Deterioration of exposed buffer block: desiccation shrinkage and cracking

Albrecht BA, Benson CH (2001) Effect of desiccation on compacted natural clays. J Geotech Geoenviron 127(1):67–75. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:1(67)

An N, Tang CS, Xu SK, Gong XP, Shi B, Inyang HI (2018) Effects of soil characteristics on moisture evaporation. Eng Geol 239:126–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.03.028

ASTM D4404-18 (2018) Standard test method for determination of pore volume and pore volume distribution of soil and rock by mercury intrusion porosimetry. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA. https://doi.org/10.1520/D4404-18

Birle E, Heyer D, Vogt N (2008) Influence of the initial water content and dry density on the soil–water retention curve and the shrinkage behavior of a compacted clay. Acta Geotech 3(3):191–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-008-0059-y

Chen L, Liu YM, Wang J, Cao SF, Xie JL, Ma LK, Zhao XG, Li YW, Liu J (2014) Investigation of the thermal-hydro-mechanical (THM) behavior of GMZ bentonite in the China-mock-up test. Eng Geol 172:57–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.01.008

Chen YG, Sun Z, Ye WM, Cui YJ (2017) Adsorptive removal of Eu (III) from simulated groundwater by GMZ bentonite on the repository conditions. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 311(3):1839–1847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-017-5173-6

Chijimatsu M, Sugita Y, Amemiya K (1999) A Study on Manufacturing and Construction Method of Buffer. JNC TN8400 99–035, JNC: Japan

Costa S, Kodikara J, Barbour SL, Fredlund DG (2018) Theoretical analysis of desiccation crack spacing of a thin, long soil layer. Acta Geotech 13(1):39–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-017-0602-9

Delage P, Marcial D, Cui YJ, Ruiz X (2006) Ageing effects in a compacted bentonite: a microstructure approach. Géotechnique 56(5):291–304. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2006.56.5.291

Dixon D, Sandén T, Jonsson E, Hansen J (2011) Backfilling of deposition tunnels: Use of bentonite pellets. P-10-15, SKB, Sweden

Eriksson P (2014) Basic engineering of buffer production system. P-14-11, SKB, Sweden

Eriksson P (2016) Investigation of alternatives to the buffer protection. P-16-07, SKB, Sweden

Gapak Y, Das G, Yerramshetty U, Bharat TV (2017) Laboratory determination of volumetric shrinkage behavior of bentonites: a critical appraisal. Appl Clay Sci 135:554–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.10.038

Gómez-Espina R, Villar MV (2015) Effects of heat and humidity gradients on MX-80 bentonite geochemistry and mineralogy. Appl Clay Sci 109:39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.03.012

Gui Y, Zhao GF (2015) Modelling of laboratory soil desiccation cracking using DLSM with a two-phase bond model. Comput Geotech 69:578–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.07.001

Gui YL, Zhao GF, Khalili N (2012) Experimental investigation of desiccation of clayey soils. In 22th Australasian conference on the mechanics of structure and materials (ASMSM22) Sydney: Australia

Gui YL, Zhao ZY, Kodikara J, Bui HH, Yang SQ (2016) Numerical modelling of laboratory soil desiccation cracking using UDEC with a mix-mode cohesive fracture model. Eng Geol 202:14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.12.028

Hallett PD, Newson TA (2005) Describing soil crack formation using elastic–plastic fracture mechanics. Eur J Soil Sci 56(1):31–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00652.x

Hillel D (1982) Introduction to soil physics. Academic press, New York

IAEA (2013) Characterization of Swelling Clays as Components of the Engineered Barrier System for Geological Repositories. IAEA-TECDOC-1718, IAEA, Austria

Juvankoski M (2010) Description of basic Design for Buffer (working report). Technical Report. Eurajoki, Finland, pp 2009–2131

Khan FS, Azam S (2017) Determination of the desiccation behavior of clay slurries. Int J Min Sci Technol 27(6):981–988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2017.06.010

Komine H (2008) Theoretical equations on hydraulic conductivities of bentonite-based buffer and backfill for underground disposal of radioactive wastes. J Geotech Geoenviron 134(4):497–508. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:4(497)

Martin PL, Barcala JM (2005) Large scale buffer material test: mock-up experiment at CIEMAT. Eng Geol 81(3):298–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.06.013

Nahlawi H, Kodikara JK (2006) Laboratory experiments on desiccation cracking of thin soil layers. Geotech Geol Eng 24(6):1641–1664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-005-4894-4

Nyblad B, Luterkort D, Lundqvist M (2014) Buffer protection for the installation phase: Design and testing. P-13-51, SKB, Sweden

Pacovský J, Svoboda J, Zapletal L (2007) Saturation development in the bentonite barrier of the mock-up-CZ geotechnical experiment. Phys Chem Earth 32(8–14):767–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2006.03.005

Peron H, Laloui L, Hueckel T, Hu LB (2009a) Desiccation cracking of soils. Eur J Environ Civ Eng 13(7–8):869–888. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2009.9693159

