Designing for conservation outcomes: the value of remnant habitat for reptiles on ski runs in subalpine landscapes

Amo L, Lopez P, Martin J (2007) Habitat deterioration affects body condition of lizards: a behaviorial approach with Iberolacerta cyreni lizards inhabiting ski resorts. Biol Conserv 135:77–85

Angilletta MJ (2001) Thermal and physiological constraints on energy assimilation in a widespread lizard (Sceloporus undulatus). Ecology 82:3044–3056

Avery RA (1979) Lizards: a study in thermoregulation. Thomson Litho Ltd., East Kilbride

Behan MJ (1983) The suitability of commercially available grass species for revegetation of Montana Ski Area. J Range Manag 36:565–567

Bell KE, Donnelly MA (2006) Influence of forest fragmentation on community structure of frogs and lizards in northeastern Costa Rica. Conserv Biol 20:1750–1760

Bennett AF, Saunders DA (2010) Habitat fragmentation and landscape change. In: Sodhi NS, Ehrlich PR (eds) Conservation biology for all. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 88–106

BOM [Australian Bureau of Meteorology] (2014) Climate statistics for Australian locations: Thredbo Village. Commonwealth of Australia. http://bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_071041.shtml . Accessed 21 Feb 2014

Burt JW, Rice KJ (2009) Not all ski slopes are created equal: disturbance intensity affects ecosystem properties. Ecol Appl 19:2242–2253

Carrascal LM, Diaz JA (1989) Thermal ecology and spatio-temporal distribution of the mediterranean lizard Psammodromus algirus. Holarct Ecol 12:137–143

Clobert J, Massot M, Lecomte J, Sorci G, de Fraipont M, Barbault R (1994) Determinants of dispersal behavior: The common lizard as a case study. In: Vitt LJ, Pianka ER (eds) Lizard ecology: historical and experimental perspectives. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 183–206

Collinge SK (1996) Ecological consequences of habitat fragmentation: implications for landscape architecture and planning. Landsc Urban Plan 36:59–77

D’Cruze N, Kumar S (2011) Effects of anthropogenic activities on lizard communities in northern Madagascar. Anim Conserv 14:542–552

Diaz JA (1991) Temporal patterns of basking behavior in a mediterranean lacertid lizard. Behaviour 118:1–14

Dixo M, Metzger JP (2009) Are corridors, fragment size and forest structure important for the conservation of leaf-litter lizards in a fragmented landscape? Oryx 43:435–442

Driscoll DA (2004) Extinction and outbreaks accompany fragmentation of a reptile community. Ecol Appl 14:220–240

Eriksson A, Elías-Wolff F, Mehlig B, Manica A (2014) The emergence of the rescue effect from explicit within- and between-patch dynamics in a metapopulation. In: Proceedings of the royal society B: biological sciences 281

Fahrig L (2003) Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 34:487–515

Fischer J, Lindenmayer DB, Barry S, Flowers E (2005) Lizard distribution patterns in the Tumut fragmentation “natural experiment” in south-eastern Australia. Biol Conserv 123:301–315

Fiske I, Chandler R (2011) Unmarked: an R package for fitting hierarchical models of wildlife occurrence and abundance. J Stat Softw 43:1–23

Forman RT (1995) Land mosaics: the ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Gaggiotti O, Hanski I (2004) Mechanisms of population extinction. In: Gaggiotti O, Hanski I (eds) Ecology, genetics, and evolution of metapopulations. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 337–366

Green K, Osborne WS (2012) Field guide to wildlife of the Australian Snow-Country. Reed New Holland, Sydney

Greene HW (1988) Antipredator mechanisms in reptiles. In: Gans C, Huey RB (eds) Biology of the reptilia, vol 16. Wiley, New York, pp 1–152

Hadley GL, Wilson KR (2004) Patterns of small mammal density and survival following ski-run development. J Mammal 85:97–104

Harville DA (1977) Maximum likelihood approaches to variance component estimation and to related problems. J Am Stat Assoc 72:320–338

Huang SP, Tu MC (2008) Heat tolerance and altitudinal distribution of a mountainous lizard, Takydromus hsuehshanensis, in Taiwan. J Therm Biol 33:48–56

Huang SP, Hsu YY, Tu MC (2006) Thermal tolerance and altitudinal distribution of two Sphenomorphus lizards in Taiwan. J Therm Biol 31:378–385

Huang SP, Chiou CR, Lin TE, Tu MC, Lin CC, Porter WP (2013) Future advantages in energetics, activity time, and habitats predicted in a high-altitude pit viper with climate warming. Funct Ecol 27:446–458

