Diabetes and lipid metabolism

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Taskinen MR (2005) Type 2 diabetes as a lipid disorder. Curr Mol Med 5:297–308

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Gujral UP, Pradeepa R, Weber MB, Narayan KM, Mohan V (2013) Type 2 diabetes in South Asians: similarities and differences with white Caucasian and other populations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1281:51–63

Mohan V (2004) Why are Indians more prone to diabetes. J Assoc Physicians India 52:468–474

Williams GM, Long AE, Wilson IV et al (2016) Beta cell function and ongoing autoimmunity in long-standing, childhood onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 59:2722–2726

Long AE, Gillespie KM, Rokni S, Bingley PJ, Williams AJ (2012) Rising incidence of type 1 diabetes is associated with altered immunophenotype at diagnosis. Diabetes 61:683–686

Vergès B (2015) Pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidaemia: where are we? Diabetologia 58:886–899

Taskinen MR (2003) Diabetic dyslipidaemia: from basic research to clinical practice. Diabetologia 46:733–749

Chahil TJ, Ginsberg HN, 2006 Diabetic dyslipidemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 35: 491–510, vii–viii

Vergès B (2005) New insight into the pathophysiology of lipid abnormalities in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab 31:429–439

Doucet J, Le Floch JP, Bauduceau B, Verny C (2012) GERODIAB: glycaemic control and 5-year morbidity/mortality of type 2 diabetic patients aged 70 years and older: 1. Description of the population at inclusion. Diabetes Metab 38:523–530

Tziomalos K, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Kolovou GD, Mikhailidis DP (2009) Triglycerides and vascular risk: insights from epidemiological data and interventional studies. Curr Drug Targets 10:320–327

Wang J, Stancakova A, Soininen P et al (2012) Lipoprotein subclass profiles in individuals with varying degrees of glucose tolerance: a population-based study of 9399 Finnish men. J Intern Med 272:562–572

Arca M, Pigna G, Favoccia C (2012) Mechanisms of diabetic dyslipidemia: relevance for atherogenesis. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 10:684–686

Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf M, Rizzo M et al (2011) European panel on low density lipoprotein (LDL) subclasses: a statement on the pathophysiology, atherogenicity and clinical significance of LDL subclasses: executive summary. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 9:531–532

Athyros VG, Alexandrides TK, Bilianou H et al (2017) The use of statins alone, or in combination with pioglitazone and other drugs, for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and related cardiovascular risk. An expert panel statement. Metabolism 71:17–32

Abumrad NA, Davidson NO (2012) Role of the gut in lipid homeostasis. Physiol Rev 92:1061–1085

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Veilleux A, Grenier E, Marceau P et al (2014) Intestinal lipid handling: evidence and implication of insulin signaling abnormalities in human obese subjects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 34:644–653

Xiao C, Dash S, Morgantini C et al (2014) New and emerging regulators of intestinal lipoprotein secretion. Atherosclerosis 233:608–615

Axelsen M, Smith U, Eriksson JW, Taskinen MR, Jansson PA (1999) Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance in normoglycemic first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med 131:27–31

Borén J, Matikainen N, Adiels M, Taskinen MR (2014) Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia as a coronary risk factor. Clin Chim Acta 431:131–142

Fujioka Y, Ishikawa Y (2009) Remnant lipoproteins as strong key particles to atherogenesis. J Atheroscler Thromb 16:145–154

Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP (2015) Genetic, epidemiologic and clinical data strongly suggest that fasting or non-fasting triglycerides are independent cardiovascular risk factors. Curr Med Res Opin 31:435–438

Stefanutti C, Labbadia G, Athyros VG (2014) Hypertriglyceridaemia, postprandial lipaemia and non-HDL cholesterol. Curr Pharm Des 20:6238–6248

Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN et al (2004) Implications of recent clinical trials for the national cholesterol education program adult treatment panel III guidelines. Circulation 110:227–239

Catapano AL, Reiner Z, De Backer G, European Society of Cardiology (ESC); European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) et al (2011) ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the task force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Atherosclerosis 217:3–46

Stock J (2012) News from the literature: focus on joint ESC/EAS dyslipidemia guidelines. Atherosclerosis 220:42–44

Khavandi M, Duarte F, Ginsberg HN, Reyes-Soffer G (2017) Treatment of dyslipidemias to prevent cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Curr Cardiol Rep 19:7

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American Diabetes Association (2015) Cardiovascular disease and risk management. Diabetes Care 38(Supplement 1):S49–S57

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Jellinger PS, Handelsman Y, Rosenblit PD et al (2017) American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Endocr Pract 23(Suppl 2):1–87

American Diabetes Association (2017) Cardiovascular disease and risk management. Sec. 9. In Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2017. Diabetes Care 40:S75–S87

Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, IMPROVE-IT Investigators et al (2015) Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 372:2387–2389

Katsiki N, Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP (2016) More news from IMPROVE-IT (IMProved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial). Hormones (Athens) 15:5–7

Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, FOURIER Steering Committee and Investigators et al (2017) Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 376:1713–1722

Katsiki N, Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Mantzoros C (2017) Proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors: shaping the future after the further cardiovascular outcomes research with PCSK9 inhibition in subjects with elevated risk (FOURIER) trial. Metabolism 74:43–46

Lloyd-Jones DM, Morris PB, Ballantyne CM, et al. 2017 Focused update of the 2016 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the role of non-statin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Expert Consensus Decision Pathways. J Am Coll Cardiol 70:1785–1822

Ridker PM, Revkin J, Amarenco P, SPIRE Cardiovascular Outcome Investigators et al (2017) Cardiovascular efficacy and safety of bococizumab in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 376:1527–1539

