Detección de las calcificaciones cardiovasculares: ¿una herramienta útil para el nefrólogo?

Go, 2004, Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization, N Engl J Med., 351, 1296, 10.1056/NEJMoa041031 Gracia, 2006, Recommendations for the use of equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate in adults. Spanish Society of Nephrology, Nefrologia, 26, 658 Canal, 2008, Tables estimating glomerular filtration rate from plasma creatinine, Nefrologia, 28, 317 Montanes Bermudez, 2011, Consensus document. Recommendations on assessing proteinuria during the diagnosis and follow-up of chronic kidney disease, Nefrologia, 31, 331 Canal, 2014, Tables for estimating the glomerular filtration rate using the new CKD-EPI equation from serum creatinine concentration, Nefrologia, 34, 223 Martinez-Castelao, 2014, Consensus document for the detection and management of chronic kidney disease, Aten Primaria, 46, 501 Montañés Bermúdez, 2010, Assessment of the new CKD-EPI equation to estimate the glomerular filtration rate, Nefrologia, 30, 185 Otero, 2010, Prevalence of chronic renal disease in Spain: Results of the EPIRCE study, Nefrologia, 30, 78 Alcázar, 2008, SEN-SEMFYC consensus document on chronic kidney disease, Nefrologia, 28, 273 Martinez-Castelao, 2014, Consensus document for the detection and management of chronic kidney disease, Semergen, 40, 441 Martinez-Castelao, 2014, Consensus document for the detection and management of chronic kidney disease, Endocrinol Nutr., 61, e25 McCullough, 2008, Chronic kidney disease, prevalence of premature cardiovascular disease, and relationship to short-term mortality, Am Heart J, 156, 277, 10.1016/j.ahj.2008.02.024 Greenland, 2010, 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines, Circulation, 122, e584, 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182051b4c Ackland, 2014, Chronic kidney disease: A gateway for perioperative medicine, Br J Anaesth, 113, 902, 10.1093/bja/aeu222 Romero, 2012, The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease 4-calculated glomerular filtration rate is a better prognostic factor of cardiovascular events than classical cardiovascular risk factors in patients with peripheral arterial disease, J Vasc Surg, 56, 1324, 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.04.049 Fernández-Llama, 2008, Is albuminuria a marker of arterial remodeling?, J Hypertens., 26, 633, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f857f8 Ronco, 2014, Cardiorenal syndrome, Heart Fail Clin, 10, 251, 10.1016/j.hfc.2013.12.003 Bover, 2015, Pro: Cardiovascular calcifications are clinically relevant, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 30, 345, 10.1093/ndt/gfv020 Zoccali, 2015, Vascular calcification is a surrogate marker, but not the cause of ongoing vascular disease, and it is not a treatment target in chronic kidney disease, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 30, 352, 10.1093/ndt/gfv021 Wanner, 2015, Moderator's view: Treatment of vascular calcification is a physical impossibility, so far, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 30, 358, 10.1093/ndt/gfv019 McCullough, 2009, Review article: Risks of coronary artery calcification in chronic kidney disease: Do the same rules apply?, Nephrology (Carlton)., 14, 428, 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2009.01138.x McCullough, 2008, Accelerated atherosclerotic calcification and Monckeberg's sclerosis: A continuum of advanced vascular pathology in chronic kidney disease, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 3, 1585, 10.2215/CJN.01930408 Goodman, 2000, Coronary-artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis, N Engl J Med, 342, 1478, 10.1056/NEJM200005183422003 Brandenburg, 2011, Ten years of progress in our understanding of uremic vascular calcification and disease: A decade summarized in 20 steps, Kidney Int Suppl., 1, 116, 10.1038/kisup.2011.27 Kashiyama, 2015, Coronary plaque progression of non-culprit lesions after culprit percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with moderate to advanced chronic kidney disease: Intravascular ultrasound and integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound study, Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, 31, 935, 10.1007/s10554-015-0633-y Wang, 2015, Correlation of coronary plaque characteristics and obstructive stenosis with chronic kidney disease by coronary CT angiography, Cardiovasc Diagn Ther, 5, 435 Chen, 2015, Vascular calcification in predialysis CKD: Common and deadly, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 10, 551, 10.2215/CJN.01940215 Lu, 2014, Vascular calcification and renal bone disorders, ScientificWorldJournal., 2014, 637065, 10.1155/2014/637065 Bover, 2016, Calcificaciones vasculares: Potenciales implicaciones terapéuticas, Nefrologia, 10.1016/j.nefro.2016.05.023 Block, 2004, Mineral