Determination of Serum Trace Elements (Zn, Cu, and Fe) in Pakistani Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Doan T, Massarotti E (2005) Rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of new and emerging therapies. J Clin Pharmacol 45:751–762 Schett G (2006) Rheumatoid arthritis: inflammation and bone loss. Wien Med Wochenschr 156(1–2):34–41 Neumann E, Lefèvre S, Zimmermann B, Gay S, Müller-Ladner U (2010) Rheumatoid arthritis progression mediated by activated synovial fibroblasts. Trends Mol Med 16:458–468 Lipsky PE (2007) Why does rheumatoid arthritis involve the joints? N Engl J Med 356:2419–2420 Akhter E, Bilal S, Kiani A, Haque U (2011) Prevalence of arthritis in India and Pakistan: a review. Rheumatol Int 31(7):849–855 Khurana R, Berney SM (2005) Clinical aspects of rheumatoid arthritis. Pathophysiology 12:153–165 Silman AJ, Hochberg MC (2001) Epidemiology of the rheumatic diseases, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford Turk SA, van Beers-Tas MH, van Schaardenburg D (2014) Prediction of future rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 40(4):753–770 Chang K, Yang SM, Kim SH, Han KH, Park SJ, Shin JI (2014) Smoking and rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 15(12):22279–22295 Yazar M, Sarban S, Kocyigit A, Isikan UE (2005) Synovial fluid and plasma selenium, copper, zinc, and iron concentrations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteo arthritis. Biol Trace Elem Res 106(2):123–132 Mertz W (1981) The essential trace elements. Science 213(4514):1332–1338 Overbeck S, Rink L, Haase H (2008) Modulating the immune response by oral zinc supplementation: a single approach for multiple diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 56:15–30 Prasad AS (2008) Zinc in human health: effect of zinc on immune cells. Mol Med 14:353–357 Choy EH, Panayi GS (2001) Cytokine pathways and joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 344:907–916 Strecker D, Mierzecki A, Radomska K (2013) Copper levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Agric Environ Med 20(2):312–316 Kagan HM, Li W (2003) Lysyl oxidase: properties, specifity, and biological roles inside and outside of the cell. J Cell Biochem 88(4):660–672 Schümann K, Classen HG, Dieter HH, König J, Multhaup G, Rükgauer M, Summer KH, Bernhardt J, Biesalski HK (2002) Hohenheim consensus workshop: copper. Eur J Clin Nutr 56:469–483 Zago MP, Oteiza PI (2001) The antioxidant properties of zinc: interactions with iron and antioxidants. Free Radic Biol Med 31:266–274 Chen H, Huang G, Su T, Gao H, Attieh ZK, McKie AT, Anderson GJ, Vulpe CD (2006) Decreased hephaestin activity in the intestine of copper-deficient mice causes systemic iron deficiency. J Nutr 136:1236–1241 Swerlick RA, Korman NJ (2004) UVA and NF-B activity: ironing out the details. J Invest Dermatol 122:xi–xi Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Kazi N, Talpur FN, Shah F, Naeemullah FS, Arain SS, Brahman KD (2013) Evaluation of status of arsenic, cadmium, lead and zinc levels in biological samples of normal and arthritis patients of age groups (46–60) and (61–75) years. Clin Lab 59(1–2):143–153 Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Kazi N, Shah F (2012) Evaluation of status of zinc, copper, and iron levels in biological samples of normal and arthritis patients in age groups 46–60 and 61–75 years. Clin Lab 58(7–8):705–717 Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Brabazon D, Naher S (2012) Interaction between zinc, cadmium, and lead in scalp hair samples of Pakistani and Irish smokers rheumatoid arthritis subjects in relation to controls. Biol Trace Elem Res 148(2):139–147 Nisa FU, Mumtaz A, Ullah MI, Atif M, Sami W (2014) Determination of serum zinc and magnesium levels in patients with hypothyroidism. Trace Elem Electroly 31:43–47 Doran MF, Pond GR, Crowson CS, O'Fallon WM, Gabriel SE (2002) Trends in incidence and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis in Rochester, Minnesota, over a forty-year period. Arthritis Rheum 46(3):625–631 Charles J, Britt H, Pan Y (2013) Rheumatoid arthritis. Aust Fam Physician 42(11):765 Cooper GS, Bynum ML, Somers EC (2009) Recent insights in the epidemiology of autoimmune diseases: improved prevalence estimates and understanding of clustering of diseases. J Autoimmun 33:197–207 Visser H, le Cessie S, Vos K, Breedveld FC, Hazes JM (2002) How to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis early: a prediction model for persistent (erosive) arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 46(2):357–365 Harrison MJ, Farragher TM, Clarke AM, Manning SC, Bunn DK, Symmons DP (2009) Association of functional outcome with both personal and area-level socioeconomic inequalities in patients with inflammatory polyarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 61:1297–1304 Camacho EM, Verstappen SM, Symmons DP (2012) Association between socioeconomic status, learned helplessness, and disease outcome in patients with inflammatory polyarthritis. Arthritis Care Res 64(8):1225–1232 Brewer GJ (2003) Copper in medicine. Curr Opin Chem Biol 7:207–212 Mayadah H, AL-Jamma S, Saad M, Alhasani, Mowafak K, Hassan (2010) Serum concentration of zinc copper, manganese and iron in rheumatoid arthritis. Raf J Sci 21(2):19–28 Söderlin MK, Petersson IF, Geborek P (2012) The effect of smoking on response and drugsurvival in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with their first anti-TNF drug. Scand J Rheumatol 41(1):1–9 Önal S, Nazıroğlu M, Çolak M, Bulut V, Flores-Arce MF (2011) Effects of different medical treatments on serum copper, selenium and zinc levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Biol Trace Elem Res 142:447–455 Sahebari M, Ayati R, Mirzaei H, Sahebkar A, Hejazi S, Saghafi M, Saadati N, Ferns GA, Ghayour-Mobarhan M. (2015) Serum trace element concentrations in rheumatoid arthritis. Biol Trace Elem Res Mazzetti I, Grigolo B, Borzì RM, Meliconi R, Facchini A (1996) Serum copper and zinc superoxide dismutase levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Clin Lab Res 26:245 Taneja SK, Mandal R (2009) Assessment of mineral status (Zn, Cu, Mg and Mn) in rheumatoid arthritis patients in Chandigarh, India. Rheumatol Rep 1(1):e5 Louro MO, Cocho JA, Mera A, Tutor JC (2000) Immunochemical and enzymatic study of ceruloplasmin in rheumatoid arthritis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 14(3):174–178 Colak M, Bingol NK, Ayhan O, Avci S, Bulut V (2001) Serum copper, zinc and selenium levels in rheumatoid arthritis. Romatizma Cilt 16(2):66–71 Farid YZ, Mohammed AK, Mohammed IS (2005) Serum copper and zinc levels and copper/zinc ratio in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Iraqi J Med Sci 4(1):49–56 Ala S, Shokrzadeh M, Pur Shoja AM, Saeedi Saravi SS (2009) Zinc and copper plasma concentrations in rheumatoid arthritis patients from a selected population in Iran. Pak J Biol Sci 12(14):1041–1044 Mierzecki A, Strecker D, Radomska K (2011) A pilot study on zinc levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Biol Trace Elem Res 143:854–862 Zoli A, Altomonte L, Caricchio R, Galossi A, Mirone L, Ruffini MP, Magaró M (1998) Serum zinc and copper in active rheumatoid arthritis: correlation with interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Clin Rheumatol 17(5):378–382 Liuzzi JP, Lichten LA, Rivera S, Blanchard RK, Aydemir TB, Knutson MD, Ganz T, Cousins RJ (2005) Interleukin-6 regulates the zinc transporter Zip14 in liver and contributes to the hypozincemia of the acute-phase response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 02:6843–6848 Kim S, Watanabe K, Shirahata T, Watarai M (2004) Zinc uptake system (znuA locus) of Brucellaabortus is essential for intracellular survival and virulence in mice. J Vet Med Sci 66:1059–1063 Huda MA, Al-Zubaidi MA (2012) Evaluation of trace elements in iraqi patients with rheumatoid arthritis by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Iraqi J Pharm Sci 21(2):77–84 Nikolaisen C, Figenschau Y, Nossent JC (2008) Anaemia in early RA is associated with interleukin 6-mediated bone marrow suppression, but has no effect on disease course or mortality. J Rheumatol 35(3):380–386 Powanda MC, Biesel WR (1982) Hypothesis: leukocyte endogenous mediator/endogenous pyrogen/lymphocyte-activating factor modulates the development of nonspecific and specific immunity and affects nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr 35:23–29