Detailed mapping of the mass and energy balance of a continuous biomass torrefaction plant

GEA, 2012 Kiel, 2013, Torrefaction – a sustainable supply chain game changer, 12 Carbo, 2014, Characterisation of torrefied pellets, 1 van der Stelt, 2011, Biomass upgrading by torrefaction for the production of biofuels: a review, Biomass Bioenergy, 35, 3748 Tumuluru, 2011, A review on biomass torrefaction process and product properties for energy applications, Ind. Biotechnol., 7, 384, 10.1089/ind.2011.7.384 Ciolkosz, 2011, A review of torrefaction for bioenergy feedstock production, Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefining, 5, 317, 10.1002/bbb.275 Bergman, 2005, Torrefaction for biomass upgrading, 17 Janssen, 2013 Shafizadeh, 1971, Chemical composition and thermal analysis of Cottonwood, Carbohydr. Res., 16, 273, 10.1016/S0008-6215(00)81161-1 Nhuchhen, 2014, A comprehensive review on biomass torrefaction, Int. J. Renew. Energy Biofuels, 2014, 56 Werner, 2014, Thermal decomposition of hemicelluloses, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 110, 130, 10.1016/j.jaap.2014.08.013 Basu, 2013 Bates, 2013, Biomass torrefaction: modeling of reaction thermochemistry, Bioresour. Technol., 134, 331, 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.158 Joshi, 2015, Torrefaction: unit operation modelling and process simulation, Appl. Therm. Eng., 74, 83, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.12.059 Peduzzi, 2014, Torrefaction modelling for lignocellulosic biomass conversion processes, Energy, 70, 58, 10.1016/j.energy.2014.03.086 Park, 2015, Effect of process operating conditions in the biomass torrefaction: a simulation study using one-dimensional reactor and process model, Energy, 79, 127, 10.1016/j.energy.2014.10.085 Mei, 2015, Torrefaction of cedarwood in a pilot scale rotary kiln and the influence of industrial flue gas, Bioresour. Technol., 177, 355, 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.113 Strandberg, 2015, Effects of temperature and residence time on continuous torrefaction of spruce wood, Fuel Process Technol., 134, 387, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.02.021 Karlsson, 2013 Wagenfuehr, 1974 Lemus, 2013, Cereal straw torrefaction: results on pilot plant test, 3 Doassans-Carrère, 2014, REVE-a new industrial technology for biomass torrefaction pilot studies, Fuel Process Technol., 126, 155, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.04.026 Batidzirai, 2013, Biomass torrefaction technology: techno-economic status and future prospects, Energy, 62, 196, 10.1016/j.energy.2013.09.035 Syu, 2012, Process simulation of rice straw torrefaction, Sustain Environ. Res., 22, 177 Chen, 2015, An energy analysis of torrefaction for upgrading microalga residue as a solid fuel, Bioresour. Technol., 185, 285, 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.095 Granados, 2014, Energetic and exergetic evaluation of residual biomass in a torrefaction process, Energy, 74, 181, 10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.046 Van der Stelt, 2010 Milne, 1990 CEN/TS 15439, 2006 Patuzzi, 2014, Pyrolysis of common reed: thermal analysis of the feedstock and characterization of pyrolysis products, 23 J.P.A. Neeft, E. Zuiver, B.F. van Egmond, ECN contribution to R&D work supporting the development of a Guideline for sampling and analysis of tars in biomass producer gases. Sub-report to a joint BTG-ECN report to Novem. 2001 Oct. Report No.: ECN-CX-001–048. J.P.A. Neeft, Rationale for setup of impinger train as used in the technical specification of sampling and analysis of tar and particles in the product gases of biomass gasification: Technical background document. 2005 Jan. 14 p. Felfli, 2005, Wood briquette torrefaction, Energy Sustain. Dev., 9, 19, 10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60519-0 Prins, 2006, Torrefaction of wood part 2. Analysis of products, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 77, 35, 10.1016/j.jaap.2006.01.001 Yang, 2007, Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis, Fuel, 86, 1781, 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.12.013 Lê Thành, 2015, Detailed identification and quantification of the condensable species released during torrefaction of lignocellulosic biomasses, Fuel Process Technol., 139, 226, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.07.001 Lv, 2015, TGA-FTIR analysis of torrefaction of lignocellulosic components (cellulose, xylan, lignin) in isothermal conditions over a wide arrange of time durations, BioResources, 10, 4239, 10.15376/biores.10.3.4239-4251 Park, 2013, Transformation of lignocellulosic biomass during torrefaction, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 100, 199, 10.1016/j.jaap.2012.12.024 Zanzi, 2002, Biomass torrefaction, 20 Ohliger, 2013, Torrefaction of beechwood: a parametric study including heat of reaction and grindability, Fuel, 104, 607, 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.06.112 Koppejan, 2012