Development of Retinal Amacrine Cells and Their Dendritic Stratification
Tóm tắt
The mammalian retina contains multiple neurons, each of which contributes differentially to visual processing. Of these retinal neurons, amacrine cells have recently come to prime light since they facilitate majority of visual processing that takes place in the retina. Amacrine cells are also the most diverse group of neurons in the retina, classified majorly based on the neurotransmitter type they express and morphology of their dendritic arbors. Currently, little is known about the molecular basis contributing to this diversity during development. Amacrine cells also contribute to most of the synapses in the inner plexiform layer and mediate visual information input from bipolar cells onto retinal ganglion cells. In this review, we will describe the current understanding of amacrine cell and cell subtype development. Furthermore, we will address the molecular basis of retinal lamination at the inner plexiform layer. Overall, our review will provide a developmental perspective of amacrine cell subtype classification and their dendritic stratification.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Masland RH. The neuronal organization of the retina. Neuron. 2012;76(2):266–80.
• Masland RH. The fundamental plan of the retina. Nat Neurosci. 2001;4(9):877–86. This article describes the diversity of retinal neurons and its association with function.
Masland RH. Neuronal diversity in the retina. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2001;11(4):431–6.
Livesey FJ, Cepko CL. Vertebrate neural cell-fate determination: lessons from the retina. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001;2(2):109–18.
Masland RH. The tasks of amacrine cells. Vis Neurosci. 2012;29(1):3–9.
• MacNeil MA, Masland RH. Extreme diversity among amacrine cells: implications for function. Neuron. 1998;20(5):971–82. This article describes the morphological diversity among amacrine cells and explores the functions of amacrine interneurons.
Vaney DI. Morphological identification of serotonin-accumulating neurons in the living retina. Science. 1986;233(4762):444–6.
Vaney DI. Territorial organization of direction-selective ganglion cells in rabbit retina. J Neurosci. 1994;14(11 Pt 1):6301–16.
Vaney DI, Gynther IC, Young HM. Rod-signal interneurons in the rabbit retina: 2. AII amacrine cells. J Comp Neurol. 1991;310(2):154–69.
• MacNeil MA, et al. The shapes and numbers of amacrine cells: matching of photofilled with golgi-stained cells in the rabbit retina and comparison with other mammalian species. J Comp Neurol. 1999;413(2):305–26. This article provides a thorough classification of amacrine cells based on their dendritic stratification.
Wassle H, Grunert U, Rohrenbeck J. Immunocytochemical staining of AII-amacrine cells in the rat retina with antibodies against parvalbumin. J Comp Neurol. 1993;332(4):407–20.
• Haverkamp S, Wassle H. Immunocytochemical analysis of the mouse retina. J Comp Neurol. 2000;424(1):1–23. Using immunohistochemistry, this report classifies amacrine interneurons based on neurotransmitters or neuropeptides they express.
Haverkamp S, Wassle H. Characterization of an amacrine cell type of the mammalian retina immunoreactive for vesicular glutamate transporter 3. J Comp Neurol. 2004;468(2):251–63.
Menger N, Pow DV, Wassle H. Glycinergic amacrine cells of the rat retina. J Comp Neurol. 1998;401(1):34–46.
Strettoi E, Masland RH. The organization of the inner nuclear layer of the rabbit retina. J Neurosci. 1995;15(1 Pt 2):875–88.
• Kay JN, et al. Neurod6 expression defines new retinal amacrine cell subtypes and regulates their fate. Nat Neurosci. 2011;14(8):965–72. An excellent reference describing the development and characterization of nGnG (neither glycinergic nor GABAergic) amacrine cells.
Haverkamp S, Kolb H, Cuenca N. Morphological and neurochemical diversity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-positive amacrine cells in the turtle retina. Cell Tissue Res. 2000;302(1):11–9.
Oh SJ, et al. Distribution and synaptic connectivity of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive amacrine cells in the rat retina. J Comp Neurol. 2002;446(3):219–34.
Pang JJ, Gao F, Wu SM. Light responses and morphology of bNOS-immunoreactive neurons in the mouse retina. J Comp Neurol. 2010;518(13):2456–74.
Sinclair JR, Nirenberg S. Characterization of neuropeptide Y-expressing cells in the mouse retina using immunohistochemical and transgenic techniques. J Comp Neurol. 2001;432(3):296–306.
Eglen SJ, et al. Dopaminergic amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer comprise a single functional retinal mosaic. J Comp Neurol. 2003;466(3):343–55.
Rice DS, Curran T. Disabled-1 is expressed in type AII amacrine cells in the mouse retina. J Comp Neurol. 2000;424(2):327–38.
Yeo JY, Lee ES, Jeon CJ. Parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the inner nuclear layer of zebrafish retina. Exp Eye Res. 2009;88(3):553–60.
Lee EJ, et al. AII amacrine cells in the distal inner nuclear layer of the mouse retina. J Comp Neurol. 2006;494(4):651–62.
Johnson J, et al. Vesicular glutamate transporter 3 expression identifies glutamatergic amacrine cells in the rodent retina. J Comp Neurol. 2004;477(4):386–98.
• Voinescu PE, Kay JN, Sanes JR. Birthdays of retinal amacrine cell subtypes are systematically related to their molecular identity and soma position. J Comp Neurol. 2009;517(5):737–50. This report details the developmental time line of a number of amacrine cell subtypes.