metabolism, mortality, and morbidity in maintenance hemodialysis, J Am Soc Nephrol, 15, 2208, 10.1097/01.ASN.0000133041.27682.A2 Stevens, 2004, Calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone levels in combination and as a function of dialysis duration predict mortality: Evidence for the complexity of the association between mineral metabolism and outcomes, J Am Soc Nephrol, 15, 770, 10.1097/01.ASN.0000113243.24155.2F Urakawa, 2006, Klotho converts canonical FGF receptor into a specific receptor for FGF23, Nature, 444, 770, 10.1038/nature05315 Ellam, 2012, Phosphate: The new cholesterol? The role of the phosphate axis in non-uremic vascular disease, Atherosclerosis, 220, 310, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.09.002 Pelletier, 2015, Serum sclerostin: The missing link in the bone-vessel cross-talk in hemodialysis patients?, Osteoporos Int, 26, 2165, 10.1007/s00198-015-3127-9 Bessueille, 2015, Inflammation: A culprit for vascular calcification in atherosclerosis and diabetes, Cell Mol Life Sci, 72, 2475, 10.1007/s00018-015-1876-4 Martínez-Moreno, 2012, In vascular smooth muscle cells paricalcitol prevents phosphate-induced Wnt/β-catenin activation, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 303, F1136, 10.1152/ajprenal.00684.2011 Moe, 2006, Definition, evaluation, and classification of renal osteodystrophy: A position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO), Kidney Int., 69, 1945, 10.1038/sj.ki.5000414 Cozzolino, 2014, Is chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) really a syndrome?, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 29, 1815, 10.1093/ndt/gft514 Bellorin-Font, 2013, Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of mineral and bone disorders in chronic kidney disease (CKD-MBD) in adults, Nefrologia, 33, 1 Peñalba, 2010, Consenso Metabolismo Óseo y Mineral. Grupo de Metabolismo Óseo y Mineral de la Sociedad Argentina de Nefrología, Dial Traspl., 31, 101 London, 2009, Bone-vascular axis in chronic kidney disease: A reality?, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 4, 254, 10.2215/CJN.06661208 London, 2008, Association of bone activity, calcium load, aortic stiffness, and calcifications in ESRD, J Am Soc Nephrol, 19, 1827, 10.1681/ASN.2007050622 Vervloet, 2014, Bone: A new endocrine organ at the heart of chronic kidney disease and mineral and bone disorders, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol., 2, 427, 10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70059-2 Roman-Garcia, 2010, High phosphorus diet induces vascular calcification, a related decrease in bone mass and changes in the aortic gene expression, Bone, 46, 121, 10.1016/j.bone.2009.09.006 Persy, 2006, Bisphosphonates prevent experimental vascular calcification: Treat the bone to cure the vessels?, Kidney Int., 70, 1537, 10.1038/sj.ki.5001899 Bover, 2015, Opponent's comments, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 30, 357, 10.1093/ndt/gfv021a Cheung, 2013, The relationship between glucose metabolism, metabolic syndrome, and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase: A structural equation modeling approach, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 98, 3856, 10.1210/jc.2013-2024 Hoffmann, 2016, Cardiovascular event prediction and risk reclassification by coronary, aortic, and valvular calcification in the Framingham Heart Study, J Am Heart Assoc, 5 Szulc, 2015, Vascular calcification and fracture risk, Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab., 12, 139 Amann, 2008, Media calcification and intima calcification are distinct entities in chronic kidney disease, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 3, 1599, 10.2215/CJN.02120508 Vattikuti, 2004, Osteogenic regulation of vascular calcification: An early perspective, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 286, E686, 10.1152/ajpendo.00552.2003 Brandenburg, 2015, Blueprint for a European calciphylaxis registry initiative: The European Calciphylaxis Network (EuCalNet), Clin Kidney J, 8, 567, 10.1093/ckj/sfv056 Micheletti, 2008, Calcification of the internal elastic lamina of coronary arteries, Mod Pathol, 21, 1019, 10.1038/modpathol.2008.89 Coll, 2011, Large artery calcification on dialysis patients is located in the intima and related to atherosclerosis, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 6, 303, 10.2215/CJN.04290510 Wheeler, 2015, Relation of murine thoracic aortic structural and cellular changes with aging to passive and active mechanical properties, J Am Heart Assoc, 4, e001744, 10.1161/JAHA.114.001744 Kim, 2015, Calcium and sudden cardiac death in end-stage renal disease, Semin Dial., 28, 624, 10.1111/sdi.12419 Kirkpantur, 2015, Serum sclerostin levels, arteriovenous fistula calcification and 2-years all-cause mortality in prevalent hemodialysis patients, Nefrologia., 36, 24, 