Determination of biogenic component in liquid fuels by the 14C direct LSC method by using quenching properties of modern liquids for calibration

American Society for Testing and Materials, 2012. Standard test methods for determining the biobased content of solid, liquid, and gaseous samples using radiocarbon analysis. ASTM D6866-12. ASTM International. Arnold, 1949, Age determinations by radiocarbon content: checks with samples of known age, Science, 110, 678, 10.1126/science.110.2869.678 Bennett, 1977, Radiocarbon dating using electrostatic accelerators: negative ions provide the key, Science, 198, 508, 10.1126/science.198.4316.508 Currie, 1968, Limits for qualitative detection and quantitative determination. Application to radiochemistry, Anal. Chem., 40, 586, 10.1021/ac60259a007 Dijs, 2006, Quantitative determination by 14C analysis of the biological component in fuels, Radiocarbon, 48, 315, 10.1017/S0033822200038777 Edler, R., Kaihola L., 2007. Determination of the 14C content in fuels containing bioethanol and other biogenic materials with liquid scintillation counting. LSC Application Note 43. PerkinElmer. European Commission, 2003, Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 2003/87/EC. Establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the community, Off J Eur Union, L275, 32 European Committee for Standardization, 2011. Solid recovered fuels – method of the determination of biomass content. European Standard EN 15440:2011. European Parliament and Council, 2009, European Parliament and Council Directive 2009/28/EC. Promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, Off J Eur Commun, L140, 16 Horvatinčić, 2004, Measurement of low 14C activities in liquid scintillation counter in the Zagreb radiocarbon laboratory, Radiocarbon, 46, 105, 10.1017/S0033822200039412 Hua, 2013, Atmospheric radiocarbon for the period 1950–2010, Radiocarbon, 55, 1, 10.2458/azu_js_rc.v55i2.16177 Idoeta, 2014, Characteristic parameters in the measurement of 14C of biobased diesel fuels by liquid scintillation, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 93, 110, 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.01.019 Kojola, 1984, High resolution low level liquid scintillation beta-spectrometer, Int. J. Appl.Radiat. Isot., 35, 949, 10.1016/0020-708X(84)90208-4 Krajcar Bronić, 2009, Measurement of 14C activity by liquid scintillation counting, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 67, 800, 10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.01.071 Krajcar Bronić, 2010, Radiocarbon application in environmental science and archaeology in Croatia, Nucl Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A619, 491, 10.1016/j.nima.2009.11.032 Krajcar Bronić, 2010, A new graphite preparation line for AMS 14C dating in the Zagreb radiocarbon laboratory, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys Res B, 268, 943, 10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.070 Krištof, 2013, Direct LSC method for measurements of biofuels in fuel, Talanta, 111, 183, 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.03.009 Libby, 1949, Age determination by radiocarbon content: world-wide assay of natural radiocarbon, Science, 109, 227, 10.1126/science.109.2827.227 Libby, 1955 Levin, 2008, Radiocarbon observations in atmospheric CO2: determining fossil fuel CO2 over Europe using Jungfraujoch observations as background, Sci. Total Environ., 391, 211, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.019 Mohn, 2008, determination of biogenic and fossil fuel CO2 emitted by waste incineration based on 14CO2 and mass balances, Bioresour. Technol., 99, 6471, 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.042 Mook, 1999, Reporting 14C activities and concentrations, Radiocarbon, 41, 227, 10.1017/S0033822200057106 Muir, 2015, Determining the biomass fraction of mixed waste fuels: a comparison of existing industry and 14C-based methodologies, Waste Manag., 35, 293, 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.023 Nelson, 1977, Carbon-14: direct detection at natural concentrations, Science, 198, 507, 10.1126/science.198.4316.507 Noakes, J.E., Kim, S.M., Stipp, J.J., 1965. Chemical and counting advances in liquid scintillation age dating. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Radiocarbon and Tritium Dating. Washington, Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, DC, pp 68–92. Noakes, 2006, A comparison of analytical methods for the certification of biobased products, 259 Norton, 2006, Determining the modern carbon content of biobased products using radiocarbon analysis, Bioresour. Technol., 97, 2084, 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.08.017 Nydal, R., Gulliksen, S., Lovseth, K., 1975. Proportional counters and shielding for low level gas counting. In: Povinec, P.,(Ed). Proceedings of the International Conference on Low-radioactivity: Measurements and Applications. High Tatras, pp. 77–84. Polach, 1988, Performance of new technology liquid scintillation counters for 14C dating, Nucl. Geophys., 2, 75 Qureshi, 1989, The CO2 absorption method as an alternative to benzene synthesis method for 14C dating, Appl. Geochem., 4, 625, 10.1016/0883-2927(89)90072-3 Scott, 2010, The fifth international radiocarbon intercomparison (VIRI): an assessment of laboratory performance in stage 3, Radiocarbon, 52, 859, 10.1017/S003382220004594X Theodorsson, 1991, Gas proportional versus liquid scintillation counting, radiometric versus AMS dating, Radiocarbon, 33, 9, 10.1017/S0033822200013163 Woo, 1999, Optimization of liquid scintillation counting techniques for the determination of carbon-14 in environmental samples, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 239, 649, 10.1007/BF02349085 ter Wiel, J., Smit M., Edler R., 2010. Determination of the 14C content in biodiesel. A method improving the detection sensitivity by decolorizing the biogenic material in biofuel. LSC Application Note 50. PerkinElmer. van der Plicht, 2006, A note on reporting radiocarbon, Quat. Geochronol., 1, 237, 10.1016/j.quageo.2006.07.001