Diabetes mellitus and thyroid diseases

Chaker L, Ligthart S, Korevaar TIM, Hofman A, Franco OH, Peeters RP, Dehghan A. Thyroid function and risk of type 2 diabetes: a population-based prospective cohort study. BMC Med. 2016;14:150–7.

Duntas LH, Orgiazzi J, Brabant G. The interface between thyroid and diabetes mellitus. Clin Endocrinol. 2011;75:1–9.

Matosin-Matekalo M, Mesonero JE, Delezay O, Poiree JC, Ilundain AA. Thyroid hormone regulation of the Na+/glucose cotransporter SGLT1 in Caco-2 cells. Biochem J. 1998;334:633–40.

Lambadiari V, Mitrou P, Maratou E, Raptis AE, Tountas N, Raptis SA, Dimitriadis. Thyroid hormones are positively associated with insulin resistance early in the development of type 2 diabetes. Endocrine. 2011;39:28–32.

Joffe BI, Distiller LA. Diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism: strange bedfellows or mutual companions? World J Diabetes. 2014;5:901–4.

Han C, He X, Xia X, Li Y, Shi X, Shan Z, Teng W. Subclinical hypothyroidism and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135233 .

Iglesias P, Bajo MA, Selgas R, Diez JJ. Thyroid dysfunction and kidney disease: an update. Rev Endocrinol Metab Disord. 2017;18:131–44.

Sevilla-Romero E, Munoz A, Pinazo-Duran MD. Low thyroid hormone levels impair the perinatal development of the rat retina. Ophthalmic Res. 2002;34:181–91.

Monzani F, Caraccio N, Kozakowa M, Dardano A, Vittone A, Taddei S, Palombo C, Ferrannini E. Effect of levothyroxine replacement on lipid profile and intima-media thickness in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2099–106.

Neufeld M, Blizzard RM. Polyglandular autoimmune diseases. In: Pinchera A, Doniach D, Fenzi GF, Baschieri L, editors. Symposium on autoimmune aspects of endocrine disorders. New York: Academic Press; 1980. p. 357–65.

Horie I, Kawasaki E, Ando T, Kuwahara H, Abiru N, Usa T, Yamasaki H, Ejima E, Kawakami A. Clinical and genetic characteristics of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 3 variant in the Japanese population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:E1043–50.

Koga M, Murai J, Saito H, Matsumoto S, Kasayama S. Effects of thyroid hormone on serum glycated albumin levels: study on non-diabetic subjects. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;84:163–7.

Uchigata Y, Hirata Y, Iwamoto Y. Insulin autoimmune syndrome (Hirata disease): epidemiology in Asia, including Japan. Diabetol Int. 2010;1:21–5.

Vigersky RA, Filmore-Nassar A, Glass AR. Thyrotropin suppression by metformin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;91:225–7.

Meng X, Xu S, Chen G, Derwahl M, Liu C. Metformin and thyroid disease. J Endocrinol. 2017;233:R43–51.

Pappa T, Alevizaki M. Metformin and thyroid: an upadate. Eur Thyroid J. 2013;2:22–8.

Chau-Van C, Gamba M, Salvi R, Gaillard RC, Pralong FP. Metformin inhibits adenosine- 5′-monophospate-activated kinase activation and prevents increase in neuropeptide Y expression in cultured hypothalamic neurons. Endocrinology. 2007;148:507–11.

Chen G, Xu S, Renko K, Derwahl M. Metformin inhibits growth of thyroid carcinoma cells, suppresses self-renewal of derived cancer stem cells, and potentiate the effect of chemotherapeutic agents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:E510–20.

Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Jensen K, Costello J, Patel A, Hoperia V, Bauer A, Burman KD, Wartofsky L, Vasko V. Metformin inhibits growth and decreases resistance to anoikis in medullary thyroid cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2012;19:447–56.

Alevizaki M, Mantzou E, Cimponeriu A, Saltiki K, Philippou G, Wilersinga W. The Pro12Ala PPARgamma gene polymorphism: possible modifier of the activity and severity of thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO). Clin Endocrinol. 2009;70:464–8.

Starkey K, Heufelder A, Baker G, Joba W, Evans M, Davies S, Ludgate M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in thyroid eye disease: contraindication for thiazolidinedione use? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:55–9.

Miura LY, Villares SMF, Monteiro MLR, Guazzelli IC, Bloise W. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene expression in orbital adipose/connective tissues is increased during the active stage of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Thyroid. 2003;13:845–50.

Knudsen LB, Madsen LW, Andersen S, Almholt K, de Boer AS, Drucker DJ, Gotfredsen C, Egerod FL, Hegelund AC, Jacobsen H, Jacobsen SD, Moses AC, Molck A-M, Nielsen HS, Nowak J, Solberg H, Thi TDL, Zdravkovic M. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists activate rodent thyroid C-cells causing calcitonin release and C-cell proliferation. Endocrinology. 2010;151:1473–86.

Waser B, Beetschen K, Pellegata NS, Reubi JC. Incretin receptors in non-neoplastic and neoplastic thyroid C-cells in rodents and humans: relevance for incretin-based diabetes therapy. Neuroendocrinology. 2011;94:291–301.

Hegedus L, Moses AC, Zdravkovic M, Thi TL, Daniels GH. GLP-1 and calcitonin concentration in humans: lack of evidence of calcitonin release from sequential screening in over 5000 subjects with type 2 diabetes or nondiabetic obese subjects treated with the human GLP-1 analog, liraglutide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:853–60.