10.1016/j.nefro.2015.07.006 Adragao, 2004, A simple vascular calcification score predicts cardiovascular risk in haemodialysis patients, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 19, 1480, 10.1093/ndt/gfh217 Gorriz, 2015, Vascular calcification in patients with nondialysis CKD over 3 years, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 10, 654, 10.2215/CJN.07450714 Jankovic, 2015, Impact of vascular calcifications on arteriovenous fístula survival in hemodialysis patients: A five-year follow-up, Nephron, 129, 247, 10.1159/000380823 Eggen, 1965, Coronary calcification. Relationship to clinically significant coronary lesions and race, sex, and topographic distribution, Circulation, 32, 948, 10.1161/01.CIR.32.6.948 Nakamura, 2009, Coronary calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease and coronary artery disease, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 4, 1892, 10.2215/CJN.04320709 2009, KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD), Kidney Int Suppl., S1 Nasrallah, 2010, Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) is independently correlated to aortic calcification in haemodialysis patients, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 25, 2679, 10.1093/ndt/gfq089 Raggi, 2011, The ADVANCE study: A randomized study to evaluate the effects of cinacalcet plus low-dose vitamin D on vascular calcification in patients on hemodialysis, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 26, 1327, 10.1093/ndt/gfq725 Bellasi, 2012, Vascular imaging in chronic kidney disease, Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 21, 382, 10.1097/MNH.0b013e328354220c Watanabe, 2010, Impact of cardiovascular calcification in nondialyzed patients after 24 months of follow-up, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 5, 189, 10.2215/CJN.06240909 Wann, 2014, What can ancient mummies teach us about atherosclerosis?, Trends Cardiovasc Med, 24, 279, 10.1016/j.tcm.2014.06.005 Bellasi, 2015, Pro: Should phosphate binders be used in chronic kidney disease stage 3-4?, Nephrol. Dial. Transplant, 10.1093/ndt/gfv405 Baars, 2012, Saphenous vein aorto-coronary graft atherosclerosis in patients with chronic kidney disease: More plaque calcification and necrosis, but less vasoconstrictor potential, Basic Res Cardiol., 107, 303, 10.1007/s00395-012-0303-3 Kono, 2012, Composition and plaque patterns of coronary culprit lesions and clinical characteristics of patients with chronic kidney disease, Kidney Int., 82, 344, 10.1038/ki.2012.118 Mauriello, 2013, Coronary calcification identifies the vulnerable patient rather than the vulnerable plaque, Atherosclerosis, 229, 124, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.03.010 Wahlgren, 2009, Human carotid plaque calcification and vulnerability. Relationship between degree of plaque calcification, fibrous cap inflammatory gene expression and symptomatology, Cerebrovasc Dis., 27, 193, 10.1159/000189204 Huang, 2001, The impact of calcification on the biomechanical stability of atherosclerotic plaques, Circulation, 103, 1051, 10.1161/01.CIR.103.8.1051 Wu, 2014, How does calcification influence plaque vulnerability? Insights from fatigue analysis, ScientificWorldJournal., 2014, 417324 Rudd, 2009, Relationships among regional arterial inflammation, calcification, risk factors, and biomarkers: A prospective fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography imaging study, Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2, 107, 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.108.811752 Abdelbaky, 2011, Noninvasive positron emission tomography imaging of coronary arterial inflammation, Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep, 4, 41, 10.1007/s12410-010-9062-4 Ehara, 2004, Spotty calcification typifies the culprit plaque in patients with acute myocardial infarction: An intravascular ultrasound study, Circulation, 110, 3424, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000148131.41425.E9 Vengrenyuk, 2006, A hypothesis for vulnerable plaque rupture due to stress-induced debonding around cellular microcalcifications in thin fibrous caps, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103, 14678, 10.1073/pnas.0606310103 Hutcheson, 2014, Small entities with large impact: Microcalcifications and atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability, Curr Opin Lipidol, 25, 327, 10.1097/MOL.0000000000000105 Maldonado, 2012, A mechanistic analysis of the role of microcalcifications in atherosclerotic plaque stability: Potential implications for plaque rupture, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 303, H619, 10.1152/ajpheart.00036.2012 Teng, 2014, How does juxtaluminal calcium affect critical mechanical conditions in carotid atherosclerotic plaque? An exploratory study, IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 61, 35, 10.1109/TBME.2013.2275078 