Development and Validation of a Stages of Change Measure for Men in Batterer Treatment

Aldenderfer, M. S., & Blashfield, R. K. (1984). Cluster analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavior change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215. Barrera, M., Palmer, S., Brown, R., & Kalaher, S. (1994). Characteristics of court-involved men and non-court-involved men who abuse their wives. Journal of Family Violence, 9, 333–345. Begun, A., Strodhoff, T.,Weinstein, B., Shelley, G., Short, L. (1997, June). Development of an instrument to assess readiness to change battering behavior: Preliminary results. Paper presented at the 5th International Family Violence Research Conference, Durham, NH. Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. Campbell, M. K., DeVellis, B. M., Strecher, V. J., Ammerman, A. S., DeVellis, R. F., & Sandler, R. S. (1994). Improving dietary behavior: The effectiveness of tailored messages in primary care settings. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 783–787. Comrey, A. L. (1988). Factor-analytic methods of scale development in personality and clinical psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 754–761. Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 24, 349–354. Daniels, J. W., & Murphy, C. M. (1997). Stages and processes of change in batterers' treatment. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 4, 123–145. DiClemente, C. C., & Hughes, S. O. (1990). Stages of change profiles in outpatient alcoholism treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse, 2, 217–235. DiClemente, C. C., & Prochaska, J. O. (1982). Self-change and therapy change of smoking behavior: A comparison of processes of change in cessation and maintenance. Addictive Behaviors, 7, 133–142. DiClemente, C. C., Prochaska, J. O., Fairhurst, S. K., Velicer, W. F., Velasquez, M. M., & Rossi, J. S. (1991). The process of smoking cessation: An analysis of precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 295–304. Ding, L., Velicer, W. F., & Harlow, L. L. (1995). Effects of estimation methods, number of indicators per factor, and improper solutions on structural equation modeling fit indices. Structural Equation Modeling, 2, 119–144. Dutton, D. G. (1995). The domestic assault of women. Vancouver: UBC Press. Dutton, D. G., Bodnarchuk, M., Kropp, R., Hart, S. D., & Ogloff, J. R. P (1997). Wife assault treatment and criminal recidivism: An 11-year follow-up. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 41, 9–23. Dutton, D. G., & Starzomski, A. J. (1994). Psychological differences between court-referred and selfreferred wife assaulters. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 21, 203–222. Eisikovitz, Z. C., & Edleson, J. L. (1989). Intervening with men who batter: A critical review of the literature. Social Service Review, 63, 384–414. Everitt, B. (1980). Cluster analysis (2nd ed.) New York: Halsted Press. Feldman, C. M., & Ridley, C. A. (1995). The etiology and treatment of domestic violence between adult partners. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2, 317–348. Ganley, A. (1987). Perpetrators of domestic violence: An overview of counseling the court-mandated client. In D. J. Sonkin (Ed.), Domestic violence on trial: Psychological and legal dimensions of family violence (pp. 155–173). New York: Springer. Gondolf, E. W., & Russell, D. (1986). The case against anger control treatment programs for batterers. Response, 9(3), 2–5. Hamberger, L. K., & Hastings, J. E. (1993). Court-mandated treatment of men who assault their partner: Issues, controversies, and outcomes. In Z. Hilton (Ed.), Legal responses to wife assault (pp. 188–229). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Healey, K., Smith, K., & O'Sullivan, C. (1998). Batterer intervention: Program approaches and criminal justice strategies. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. Holtzworth-Munroe, A., & Stuart, G. L. (1994). Typologies of male batterers: Three subtypes and differences among them. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 476–497. Jackson, D. N. (1970). A sequential system for personality scale development. Current Topics in Clinical and Community Psychology, 2, 61–96. Jackson, D. N. (1971). The dynamics of structured personality tests. Psychological Review, 78, 229–248. Janis, I. L., & Mann, L. (1977). Decision making: A psychological analysis of conflict, choice and commitment. New York: Free Press. Joreskog, K. G., & Sorbom, D. (1989). LISREL 7: A guide to the program and applications (2nd ed.). Chicago: SPSS, Inc. Laforge, R. G., Velicer, W. F., Richmond, R. L., & Owen, N. (1999). Stage distributions for five health behaviors in the USA and Australia. Preventive Medicine, 28, 61–74. Levesque, D. A. (1998). Violence desistance among battering men: Existing interventions and the application of the transtheoretical model of change. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI. Levesque, D. A, Gelles, R. J., & Velicer, W. F. (1997, August). Battering men and court-mandated treatment: Applying the Transtheoretical Model to desistance and change. Paper presented at the 105th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL. Marcus, B. H., Bock, B. C., Pinto, B. M., Forsyth, L. H., Roberts, M. B., & Traficante, R. M. (1998). Efficacy of an individualized, motivationally-tailored physical activity intervention. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 174–180. McConnaughy, E. A., DiClemente, C. C., Prochaska, J. O., & Velicer, W. F. (1989). Stages of change in psychotherapy: A follow-up report. Psychotherapy, 26, 494–503. McConnaughy, E. A., Prochaska, J. O., & Velicer, W. F. (1983). Stages of change in psychotherapy: Measurement and sample profiles. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 20, 368–375. Milligan, G. W., & Cooper, M. C. (1987). Methodology review:Clustering methods. Applied Psychological Measurement, 11, 329–354. Murphy, C. M., & Baxter, V. A. (1997). Motivating batterers to change in the treatment context. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 607–619. National Research Counsel & Institute of Medicine. (1998). R. Chalk & P. A. King (Eds.), Violence in families: Assessing prevention and treatment programs. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Pan, H. S., Neidig, P. H., & O'Leary, K. D. (1994). Male-female and aggressor-victim differences in the factor structure of the Modified Conflict Tactic Scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9, 366–382. Pirog-Good, M., & Stets, J. (1986). Programs for abusers: Who drops out and what can be done? Response, 2, 17–19. Prochaska, J. O. (1994). Strong and weak principles for progressing from precontemplation to action on the basis of 12 problem behaviors. Health Psychology, 13, 47–51. Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward and integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 390–395. Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1986). Toward a comprehensive model of behavior change. In W. R. Miller & N. Heather (Eds.), Treating addictive behaviors: Processes of change (pp. 3–27). New York: Plenum Press. Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., Velicer, W. F., Ginpil, S., & Norcross, J. (1985). Predicting change in smoking status for self-changers. Addictive Behavior, 10, 395–406. Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., Velicer, W. F., & Rossi, J. S. (1993). Standardized, individualized, interactive, and personalized self-help programs for smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 12, 399–405. Prochaska, J. O., Norcross, J. C., Fowler, J. L., Follick, M. J., & Abrams, D. B. (1992). Attendance and outcome in a work-site weight control program: Processes and stages of change as process and predictor variables. Addictive Behaviors, 17, 35–45. Prochaska, J. O., Redding, C. A., Harlow, L. L., Rossi, J. S., & Velicer, W. F. (1994). The transtheoretical model of change and HIV prevention: A review. Health Education Quarterly, 21, 471–486. Prochaska, J. O., Rossi, J. S., & Wilcox, N. S. (1991). Change processes and psychotherapy outcomes in integrative case research. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 1(2), 103–119. Prochaska, J. O., Velicer, W. F., Rossi, J. S., Goldstein, M. G., Marcus, B. H., Rakowski, W., Fiori, C., Harlow, L. L., Redding, C. A., Rosenbloom, D., & Rossi, S. R. (1994). Stages of change and decisional balance for twelve problem behaviors. Health Psychology, 13, 39–46. Rakowski, W., Ehrich, B., Goldstein, M. G., Rimer, B. K., Pearlman, D. N., Clark, M. A., Velicer, W. F., & Woolverton, H. (1998). Increasing mammography screening among women aged 40-74 by use of a stage-matched, tailored intervention. Preventive Medicine, 27, 748–756. Reynolds, W. M. (1982). Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 119–125. Rosenfeld, B. D. (1992). Court-ordered treatment of spouse abuse. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 205–226. SAS Institute, Inc. (1989). SAS/STATuser's guide, version 6 (4th ed., Vol. 1). Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc. Saunders, D. G. (1996). Feminist-cognitive-behavioral and process-psychodynamic treatments for men who batter: Interaction of abuse traits and treatment models. Violence and Victims, 11, 393–413. Saunders, D. G., & Azar, S. T. (1989). Treatment programs for family violence. In L. Ohlin & M. Tonry (Eds.), Family violence (pp. 481–546). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75–88. Strecher, V. J., Kreuter, M., Boer, D. D., Kobrin, S., Hospers, H. J., & Skinner, C. S. (1994). The effects of computer-tailored smoking cessation messages in family practice settings. Journal of Family Practice, 39, 262–268. Thurstone, L. L. (1947). Multiple factor analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Tolman, R. M., & Bennett, L. W. (1990). A review of quantitative research on men who batter. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5, 87–118. Tolman, R. M., & Edleson, J. L. (1995). Intervention for men who batter: A review of research. In S. R. Stith & M. A. Straus (Eds.), Understanding partner violence: Prevalence, causes, consequences, and solutions (pp. 262–273). Minneapolis, MN: National Council on Family Relations. Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1–10. Velicer, W. F., DiClemente, C. C., Prochaska, J. O., & Brandenburg, N. (1985). Decisional balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1279–1289. Velicer, W. F., Fava, J. L., Prochaska, J. O., Abrams, D. B., Emmons, K. M., & Pierce, J. P. (1995). Distribution of smokers by stage in three representative samples. Preventive Medicine, 24, 401–411. Ward, J. H. (1963). Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58, 236–244.