Development of the extraocular muscles during the fetal period

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 46 Số 1 - Trang 11-17
Cemil Bilkay1, Esra Koyuncu2, Ahmet Dursun3, Kenan Öztürk1, Gülnur Özgüner4, Levent Tök4, Özlem Tök4, Osman Sulak5
1Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
2Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
3Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
4Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
5Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Apt L (1980) An anatomical reevaluation of rectus muscle insertions. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 78:365–375

Cass EE (1937) Divergent strabismus. Br J Ophthalmol 21(10):538–559

Chan TK, Demer JL (1999) Clinical features of congenital absence of the superior oblique muscle as demonstrated by orbital imaging. J AAPOS 3(3):143–150

De Gottrau PH, Gajisin S, Roth A (1994) Ocular rectus muscle insertions revisited: an unusual anatomic approach. Cells Tissues Organs 151(4):268–272

Diamond GR, Katowitz JA, Whitaker LA, Quinn GE, Schaffer DB (1980) Variations in extraocular muscle number and structure in craniofacial dysostosis. Am J Ophthalmol 90(3):416–418

Goldstein I, Tamir A, Zimmer EZ, Itskovitz- Eldor J (1998) Growth of the fetal orbit and lens in normal pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 12(3):175–179

Haas A, Weigleiin A, Faschinger C, Müllner K (1993) Fetal development of the human orbit. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophtalmol 231(4):217–220

Harayama K, Amemiya T, Nishimura H (1980) Development of rectus muscles during fetal life: insertion sites and width. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 19(5):468–474

Kleinheinz J, Stamm T, Meier N, Wiesmann HP, Ehmer U, Joos U (2000) Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit in craniofacial malformations and trauma. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 15(1):64–68

Lacey B, Chang W, Rootman J (1999) Nonthyroid causes of extraocular muscle disease. Surv Ophthalmol 44(3):187–213

Merz E, Wellek S, Püttmann S, Bahlmann WG (1995) Orbital diameter, inner and outer orbital distance. A growth model of fetal orbital measurements. Ultraschall Med 16(1):12–17

Mukhopadhyay S, Chakraborty S, Chatterjee M, Datta H (2014) A study on the insertion characteristics of rectus muscles and its relation with the axial length of eye ball in cadaveric eyes from an eastern Indian population. Anatomy Journal of Africa 3(1):260–267

Plock J, Contaldo C, Von Lüdinghausen M (2007) Extraocular eye muscles in human fetuses with craniofacial malformations: anatomical findings and clinical relevance. Clin Anat 20(3):239–245

Sevel D (1981) A reappraisal of the origin of human extraocular muscles. Ophthalmol 88(12):1330–1338

Sevel D (1986) The origins and insertions of the extraocular muscles: development, histologic features, and clinical significance. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 84:488–526

Souza-Dias C, Prieto-Díaz J, Uesugui CF (1986) Topographical aspects of the insertions of the extraocular muscles. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 23(4):183–189

Standring S. Gray’s Anatomy: The anatomical basis of clinical practice. 40th Ed. Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier; 2008

Tamburelli C, Salgarello T, Vaiano AS, Scullica L, Palombi M, Bagolini B (2003) Ultrasound of the horizontal rectus muscle insertion sites: implications in preoperative assessment of strabismus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44(2):618–622

Tillaux, PJ. Traité d'anatomie topographique avec applications à la chirurgie. 2nd Ed. Asselin et Houzeau; 1877.

Von Lüdinghausen M, Miura M, Würzler N (1999) Variations and anomalies of the human orbital muscles. Surg Radiol Anat 21(1):69–76

Von Noorden GK, Campos EC. Binocular vision and ocular motility. Theory and management of strabismus. 6th ed, Mosby Inc; 2002