Pelisek, 2010, Carotid plaque composition in chronic kidney disease: A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy, Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 39, 11, 10.1016/j.ejvs.2009.09.024 Pelisek, 2011, Impact of chronic kidney disease on carotid plaque vulnerability, J Vasc Surg, 54, 1643, 10.1016/j.jvs.2011.05.049 Bashir, 2015, Coronary artery calcium assessment in CKD: Utility in cardiovascular disease risk assessment and treatment?, Am J Kidney Dis, 65, 937, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.01.012 Roy, 2011, Mild and moderate pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease is associated with increased coronary artery calcium, Vasc Health Risk Manag, 7, 719 Villa-Bellosta, 2016, Comment to: Haemodialysis session: The perfect storm for vascular calcification, Nefrologia, 10.1016/j.nefro.2016.01.002 Seras, 2015, Haemodialysis session: The perfect storm for vascular calcification, Nefrologia, 35, 448, 10.1016/j.nefro.2015.06.015 Shroff, 2010, Chronic mineral dysregulation promotes vascular smooth muscle cell adaptation and extracellular matrix calcification, J Am Soc Nephrol, 21, 103, 10.1681/ASN.2009060640 London, 2015, Ankle-brachial index and bone turnover in patients on dialysis, J Am Soc Nephrol, 26, 476, 10.1681/ASN.2014020169 Zoccali, 2014, Paricalcitol and endothelial function in chronic kidney disease trial, Hypertension, 64, 1005, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03748 Jono, 2000, Phosphate regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification, Circ Res, 87, E10, 10.1161/01.RES.87.7.e10 Giachelli, 2009, The emerging role of phosphate in vascular calcification, Kidney Int., 75, 890, 10.1038/ki.2008.644 Gross, 2014, Vascular toxicity of phosphate in chronic kidney disease: Beyond vascular calcification, Circ J, 78, 2339, 10.1253/circj.CJ-14-0735 Yang, 2004, Elevated extracellular calcium levels induce smooth muscle cell matrix mineralization in vitro, Kidney Int., 66, 2293, 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.66015.x Shroff, 2013, Mechanistic insights into vascular calcification in CKD, J Am Soc Nephrol, 24, 179, 10.1681/ASN.2011121191 Paloian, 2014, A current understanding of vascular calcification in CKD, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 307, F891, 10.1152/ajprenal.00163.2014 O’Neill, 2014, Breast arterial calcification in chronic kidney disease: Absence of smooth muscle apoptosis and osteogenic transdifferentiation, Kidney Int., 85, 668, 10.1038/ki.2013.351 Acierno, 1994, 109 Virchow, 1989, Cellular pathology. As based upon physiological and pathological histology. Lecture XVI--Atheromatous affection of arteries. 1858, Nutr Rev, 47, 23, 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1989.tb02747.x Hayden, 2005, Vascular ossification-calcification in metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and calciphylaxis-calcific uremic arteriolopathy: The emerging role of sodium thiosulfate, Cardiovasc Diabetol, 4, 4, 10.1186/1475-2840-4-4 Ketteler, 2003, Association of low fetuin-A (AHSG) concentrations in serum with cardiovascular mortality in patients on dialysis: A cross-sectional study, Lancet, 361, 827, 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12710-9 Jansen, 2014, ABCC6-mediated ATP secretion by the liver is the main source of the mineralization inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate in the systemic circulation-brief report, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 34, 1985, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.304017 Lau, 2014, Chronic kidney disease results in deficiency of ABCC6, the novel inhibitor of vascular calcification, Am J Nephrol, 40, 51, 10.1159/000365014 London, 2011, Arterial calcification: Cardiovascular function and clinical outcome, Nefrologia, 31, 644 Shao, 2006, Molecular mechanisms of vascular calcification: Lessons learned from the aorta, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 26, 1423, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000220441.42041.20 Demer, 2014, Inflammatory, metabolic, and genetic mechanisms of vascular calcification, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 34, 715, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302070 Sage, 2010, Regulatory mechanisms in vascular calcification, Nat Rev Cardiol, 7, 528, 10.1038/nrcardio.2010.115 Pruthi, 2014, Aldosterone promotes vascular remodeling by direct effects on smooth muscle cell mineralocorticoid receptors, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 34, 355, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302854 Blacher, 2001, Arterial calcifications, arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular risk in end-stage renal disease, Hypertension, 38, 938, 10.1161/hy1001.096358 Shantouf, 2010, Total and individual coronary artery calcium scores as