Taylor WR, Smith RG. The role of starburst amacrine cells in visual signal processing. Vis Neurosci. 2012;29(1):73–81.
Sinclair JR, Jacobs AL, Nirenberg S. Selective ablation of a class of amacrine cells alters spatial processing in the retina. J Neurosci. 2004;24(6):1459–67.
Meng S, et al. Targeting retinal dopaminergic neurons in tyrosine hydroxylase-driven green fluorescent protein transgenic zebrafish. Mol Vis. 2008;14:2475–83.
Vielma AH, Retamal MA, Schmachtenberg O. Nitric oxide signaling in the retina: what have we learned in two decades? Brain Res. 2012;1430:112–25.
Demb JB, Singer JH. Intrinsic properties and functional circuitry of the AII amacrine cell. Vis Neurosci. 2012;29(1):51–60.
Grimes WN, et al. Genetic targeting and physiological features of VGLUT3+ amacrine cells. Vis Neurosci. 2011;28(5):381–92.
Yamagata M, Weiner JA, Sanes JR. Sidekicks: synaptic adhesion molecules that promote lamina-specific connectivity in the retina. Cell. 2002;110(5):649–60.
Yamagata M, Sanes JR. Dscam and Sidekick proteins direct lamina-specific synaptic connections in vertebrate retina. Nature. 2008;451(7177):465–9.
Fuerst PG, et al. Neurite arborization and mosaic spacing in the mouse retina require DSCAM. Nature. 2008;451(7177):470–4.
Matsuoka RL, et al. Transmembrane semaphorin signalling controls laminar stratification in the mammalian retina. Nature. 2011;470(7333):259–63.
Matsuoka RL, et al. Class 5 transmembrane semaphorins control selective mammalian retinal lamination and function. Neuron. 2011;71(3):460–73.
Zhang Y, et al. The expression of irx7 in the inner nuclear layer of zebrafish retina is essential for a proper retinal development and lamination. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(4):e36145.
Cantrup R, et al. Cell-type specific roles for PTEN in establishing a functional retinal architecture. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(3):e32795.
Marquardt T, et al. Pax6 is required for the multipotent state of retinal progenitor cells. Cell. 2001;105(1):43–55.
Oron-Karni V, et al. Dual requirement for Pax6 in retinal progenitor cells. Development. 2008;135(24):4037–47.
Orieux G, et al. Involvement of Bcl-2-associated transcription factor 1 in the differentiation of early-born retinal cells. J Neurosci. 2014;34(4):1530–41.
Lin YP, et al. Sox2 plays a role in the induction of amacrine and Muller glial cells in mouse retinal progenitor cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50(1):68–74.
Li S, et al. Foxn4 controls the genesis of amacrine and horizontal cells by retinal progenitors. Neuron. 2004;43(6):795–807.
• Ohsawa R, Kageyama R. Regulation of retinal cell fate specification by multiple transcription factors. Brain Res. 2008;1192:90–8. An excellent review that details the role of specific transcription factors during the development of amacrine cell types and subtypes.
Islam MM, et al. Meis1 regulates Foxn4 expression during retinal progenitor cell differentiation. Biol Open. 2013;2(11):1125–36.
Inoue T, et al. Math3 and NeuroD regulate amacrine cell fate specification in the retina. Development. 2002;129(4):831–42.
Fujitani Y, et al. Ptf1a determines horizontal and amacrine cell fates during mouse retinal development. Development. 2006;133(22):4439–50.
Nakhai H, et al. Ptf1a is essential for the differentiation of GABAergic and glycinergic amacrine cells and horizontal cells in the mouse retina. Development. 2007;134(6):1151–60.
Dullin JP, et al. Ptf1a triggers GABAergic neuronal cell fates in the retina. BMC Dev Biol. 2007;7:110.
Mo Z, et al. Role of the Barhl2 homeobox gene in the specification of glycinergic amacrine cells. Development. 2004;131(7):1607–18.
Ding Q, et al. BARHL2 differentially regulates the development of retinal amacrine and ganglion neurons. J Neurosci. 2009;29(13):3992–4003.
Elshatory Y, et al. Expression of the LIM-homeodomain protein Isl1 in the developing and mature mouse retina. J Comp Neurol. 2007;503(1):182–97.
Elshatory Y, et al. Islet-1 controls the differentiation of retinal bipolar and cholinergic amacrine cells. J Neurosci. 2007;27(46):12707–20.
Feng L, et al. Requirement for Bhlhb5 in the specification of amacrine and cone bipolar subtypes in mouse retina. Development. 2006;133(24):4815–25.
Huang L, et al. Bhlhb5 is required for the subtype development of retinal amacrine and bipolar cells in mice. Dev Dyn. 2014;243(2):279–89.
Duquette PM, et al. Loss of LMO4 in the retina leads to reduction of GABAergic amacrine cells and functional deficits. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(10):e13232.
Cherry TJ, et al. NeuroD factors regulate cell fate and neurite stratification in the developing retina. J Neurosci. 2011;31(20):7365–79.
Jin K, et al. Early B-cell factors are required for specifying multiple retinal cell types and subtypes from postmitotic precursors. J Neurosci. 2010;30(36):11902–16.