Peron H, Hueckel T, Laloui L, Hu L (2009b) Fundamentals of desiccation cracking of fine-grained soils: experimental characterisation and mechanisms identification. Can Geotech J 46(10):1177–1201. https://doi.org/10.1139/T09-054

Peters WH, Ranson WF (1982) Digital imaging techniques in experimental stress analysis. Opt Eng 21(3):213427. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.7972925

Prat PC, Ledesma A, Lakshmikantha MR (2006) Size effect in the cracking of drying soil. In Fracture of Nano and Engineering Materials and Structures (pp. 1373–1374). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4972-2_682

Sima J, Jiang M, Zhou C (2014) Numerical simulation of desiccation cracking in a thin clay layer using 3D discrete element modeling. Comput Geotech 56:168–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.12.003

SKB (2010) Design, production and initial state of the buffer. TR-10-15, SKB, Sweden

Tang C, Shi B, Liu C, Zhao L, Wang B (2008) Influencing factors of geometrical structure of surface shrinkage cracks in clayey soils. Eng Geol 101(3–4):204–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.05.005

Tang CS, Shi B, Cui YJ, Liu C, Gu K (2012) Desiccation cracking behavior of polypropylene fiber–reinforced clayey soil. Can Geotech J 49(9):1088–1101. https://doi.org/10.1139/t2012-067

Villar MV, Iglesias RJ, Gutiérrez-Álvarez C, Carbonell B (2018) Hydraulic and mechanical properties of compacted bentonite after 18 years in barrier conditions. Appl Clay Sci 160:49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.12.045

Wan Y, Xue Q, Liu L (2014) Study on the permeability evolution law and the micro-mechanism of CCL in a landfill final cover under the dry-wet cycle. Bull Eng Geol Environ 73(4):1089–1103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-014-0604-x

Wang J, Su R, Chen WM, Guo YH, Jin YX, Wen ZJ, Liu YM (2006) Deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive wastes in China. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 25(4):649–658

Wang Q, Tang AM, Cui YJ, Delage P, Gatmiri B (2012) Experimental study on the swelling behaviour of bentonite/claystone mixture. Eng Geol 124:59–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.10.003

Wang Q, Tang AM, Cui YJ, Delage P, Barnichon JD, Ye WM (2013) The effects of technological voids on the hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted bentonite–sand mixture. Soils Found 53(2):232–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.02.004

Wang LL, Zhang GQ, Hallais S, Tanguy A, Yang DS (2017) Swelling of shales: a multiscale experimental investigation. Energy Fuel 31(10):10442–10451. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01223

Wang LL, Tang CS, Shi B, Cui YJ, Zhang GQ, Hilary I (2018a) Nucleation and propagation mechanisms of soil desiccation cracks. Eng Geol 238:27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.03.004

Wang J, Chen L, Su R, Zhao XG (2018b) The Beishan underground research laboratory for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste in China: planning, site selection, site characterization and in situ tests. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 10(3):411–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.03.002

Wimelius H, Pusch R (2008) Buffer protection in the installation phase. R-08-137, SKB, Sweden

Xu L, Ye WM, Chen B, Chen YG, Cui YJ (2016) Experimental investigations on thermo-hydro-mechanical properties of compacted GMZ01 bentonite-sand mixture using as buffer materials. Eng Geol 213:46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.08.015

Yamaguchi I (1981) A laser-speckle strain gauge. Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 14(11):1270–1273

Zhang M, Zhang HY, Jia LY, Cui SL (2012) Salt content impact on the unsaturated property of bentonite–sand buffer backfilling materials. Nucl Eng Des 250:35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2012.05.012

Zhang Y, Ye WM, Chen B, Chen YG, Ye B (2016) Desiccation of NaCl-contaminated soil of earthen heritages in the site of Yar City, Northwest China. Appl Clay Sci 124:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.01.047

Zhao XG, Wang J, Chen F, Li PF, Ma KL, Xie JL, Liu YM (2016) Experimental investigations on the thermal conductivity characteristics of Beishan granitic rocks for China’s HLW disposal. Tectonophysics 683:124–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.06.021

Zhao NF, Ye WM, Chen YG, Chen B, Cui YJ (2017) Investigation on swelling-shrinkage behavior of unsaturated compacted GMZ bentonite on wetting-drying cycles. Bull Eng Geol Environ:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1095-3

Zhou L, Zhang HY, Yan M, Chen H, Zhang M (2013) Laboratory determination of migration of Eu (III) in compacted bentonite–sand mixtures as buffer/backfill material for high-level waste disposal. Appl Radiat Isot 82:139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.07.004

Zhu LP, Zhang HY, Tan Y, Yuan W, Liu P (2018) The determination of the optimal bentonite-sand ration based on fuzzy integrated evaluation. Journal of Lanzhou University (Natural Sciences) 54(3):310–316 (In Chinese)