independent predictors of mortality in hemodialysis patients, Am J Nephrol, 31, 419, 10.1159/000294405 Honkanen, 2008, Abdominal aortic calcification in dialysis patients: Results of the CORD study, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 23, 4009, 10.1093/ndt/gfn403 Verbeke, 2011, Prognostic value of aortic stiffness and calcification for cardiovascular events and mortality in dialysis patients: Outcome of the calcification outcome in renal disease (CORD) study, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 6, 153, 10.2215/CJN.05120610 D’Marco, 2013, Epicardial adipose tissue predicts mortality in incident hemodialysis patients: A substudy of the Renagel in New Dialysis trial, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 28, 2586, 10.1093/ndt/gft264 Di Iorio, 2011, Coronary artery calcification progression is associated with arterial stiffness and cardiac repolarization deterioration in hemodialysis patients, Kidney Blood Press Res, 34, 180, 10.1159/000325656 Matsushita, 2015, Subclinical atherosclerosis measures for cardiovascular prediction in CKD, J Am Soc Nephrol, 26, 439, 10.1681/ASN.2014020173 Uhlig, 2010, KDOQI US commentary on the 2009 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of CKD-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD), Am J Kidney Dis, 55, 773, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.02.340 Goldsmith, 2010, Endorsement of the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) Guidelines: A European Renal Best Practice (ERBP) commentary statement, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 25, 3823, 10.1093/ndt/gfq513 Torregrosa, 2011, Spanish Society of Nephrology recommendations for controlling mineral and bone disorder in chronic kidney disease patients (S.E.N.-M.B.D.), Nefrologia, 31, 3 2013, KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease, Kidney Int Suppl, 3, 4 Inoue, 2012, Aortic arch calcification evaluated on chest X-ray is a strong independent predictor of cardiovascular events in chronic hemodialysis patients, Heart Vessels, 27, 135, 10.1007/s00380-011-0129-1 Noordzij, 2011, Progression of aortic calcification is associated with disorders of mineral metabolism and mortality in chronic dialysis patients, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 26, 1662, 10.1093/ndt/gfq582 Hong, 2013, Abdominal aortic calcification is not superior over other vascular calcification in predicting mortality in hemodialysis patients: A retrospective observational study, BMC Nephrol., 14, 120, 10.1186/1471-2369-14-120 Ketteler, 2015, Revisiting KDIGO clinical practice guideline on chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder: A commentary from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes controversies conference, Kidney Int., 87, 502, 10.1038/ki.2014.425 Block, 2012, Effects of phosphate binders in moderate CKD, J Am Soc Nephrol, 23, 1407, 10.1681/ASN.2012030223 Jamal, 2009, The effects of calcium-based versus non-calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease: A meta-analysis, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 24, 3168, 10.1093/ndt/gfp350 Jamal, 2013, Effect of calcium-based versus non-calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet, 382, 1268, 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60897-1 Russo, 2011, Progression of coronary artery calcification and cardiac events in patients with chronic renal disease not receiving dialysis, Kidney Int., 80, 112, 10.1038/ki.2011.69 Di Iorio, 2012, Mortality in kidney disease patients treated with phosphate binders: A randomized study, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 7, 487, 10.2215/CJN.03820411 Mazzaferro, 2014, News on Biomarkers in CKD-MBD, Semin Nephrol, 34, 598, 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2014.09.006 Shaw, 2015, Long-term prognosis after coronary artery calcification testing in asymptomatic patients: A cohort study, Ann Intern Med, 163, 14, 10.7326/M14-0612 Bover, 2016, Integral pharmacological management of bone mineral disorders in chronic kidney disease (part I): From treatment of phosphate imbalance to control of PTH and prevention of progression of cardiovascular calcification, Expert Opin Pharmacother, 17, 1247, 10.1080/14656566.2016.1182155 Bover, 2016, Integral pharmacological management of bone mineral disorders in chronic kidney disease (part II): From treatment of phosphate imbalance to control of PTH and prevention of progression of cardiovascular calcification, Expert Opin Pharmacother, 17, 1363, 10.1080/14656566.2016.1182985 Peeters, 2016, Abdominal aortic calcification in patients with CKD, J Nephrol, 10.1007/s40620-015-0260-7 Kauppila, 1997, New indices to classify location, severity and progression of calcific lesions in the abdominal aorta: A 25-year follow-up study, Atherosclerosis, 132, 245, 10.1016/S0021-9150(97)00106-8