twice weekly in patients with advanced solid tumors, Invest. New Drugs, 35.2, 180, 10.1007/s10637-016-0407-y Noh, 2009, Histone deacetylase-2 is a key regulator of diabetes-and transforming growth factor-β1-induced renal injury, Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 297.3, F729, 10.1152/ajprenal.00086.2009 Wang, 2014, Histone deacetylase 4 selectively contributes to podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy, Kidney Int., 86.4, 712, 10.1038/ki.2014.111 Yuan, 2012, Involvement of p300/CBP and epigenetic histone acetylation in TGF-β1-mediated gene transcription in mesangial cells, Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 304.5, F601