Determinants of early internationalization of new firms: the case of Chile

Acs, Z. J., & Amorós, J. E. (2008). Entrepreneurship and competitiveness dynamics in Latin America. Small Business Economics, 31(3), 305–322. Acs, Z. J., Audretch, D. B., Braunerhjelm, P., & Carlsson, B. (2003). The missing link: the knowledge filter and endogenous growth. Stockholm: Center for Business and Policy Studies. Al-Laham, A., & Souitaris, V. (2008). Network embeddedness and new-venture internationalization: analyzing international linkages in the German biotech industry. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(5), 567–586. Amorós, J. E., & Bosma, N. (2014). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2013 Global Report. Babson College, Universidad del Desarrollo, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak: Wellesley MA, Santiago Chile, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Amorós, J. E., & Poblete, C. (2011). Global Entrepreneruship Monitor. Reporte nacional de Chile 2010. Santiago de Chile: Universidad del Desarrollo. Amorós, J. E., & Poblete, C. (2013). 10 Años del Global Entrepreneruship Monitor en Chile. Santiago de Chile: Universidad del Desarrollo Amorós, J. E., Felzensztein, C., & Gimmon, E. (2013). Entrepreneurial opportunities in peripheral versus core regions in Chile. Small Business Economics, 40(1), 119–139. Andersson, S., Gabrielsson, J., & Wictor, I. (2004). International activities in small firms: examining factors influencing the internationalization and export growth of small firms. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences Revue Canadienne Des Sciences De L Administration, 21(1), 22–34. Arias, A., & Peña, I. (2004). Las pymes manufactureras de la CAPV ante el reto de la internacionalización. Ekonomiaz, 55(1), 146–169. Armington, C., & Acs, Z. J. (2002). The determinants of regional variation in new firm formation. Regional Studies, 36(1), 33–45. Arroyo, F., & Edmunds, J. C. (2010). The macro dimensions of Chile’s export dilemma. Global Economy Journal, 9(4), 1–9. Audretsch, D. B., & Thurik, A. R. (2001). What’s new about the new economy? Sources of growth in the managed and entrepreneurial economies. Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(1), 267–315. Autio, E., Sapienza, H. J., & Almeida, J. G. (2000). Effects of age at entry, knowledge intensity, and imitability on international growth. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 909–924. Baumol, W. J. (1990). Entrepreneurship: productive, unproductive, and destructive. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 893–921. Belso-Martinez, J. A. (2006). Why are some Spanish manufacturing firms internationalizing rapidly? The role of business and institutional international networks. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 18(3), 207–226. Bloodgood, J. M., Sapienza, H. J., & Almeida, C. (1996). The internationalization of new high-potential U.S. ventures: antecedents and outcomes. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 20(4), 61–76. Bosma, N. (2008). The geography of new firm formation: evidence from independent start ups and new subsidiaries in Netherlands. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(2), 129–146. Bosma, N., Jones, K., Autio, E., & Levie, J. (2008). Global Entreprenership Monitor. 2007 executive report. Babson Park: Babson College; London: London Business School. Brach, J., & Naudé, W. (2012). International entrepreneurship and technological capabilities in the Middle East and North Africa. UNU-MERIT working papers. Netherlands: United Nations University. Bradley, S. W., McMullen, J. S., Artz, K., & Simiyu, E. M. (2012). Capital is not enough: innovation in developing economies. Journal of Management Studies, 49(4), 684–717. Cancino, C. A., & la Paz, A. I. (2010). International new ventures in Chile: three cases of success. Academia, 45, 140–162. Carsrud, A., & Brännback, M. (2011). Entrepreneurial motivations: what do we still need to know? Journal of Small Business Management, 49(1), 9–26. Chen, X., Zou, H., & Wang, D. T. (2009). How do new ventures grow? Firm capabilities, growth strategies and performance. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26(4), 294–303. Chesbrough, H., & Crowther, A. K. (2006). Beyond high tech: early adopters of open innovation in other industries. R&D Management, 36(3), 229–236. Child, J. (1988). On organizations in their sectors. Organization Studies, 9(1), 13–19. Christensen, P. S., Madsen, O. O., & Peterson, R. (1994). Conceptualizing entrepreneurial opportunity identification. In G. E. Hills (Ed.), Marketing and Entrepreneurship: Research Ideas and Opportunities. Westport, Connecticud, London: Quorum Books. Coeurderoy, R., Cowling, M., Licht, G., & Murray, G. (2012). Young firm internationalization and survival: empirical tests on a panel of ‘adolescent’ new technology-based firms in Germany and the UK. International Small Business Journal, 30(5), 472–492. Coombs, J. E., Sadrieh, F., & Annavarjula, M. (2009). Two decades of international entrepreneurship research: what have we learned - where do we go from here? International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 13, 23–64. Crone, M. (2010). Geographical context and emerge of early internationalizin firms: toward an inter-disciplinary conceptualization. Working paper series: Queen’s University Management School. Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3), 301–331. De Clercq, D., & Bosma, N. (2008). An exploratory study of international commitment by nascent and existing firms. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 21(3), 293–308. De Clercq, D., Danis, W. M., & Dakhli, M. (2010). The moderating effect of institutional context on the relationship between associational activity and new business activity in emerging economies. International Business Review, 19(1), 85–101. Dimitratos, P., & Jones, M. V. (2005). Future directions for international entrepreneurship research. International Business Review, 14(2), 119–128. Dimitratos, P., Lioukas, S., & Carter, S. (2004). The relationship between entrepreneurship and international performance: the importance of domestic environment. International Business Review, 13(1), 19–41. Dimitratos, P., Amorós, J. E., Etchebarne, M. S., & Felzensztein, C. (2014). Micro-multinational or not? International entrepreneurship, networking and learning effects. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 908-915. Dunkelberg, W., Moore, C., Scott, J., & Stull, W. (2013). Do entrepreneurial goals matter? Resource allocation in new owner-managed firms. Journal of Business Venturing, Online First. Efrat, K., & Shoham, A. (2013). The interaction between environment and strategic orientation in born globals’ choice of entry mode. International Marketing Review, 30(6), 536–558. Evers, N. (2011). International new ventures in “low tech” sectors: a dynamic capabilities perspective. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 18(3), 502–528. Federico, J. S., Kantis, H. D., Rialp, A., & Rialp, J. (2009). Does entrepreneurs’ human and relational capital affect early internationalisation? A cross-regional comparison. European Journal of International Management, 3(2), 199–215. Felício, J. A., Caldeirinha, V., & Rodrigues, R. (2012). Global mindset and the internationalization of small firms: the importance of the characteristics of entrepreneurs. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 8(4), 467–485. Felzensztein, C., & Gimmon, E. (2008). Industrial Clusters and Social Networking for enhancing inter-firm cooperation: the case of natural resources-based industries in Chile. Journal of Business Market Management, 2(4), 187–202. Felzensztein, C., Gimmon, E., & Aqueveque, C. (2013). Entrepreneurship at the periphery: exploring framework conditions in core and peripheral locations. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 37(4), 815–835. Fernhaber, S. A., McDougall, P. P., & Oviatt, B. M. (2007). Exploring the role of industry structure in new venture internationalization. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 31(4), 517–542. Fernhaber, S. A., Gilbert, B. A., & McDougall, P. P. (2008). International entrepreneurship and geographic location: an empirical examination of new venture internationalization. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(2), 267–290. Freeman, J., Styles, C., & Lawley, M. (2012). Does firm location make a difference to the export performance of SMEs? International Marketing Review, 29(1), 88–113. Gabrielsson, M., Kirpalani, V. H. M., Dimitratos, P., Solberg, C. A., & Zucchella, A. (2008). Born globals: propositions to help advance the theory. International Business Review, 17(4), 385–401. Gassmann, O., & Keupp, M. M. (2007). The competitive advantage of early and rapidly internationalising SMEs in the biotechnology industry: a knowledge-based view. Journal of World Business, 42(3), 350–366. Gerber, T. P., & Cheung, S. Y. (2008). Horizontal stratification in postsecondary education: forms, explanations, and implications. Annual Review of Sociology, 34, 299–318. Glaeser, E. L., & Kerr, W. R. (2009). Local industrial conditions and entrepreneurship: how much of the spatial distribution can we explain? Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 18(3), 623–663. González, J. L., Navarro, M., & Peña, I. (2010). Internacionalización de empresas jóvenes innovadoras en España. Revista Europea de Dirección y Economía de Empresas, 19(2), 61–82. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson. Hanushek, E. A., & Woessmann, L. (2012). Schooling, educational achievement, and the Latin American growth puzzle. Journal of Development Economics, 99(2), 497–512. Harris, S., & Wheeler, C. (2005). Entrepreneurs’ relationships for internationalization: functions, origins and strategies. International Business Review, 14(2), 187–207. Hessels, J., & Terjesen, S. (2008). Entrepreneurial career capital, and new venture export oirentation. In J. Hessels (Ed.), International entrepreneurship value creation across borders. Rotterdam: Erasmus Research Institute of Management. Hessels, J., & van Stel, A. (2011). Entrepreneurship, export orientation, and economic growth. Small Business Economics, 37(2), 255–268. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences, international differences in work related values. Beverly Hills: Sage. Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. (1977). The internationalization process of the firm—a model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1). Johnsen, G. J., & McMahon, R. G. P. (2005). Owner-manager gender, financial performance and business growth amongst SMEs from Australia’s business longitudinal survey. International Small Business Journal, 23(2), 115–142. Johnson, J. E. (2004). Factors influencing the early internationalization of high technology start-ups: US and UK evidence. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 2(1/2), 139–154. Jones, M. V., & Coviello, N. E. (2005). Internationalisation: conceptualising an entrepreneurial process of behaviour in time. Journal of International Business Studies, 36(3), 284–303. Jones, K., & Way, M. M. (2011). Entrepreneurship and the decision to export. In M. Minniti (Ed.), The dymanics of entrepreneurship. evidence from global entrepreneurship monitor data (pp. 277–298). USA: Oxford University Press. Jones, M. V., Coviello, N., & Tang, Y. K. (2011). International entrepreneurship research (1989–2009): a domain ontology and thematic analysis. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(6), 632–659. Kang, J. H., & Jin, B. (2007). Determinants of born global firm growth in the apparel industry: a Korean case. Journal of the Textile Institute, 98(2), 137–145. Keupp, M. M., & Gassmann, O. (2009). The past and the future of international entrepreneurship: a review and suggestions for developing the field. Journal of Management, 35(3), 600–633. Kirzner, I. M. (1973). Competition and entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kirzner, I. M. (1979). Perception, opportunity and profit: studies in the theory of entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kiss, A. N., Danis, W. M., & Cavusgil, S. T. (2012). International entrepreneurship research in emerging economies: a critical review and research agenda. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(2), 266–290. Knight, G. A., & Cavusgil, S. T. (1996). The bornglobal firm: a challenge to traditional internationalization theory. In S. T. Cavusgil (Ed.), Advance in international marketing (Vol. 8, pp. 11–26). Greenwich CT: JAI Press. Knight, G. A., & Cavusgil, S. T. (2004). Innovation, organizational capabilities, and the born-global firm (vol 35, pg 124, 2004). Journal of International Business Studies, 35(4), 334–334. Kundu, S. K., & Katz, J. A. (2003). Born-international SMEs: BI-level impacts of resources and intentions. Small Business Economics, 20(1), 25–47. Kwon, S.-W., & Arenius, P. (2010). Nations of entrepreneurs: a social capital perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(3), 315–330. Lambooy, J. G. (2010). Knowledge transfers, spillovers and actors: the role of context and social capital. European Planning Studies, 18(6), 873–891. Li, L., Qian, G., & Qian, Z. (2012). Early internationalization and performance of small high-tech “born-globals. International Marketing Review, 29(5), 536–561. Lichtenthaler, U. (2008). Open innovation in practice: an analysis of strategic approaches to technology transactions. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 55(1), 148–157. Loane, S., Bell, J. D., & McNaughton, R. (2007). A cross-national study on the impact of management teams on the rapid internationalization of small firms. Journal of World Business, 42(4), 489–504. Mainela, T., Puhakka, V., & Servais, P. (2014). The concept of international opportunity in international entrepreneurship: a review and a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 16(1), 105–129. Manolova, T. S., Carter, N. M., Manev, I. M., & Gyoshev, B. S. (2007). The differential effect of men and women entrepreneurs’ human capital and networking on growth expectancies in Bulgaria. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 31(3), 407–426. Markham, S. K. (2000). Corporate championing and antagonism as forms of political behavior: an R&D perspective. Organization Science, 11(4), 429–447. McDougall, P. P., Shane, S., & Oviatt, B. M. (1994). Explaining the formation of international new ventures: the limits of theories from international business research. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(6), 469–487. McKinsey and Company. (1993). Emerging exporters: Australia’s high value-added manufacturing exporters. Melbourne: Australian Export Council. Milesi, D., & Aggio, C. (2008). Éxito exportador, innovación e impacto social; un estudio exploratorio de PYMES exportadoras latinoamericanas. Santiago de Chile: Fundes and Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. Munari, F., Oriani, R., & Sobrero, M. (2010). The effects of owner identity and external governance systems on R&D investments: a study of Western European firms. Research Policy, 39(8), 1093–1104. Naude, W. (2010). Entrepreneurship, developing countries, and development economics: new approaches and insights. Small Business Economics, 34(1), 1–12. Naudé, W., & Rossouw, S. (2010). Early international entrepreneurship in China: extent and determinants. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 8(1), 87–111. Nijkamp, P. (2003). Entrepreneurship in a modern network economy. Regional Studies, 37(4), 395–405. Onetti, A., Zucchella, A., Jones, M., & McDougall-Covin, P. (2012). Internationalization, innovation and entrepreneurship: business models for new technology-based firms. Journal of Management and Governance, 16(3), 337–368. Orser, B., Spence, M., Riding, A., & Carrington, C. A. (2010). Gender and export propensity. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 34(5), 933–957. Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. (1994). Toward a theory of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(1), 45–64. Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. (1997). Challenges for internationalization process theory: the case of international new ventures. Management International Review, 37(2), 85–99. Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. (2005). Defining international entrepreneurship and modeling the speed of internationalization. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 29(5), 537–553. Parker, S. C. (2005). Explaining regional variations in entrepreneurship as multiple occupational equilibria. Journal of Regional Science, 45(4), 829–850. Parr, J. B. (2002). Missing elements in the analysis of agglomeration economies. International Regional Science Review, 25(2), 151–168. Peiris, I., Akoorie, M. M., & Sinha, P. (2012). International entrepreneurship: a critical analysis of studies in the past two decades and future directions for research. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 10(4), 279–324. Peltier, J. W., Zhao, Y., & Schibrowsky, J. A. (2012). Technology adoption by small businesses: an exploratory study of the interrelationships of owner and environmental factors. International Small Business Journal, 30(4), 406–431. Peña-Vinces, J., & Delgado-Márquez, B. (2013). Are entrepreneurial foreign activities of Peruvian SMNEs influenced by international certifications, corporate social responsibility and green management? International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9(4), 603–618. Perks, K. J., & Hughes, M. (2008). Entrepreneurial decision-making in internationalization: propositions from mid-size firms. International Business Review, 17(3), 310–330. Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531–544. Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive advantages. New York: The Free Press. Porter, M. E. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations London: Macmillan. ProChile (2010). Análisis de las exportaciones chilenas 2009. In D. d. P. d. Exportaciones (Ed.). Santiago de Chile. Reynolds, P. D., Bosma, N., Autio, E., Hunt, S., De Bono, N., Servais, I., et al. (2005). Global entrepreneurship monitor: data collection design and implementation 1998–2003. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 205–231. Rialp, A., & Rialp, J. (2007). Faster and more sucessful exporters: an exploratory study of born global firms from de resource-based view. Journal of Euromarketing, 16(1), 71–86. Rialp, A., Rialp, J., & Knight, G. A. (2005). The phenomenon of early internationalizing firms: what do we know after a decade (1993–2003) of scientific inquiry? International Business Review, 14(2), 147–166. Runyan, R. C., Ge, B., Dong, B., & Swinney, J. L. (2012). Entrepreneurial orientation in cross-cultural research: assessing measurement invariance in the construct. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 36(4), 819–836. Ruzzier, M., Hisrich, R. D., & Antoncic, B. (2006). SME internationalization research: past, present, and future. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(4), 476–497. Sapienza, H. J., Autio, E., George, G., & Zahra, S. A. (2006). A capabilities perspective on the effects of early internationalization on firm survival and growth. Academy of Management Review, 31(4), 914–933. Schwab, K., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (2012). Global competitiveness report 2011–2012. Geneva, Switzerland: world economic forum. Disponible en línea: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GCR_Report_2011-12.pdf. Shane, S. (2000). Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11(4), 448–469. Shane, S. (2009). Why encouraging more people to become entrepreneurs is bad public policy. Small Business Economics, 33(2), 141–149. Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226. Shane, S., Locke, E. A., & Collins, C. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resource Management Review, 13(2), 257–279. Shih, C., & Venkatesh, A. (2004). Beyond adoption: development and application of a use-diffusion model. Journal of Marketing, 66(1), 59–72. Spence, M., Orser, B., & Riding, A. (2011). A comparative study of international and domestic new ventures. Management International Review, 51(1), 3–21. Stevens, M. L., Armstrong, E. A., & Arum, R. (2008). Sieve, incubator, temple, hub: empirical and theoretical advances in the sociology of higher education. Annual Review of Sociology, 34, 127–151. Taylor, M., & Jack, R. (2013). Understanding the pace, scale and pattern of firm internationalization: an extension of the ‘born global’ concept. International Small Business Journal, 31(6), 701–721. The Economist (2010). It’s only natural. Special report: Latin America. Unger, J. M., Rauch, A., Frese, M., & Rosenbusch, N. (2011). Human capital and entrepreneurial success: a meta-analytical review. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(3), 341–358. UN-Habitat (2008). State of the World’s Cities 2010/2011. . London: Earthscan: United Nations Human Settlements Programme. van de Vrande, V., de Jong, J. P. J., Vanhaverbeke, W., & de Rochemont, M. (2009). Open innovation in SMEs: trends, motives and management challenges. Technovation, 29(6–7), 423–437. Verheul, I., Carree, M., & Santarelli, E. (2009). Regional opportunities and policy initiatives for new venture creation. International Small Business Journal, 27(5), 608–625. Westhead, P., Wright, M., & Ucbasaran, D. (2001a). The internationalization of new and small firms: a resource-based view. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(4), 333–358. Westhead, P., Wright, M., Ucbasaran, D., & Martin, F. (2001b). International market selection strategies of manufacturing and services firms. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 13(1), 17–46. WTO (2013). International trade statistics 2013. World Trade Organization. Available online at www.wto.org/its2013. Xavier, R. R., Kelley, D., Kwe, J., Herrington, M., & Vorderwülbecke, A. (2013). Global entrepreneurship monitor. 2012 global report. Babson Park, MA, U.S.: Babson College; Santiago, Chile: Universidad del Desarrollo; Kuala Lumpur, Univesriti Tun Abdul Razak and London, U.K.: Global Entrepreneurship Research Association. Yeung, H. W. C. (2009). Transnationalizing entrepreneurship: a critical agenda for economic geography. Progress in Human Geography, 33(2), 210–235. Zahra, S. A. (2005). A theory of international new ventures: a decade of research. Journal of International Business Studies, 36, 20–28. Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). International entrepreneurship: the current status of the field and future research agenda. In M. Hitt, R. Ireland, & S. Camp (Eds.), Strategic entrepreneurship: creating a new integrated mindset. Oxford: Blackwell. Zahra, S. A., Gedajlovic, E., Neubaum, D. O., & Shulman, J. M. (2009). A typology of social entrepreneurs: motives, search processes and ethical challenges. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), 519–532. Zucchella, A., Palamara, G., & Denicolai, S. (2007). The drivers of the early internationalization 1of the firm. Journal of World Business, 42(3), 268–280.