Determination of PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from incense burning emission at shrine for health risk assessment

Billet, 2007, Ambient particulate matter (PM2.5): physicochemical characterization and metabolic activation of the organic fraction in human lung epithelial cells (A549), Environ. Res., 105, 212, 10.1016/j.envres.2007.03.001 Bootdee, 2014, Emission of fine particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide from incense burning in shrines, Chiang Mai, Thailand, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev., 5, 228, 10.7763/IJESD.2014.V5.483 Chantara, 2009, Sensitive analytical method for particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a case study in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Sci. Asia, 35, 42, 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2009.35.042 Chiang, 2009, Assessing hazardous risks of human exposure to temple airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, J. Hazard. Mater., 166, 676, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.084 Chiang, 2006, Heavy incense burning in temples promotes exposure risk from airborne PMs and carcinogenic PAHs, Sci. Total Environ., 372, 64, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.012 Chiang, 1999, Identification of carcinogens in cooking oil fumes, Environ. Res. Sect. A, 81, 18, 10.1006/enrs.1998.3876 Ciecierska, 2013, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oil from unconventional sources, Food Control, 30, 556, 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.07.046 Collins, 1998, Potency equivalency factors for some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 28, 45, 10.1006/rtph.1998.1235 DeMarini, 2004, Bioassay-directed fractionation and salmonella mutagenicity of automobile and forklift diesel exhaust particles, Environ. Health Perspect., 112, 814, 10.1289/ehp.6578 Derudi, 2014, Emission of air pollutants from burning candles with different composition in indoor environments, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 21, 4320, 10.1007/s11356-013-2394-2 Dewangan, 2014, Uncharted source of particle bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from South Asia: religious/ritual burning practices, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 5, 283, 10.5094/APR.2014.034 Duan, 2005, The differences of the size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between urban and rural sites of Guangzhou, China, Atmos. Res., 78, 190, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.04.001 Durant, 1999, Mutagenicity of C24H14 PAH in human cells expressing CYP1A1, Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 446, 1, 10.1016/S1383-5718(99)00135-7 Evagelopoulos, 2010, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fine and coarse particles, Glob. NEST J., 12, 63 Hassanvand, 2015, Characterization of PAHs and metals in indoor/outdoor PM10/PM2.5/PM1 in a retirement home and a school dormitory, Sci. Total Environ., 527–528, 100, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.001 Hischenhuber, 1987, Determination of benzo (a) pyrene in roasted coffee and coffee brews by HPLC with fluorescence detection, Dtsch. Lebensm. Rundsch., 83, 1 Jia, 2011, Estimated reduction in cancer risk due to PAH exposures if source control measures during the 2008 Beijing Olympics were sustained, Environ. Health Perspect., 119, 815, 10.1289/ehp.1003100 Jung, 2010, Assessment of benzo (a) pyrene-equivalent carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of residential indoor versus outdoor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposing young children in New York City, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 7, 1889, 10.3390/ijerph7051889 Kuo, 2008, The exposure of temple workers to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Sci. Total Environ., 401, 44, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.018 Krugly, 2014, Characterization of particulate and vapor phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor air of primary school, Atmos. Environ., 82, 298, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.042 Li, 2000, Indoor characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere of Taipei, Atmos. Environ., 34, 611, 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00171-5 Liao, 2006, Probabilistic risk assessment for personal exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Taiwanese temples, Chemosphere, 63, 1610, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.08.051 Lin, 2001, Environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total suspended particulates in a Taiwanese temple, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 67, 332, 10.1007/s001280129 Lin, 2002, Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total suspended particulate in indoor and outdoor atmosphere of a Taiwanese temple, J. Hazard. Mater., A95, 1, 10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00146-2 Lin, 2008, Incense smoke: clinical, structural and molecular effects on airway disease, Clin. Mol. Allergy, 10.1186/1476-7961-6-3 Mannino, 2008, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust matter of Palermo (Italy) area: extraction, GC-MS analysis, distribution and sources, Atmos. Environ., 42, 1801, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.11.031 Masih, 2012, Study of air-soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the north-central part of India – a semi arid region, J. Environ. Monit., 14, 172, 10.1039/C1EM10567A Masih, 2012, Seasonal variation and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor air in a semi arid tract of northern India, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 12, 515, 10.4209/aaqr.2011.11.0192 Masih, 2012, Gaseous/particulate bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), seasonal variation in North central part of rural India, Sustain. Cities Soc., 3, 30, 10.1016/j.scs.2012.01.001 Masiol, 2012, Carcinogenic and mutagenic risk associated to airborne particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a source apportionment, Atmos. Environ., 60, 375, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.06.073 Navasumrit, 2008, Potential health effects of exposure to carcinogenic compounds in incense smoke in temple workers, Chem. Biol. Interact., 173, 19, 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.02.004 Nisbet, 1992, Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 16, 290, 10.1016/0273-2300(92)90009-X Nonthakanok, 2013, 178 Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), 2003 Orecchio, 2010, Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil of a Natural Reserve (Isola delle Femmine) (Italy) located in front of a plant for the production of cement, J. Hazard. Mater., 173, 358, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.08.088 Orecchio, 2011, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor emission from decorative candles, Atmos. Environ., 45, 1888, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.024 Pan, 2014, Incense use and cardiovascular mortality among Chinese in Singapore: the Singapore Chinese Health Study, Environ. Health Perspect., 122, 1279, 10.1289/ehp.1307662 Pengchai, 2008, Seasonal variation, risk assessment and source estimation of PM10 and PM10-bound PAHs in the ambient air of Chiang Mai and Lamphun, Thailand, Environ. Monit. Assess., 154, 197, 10.1007/s10661-008-0389-0 Pongpiachan, 2015, Incremental lifetime cancer risk of PM2.5 bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) before and after the wildland fire episode, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 1 Sarkar, 2012, Profile of PAHs in the inhalable particulate fraction: source apportionment and associated health risks in a tropical megacity, Environ. Monit. Assess., 185, 1199, 10.1007/s10661-012-2626-9 Tobiszewski, 2012, PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources, Environ. Pollut., 162, 110, 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.025 US-EPA (US Evironmental Protection Agency), 2008 Wang, 2007, Characteristics of emissions of air pollutants from burning of incense in temples, Hong Kong, Sci. Total Environ., 377, 52, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.099 Wiriya, 2013, PM10-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Chiang Mai (Thailand): seasonal variations, source identification, health risk assessment and their relationship to air-mass movement, Atmos. Res., 124, 109, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.12.014 World Health Organization (WHO), 2000 Wu, 2006, Particle size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rural and urban atmosphere of Tianjin, China, Chemosphere, 62, 357, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.04.101 Wu, 2015, Characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 at Mount Wutai Buddhism Scenic Spot, Shanxi, China, Atmosphere, 6, 1195, 10.3390/atmos6081195 Xie, 2015, Spatiotemporal variations of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations between 31 Chinese cities and their relationships with SO2, NO2, CO, and O3, Particuology, 20, 141, 10.1016/j.partic.2015.01.003 Yang, 2007, Characteristics of emissions of volatile organic compounds from smoldering incense, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 78, 308, 10.1007/s00128-007-9184-9 Yang, 2013, Effect of relative humidity on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from smoldering incense, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 13, 662, 10.4209/aaqr.2012.07.0182 Yunker, 2002, PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition, Org. Geochem., 33, 489, 10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00002-5 Zeiger, 2001, Mutagens that are not carcinogens: faulty theory or faulty tests?, Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol., 492, 29, 10.1016/S1383-5718(01)00153-X