Determination of Ras-GTP and Ras-GDP in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), myeloproliferative syndrome (MPS), juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and malignant lymphoma: assessment of mutational and indirect activation

Fasano O, Aldrich T et al (1984) Analysis of the transforming potential of the human H-ras gene by random mutagenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 81(13):4008–4012. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.13.4008

Guo W, Tang B et al (1998) N-ras mutations in 43 Chinese cases of acute myeloid leukemia. Chin Med J (Engl) 111:343–345

Farr C, Gill R et al (1991) Analysis of ras gene mutations in childhood myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 77:323–327. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1991.tb08578.x

Shih LY, Huang CF et al (2004) Acquisition of FLT3 or N-ras mutations is frequently associated with progression of myelodysplastic syndrome to acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 18:466–475. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2403274

Padua RA, Guinn BA et al (1998) RAS, FMS and p53 mutations and poor clinical outcome in myelodysplasias: a 10-year follow-up. Leukemia 12:887–892. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2401044

Hunter T (1997) Oncoprotein networks. Cell 88:333–346. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81872-3

Tobal K, Pagliuca A et al (1990) Mutation of the human FMS gene (M-CSF receptor) in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 4:486–489

Kiyoi H, Naoe T et al (1999) Prognostic implication of FLT3 and N-RAS gene mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 93:3074–3080

Rohrschneider LR, Bourette RP et al (1997) Growth and differentiation signals regulated by the M-CSF receptor. Mol Reprod Dev 46:96–103. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199701)46:1<96::AID-MRD15>3.0.CO;2-1

Skorski T, Kanakaraj P et al (1994) Negative regulation of pl20GAP GTPase promoting activity by p210bcr/abl: implication for RAS-dependent Philadelphia chromosome positive cell growth. J Exp Med 179:1855–1865. doi:10.1084/jem.179.6.1855

Sawyers CL, McLaughlin J et al (1995) Genetic requirement for Ras in the transformation of fibroblasts and hematopoietic cells by the Bcr-Abl oncogene. J Exp Med 181:307–313. doi:10.1084/jem.181.1.307

Golub TR, Barker GF et al (1994) Fusion of PDGF receptor beta to a novel ets-like gene, tel, in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with t(5;12) chromosomal translocation. Cell 77:307–316. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90322-0

Golub TR, Goga A et al (1996) Oligomerization of the ABL tyrosine kinase by the Ets protein TEL in human leukemia. Mol Cell Biol 16:4107–4116

Elmberger PG, Lozano MD et al (1995) Transcripts of the npm-alk fusion gene in anaplastic large cell lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease, and reactive lymphoid lesions. Blood 86:3517–3521

Waggott W, Lo YM et al (1995) Detection of NPM-ALK DNA rearrangement in CD30 positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol 89:905–907

Xu GF, O’Connell P et al (1990) The neurofibromatosis type 1 gene encodes a protein related to GAP. Cell 62:599–608. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90024-9

DeClue JE, Papageorge AG et al (1992) Abnormal regulation of mammalian p21ras contributes to malignant tumor growth in von Recklinghausen (type 1) neurofibromatosis. Cell 69:265–273. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90407-4

Side L, Taylor B et al (1997) Homozygous inactivation of the NF1 gene in bone marrow cells from children with neurofibromatosis type 1 and malignant myeloid disorders. N Engl J Med 336:1713–1720. doi:10.1056/NEJM199706123362404

Miyauchi J, Asada M et al (1994) Mutations of the N-ras gene in juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia. Blood 83:2248–2254

Kalra R, Paderanga DC et al (1994) Genetic analysis is consistent with the hypothesis that NF1 limits myeloid cell growth through p21ras. Blood 84:3435–3439

Tartaglia M, Niemeyer CM et al (2003) Somatic mutations in PTPN11 in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. Nat Genet 34:148–150. doi:10.1038/ng1156

Kratz CP, Niemeyer CM et al (2005) The mutational spectrum of PTPN11 in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia and Noonan syndrome/myeloproliferative disease. Blood 106:2183–2185. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-02-0531

Pandit B, Sarkozy A et al (2007) Gain-of-function RAF1 mutations cause Noonan and LEOPARD syndromes with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Nat Genet 39(8):1007–1012. doi:10.1038/ng2073

Razzaque MA, Nishizawa T et al (2007) Germline gain-of-function mutations in RAF1 cause Noonan syndrome. Nat Genet 39(8):1013–1017. doi:10.1038/ng2078

Scheele JS, Rhee JM, Boss GR (1995) Determination of absolute amounts of GDP and GTP bound to Ras in mammalian cells: Comparison of parental and ras-overproducing NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:1097–1100. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.4.1097

Von Lintig FC, Huvar I et al (2000) Ras activation in normal white blood cells and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 6:1804–1810

Stites EC, Trampont PC et al (2007) Network analysis of oncogenic Ras activation in cancer. Science 318(5849):463–467. doi:10.1126/science.1144642

Shen WP, Aldrich TH et al (1987) Expression of normal and mutant ras proteins in human acute leukemia. Oncogene 1:157–165

Bernards A, Settleman J (2005) GAPs in growth factor signalling. Growth Factors 23(2):143–149. doi:10.1080/08977190500130480

Gulbins E, Brenner B et al (1996) Activation of the Ras signaling pathway by the CD40 receptor. J Immunol 157:2844–2850

Garicochea B, Giorgi R, Odone VF, Dorlhiac-Llacer PE, Bendit I (1998) Mutational analysis of N-RAS and GAP-related domain of the neurofibromatosis type 1 gene in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leuk Res 22:1003–1007. doi:10.1016/S0145-2126(98)00076-9

Cortes J, Quintás-Cardama A, Garcia-Manero G, O’Brien S, Jones D, Faderl S et al (2007) Phase 1 study of tipifarnib in combination with imatinib for patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase after imatinib failure. Cancer 110(9):2000–2006. doi:10.1002/cncr.23006

Reichert A, Heisterkamp N, Daley GQ, Groffen J (2001) Treatment of Bcr/Abl-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia in P190 transgenic mice with the farnesyl transferase inhibitor SCH66336. Blood 97:1399–1403. doi:10.1182/blood.V97.5.1399

Halaschek-Wiener J, Wacheck V, Schlagbauer-Wadl H, Wolff K, Kloog Y, Jansen B (2000) A novel Ras antagonist regulates both oncogenic Ras and the tumor suppressor p53 in colon cancer cells. Mol Med 6:693–704

Scheele JS, Raepple D, Luebbert M (2000) The role of Ras and other low-molecular weight guanine nucleotide (GTP)-binding proteins during hematopoietic cell differentiation. Cell Mol Life Sci 57:1950–1963. doi:10.1007/PL00000675