Fruchart JC, Sacks F, Hermans MP et al (2008) Residual Risk Reduction Initiative (R3I): The Residual Risk Reduction Initiative: a call to action to reduce residual vascular risk in dyslipidaemic patient. Diab Vasc Dis Res 5:319–335

Kiran Musunuru K (2010) Atherogenic dyslipidemia: cardiovascular risk and dietary intervention. Lipids 45:907–914

Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP Dyslipidaemia of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the case for residual risk reduction after statin treatment. Open Cardiovasc Med J 5:24–34

Athyros VG, Doumas M, Karagiannis A (2016) Differential residual dyslipidemia/cardiovascular risk after statin treatment between Asian-Indians and western whites. Call for action. Indian Heart J 68:596–598

Katsiki N, Koumaras C, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A (2012) Thinking beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors: the role of arterial stiffness in targeting residual risk. Angiology 63:9–11

Athyros VG, Wierzbicki AS (2014) Statin-fibrate combination therapy is safe and effective in normalizing lipid profile and in keeping cardiovascular event rates low. Curr Med Res Opin 30:57–58

ACCORD Study Group, Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, Crouse JR 3rd (2010) Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 362:1563–1574

Keech A, Simes RJ, Barter P, FIELD study investigators et al (2005) Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 366:1849–1861

Tenenbaum A, Medvedofsky D, Fisman EZ et al (2012) Cardiovascular events in patients received combined fibrate/statin treatment versus statin monotherapy: Acute Coronary Syndrome Israeli Surveys data. PLoS One 7:e35298

Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D et al (2002) Diabetes, plasma insulin, and cardiovascular disease: subgroup analysis from the Department of Veterans Affairs high-density lipoprotein intervention trial (VA-HIT). Arch Intern Med 162:2597–2604

Sacks FM, Carey VJ, Fruchart JC (2010) Combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 363:692–694

Tenenbaum A, Fisman EZ et al (2010) “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it”: a commentary on the positive-negative results of the ACCORD lipid study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 9:24

Wierzbicki AS, Mikhailidis DP, Wray R, Schacter M, Cramb R, Simpson WG, Byrne CB (2003) Statin-fibrate combination: therapy for hyperlipidemia: a review. Curr Med Res Opin 19(3):155–168

Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Kontopoulos AG (2001) Statin-fibrate combinations in patients with combined hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 155:263–264

Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Athyrou VV et al (2002) Atorvastatin versus four statin-fibrate combinations in patients with familial combined hyperlipidaemia. J Cardiovasc Risk 9:33–39

Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Hatzikonstandinou HA et al (1997) Safety and efficacy of long-term statin-fibrate combinations in patients with refractory familial combined hyperlipidemia. Am J Cardiol 80:608–613

Mitsiou EK, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DI (2012) Is there a role for hypolipidaemic drug therapy in the prevention or treatment of microvascular complications of diabetes? Open Cardiovasc Med J 6:28–32

Czupryniak L, Joshi SR, Gogtay JA, Lopez M (2016) Effect of micronized fenofibrate on microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Expert Opin Pharmacother 17:1463–1473

Balk EM, Lichtenstein AH 2017 Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: summary of the 2016 Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence Review. Nutrients 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080865

European Medicines Agency 2013 European medicines agency confirms recommendation to suspend Tredaptive, Pelzont and Trevaclyn. January 18, 201

The HPS2-THRIVE Collaborative Group (2014) Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 371:203–212

Katsiki N, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP (2015) Nicotinic acid and new-onset diabetes. Horm Metab Res 47:544–545

Packard C, Caslake M, Shepherd J (2000) The role of small, dense low density lipoprotein (LDL): a new look. Int J Cardiol 74:S17–S22

Rizzo M, Berneis K (2006) The clinical relevance of low-density-lipoproteins size modulation by statins. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 20:205–217

Ip S, Lichtenstein AH, Chung M, Lau J, Balk EM (2009) Systematic review: association of low-density lipoprotein subfractions with cardiovascular outcomes. Ann Intern Med 150:474–484

Gouni-Berthold I, Mikhailidis DP, Rizzo M (2012) Clinical benefits of ezetimibe use: is absence of proof, proof of absence? Expert Opin Pharmacother 13:1985–1988

Superko HR, Berneis KK, Williams PT, Rizzo M, Wood PD (2005) Gemfibrozil reduces small low-density lipoprotein more in normolipemic subjects classified as low-density lipoprotein pattern B compared with pattern A. Am J Cardiol 96:1266–1272

Simental-Mendía LE, Simental-Mendía M, Sánchez-García A et al (2017) Effect of fibrates on glycemic parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Pharmacol Res

Sahebkar A, Watts GF (2013) Fibrate therapy and circulating adiponectin concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Atherosclerosis 230:110–120

Tsunoda T, Nozue T, Yamada M, Mizuguchi I, Sasaki M, Michishita I (2013) Effects of ezetimibe on atherogenic lipoproteins and glucose metabolism in patients with diabetes and glucose intolerance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 100:46–52

Flachs P, Rossmeisl M, Kopecky J (2014) The effect of n-3 fatty acids on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Physiol Res 63:S93–S118

Kostapanos MS, Liamis GL, Milionis HJ, Elisaf MS (2010) Do statins beneficially or adversely affect glucose homeostasis? Curr Vasc Pharmacol 8:612–631

Kostapanos MS, Agouridis AP, Elisaf MS (2015) Variable effects of statins on glucose homeostasis parameters and their diabetogenic role. Diabetologia 58:1960–1961