James CD (1991) Population-dynamics, demography, and life-history of sympatric scincid lizards (Ctenotus) in central Australia. Herpetologica 47:194–210

JGR [Glacier Resorts Ltd.] (2010) Jumbo Glacier resort master plan. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/mountain_resorts/resort_plans/approved/Jumbo.htm . Accessed 23 Sept 2013

Kelsall H, Finch C (1996) A review of injury countermeasures and their effectiveness for alpine skiing. Report no. 99, Monash University Accident Research Centre, Clayton

Laiolo P, Rolando A (2005) Forest bird diversity and ski-runs: a case of negative edge effect. Anim Conserv 8:9–16

Lee Y, Nelder JA, Pawitan Y (2006) Generalized linear models with random effects: unified analysis via H-likelihood. Chapman & Hall, Boca Raton

Lindenmayer D, Fischer J (2006) Habitat fragmentation and landscape change: an ecological and conservation synthesis. Island Press, Washington

Manning AD, Cunningham RB, Lindenmayer DB (2013) Bringing forward the benefits of coarse woody debris in ecosystem recovery under different levels of grazing and vegetation density. Biol Conserv 157:204–214

Mansergh IM, Scotts DJ (1989) Habitat continuity and social organization of the Mountain Pygmy Possum restored by tunnel. J Wildl Manage 53:701–707

Martin K (2013) The ecological values of mountain environments and wildlife. In: Rixen C, Rolando A (eds) The impacts of skiing and related winter recreational activities on mountain environments. Bentham E-Books (online), pp 3–29

Martin J, Lopez P (1999) When to come out from a refuge: risk-sensitive and state-dependent decisions in an alpine lizard. Behav Ecol 10:487–492

Martin J, Lopez P, Cooper WE (2003) When to come out from a refuge: balancing predation risk and foraging opportunities in an alpine lizard. Ethology 109:77–87

Melville J, Swain R (1999) Home-range characteristics of an alpine lizard, Niveoscincus microlepidotus (Scincidae), on Mount Wellington, southern Tasmania. Wildl Res 26:263–270

Michael D, Lindenmayer D (2010) Reptiles of the NSW Murray catchment: a guide to their identification, ecology and conservation. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood

Michael DR, Cunningham RB, Lindenmayer DB (2008) A forgotten habitat? Granite inselbergs conserve reptile diversity in fragmented agricultural landscapes. J Appl Ecol 45:1742–1752

Michael DR, Cunningham RB, Donnelly CF, Lindenmayer DB (2012) Comparative use of active searches and artificial refuges to survey reptiles in temperate eucalypt woodlands. Wildl Res 39:149–162

Moilanen A, Hanski I (1998) Metapopulation dynamics: effects of habitat quality and landscape structure. Ecology 79:2503–2515

Munguia-Vega A, Rodriguez-Estrella R, Shaw WW, Culver M (2013) Localized extinction of an arboreal desert lizard caused by habitat fragmentation. Biol Conserv 157:11–20

Nagy L, Grabherr G (2009) The biology of alpine habitats. Oxford University Press, New York

Negro M, Novara C, Bertolino S, Rolando A (2013) Ski-pistes are ecological barriers to forest small mammals. Eur J Wildl Res 59:57–67

Olsson M, Shine R (2003) Female-biased natal and breeding dispersal in an alpine lizard, Niveoscincus microlepidotus. Biol J Linn Soc 79:277–283

PBPL [Perisher Blue Pty Ltd] (2002) Perisher Blue Ski Resort Ski Slope Master Plan. Perisher Blue Pty Ltd, Perisher Valley

R Core Team (2013) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.r-project.org/ . Accessed 20 May 2014

Ries JB (1996) Landscape damage by skiing at the Schauinsland in the Black Forest, Germany. Mt Res Dev 16:27–40

Royle JA (2004) N-mixture models for estimating population size from spatially replicated counts. Biometrics 60:108–115

Rubio AV, Simonetti JA (2011) Lizard assemblages in a fragmented landscape of central Chile. Eur J Wildl Res 57:195–199

Sato CF, Wood JT, Lindenmayer DB (2013a) The effects of winter recreation on alpine and subalpine fauna: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PlosOne 8:e64282

Sato CF, Wood JT, Schroder M, Green K, Michael DR, Lindenmayer DB (2013b) The impacts of ski resorts on reptiles: a natural experiment. Anim Conserv. doi: 10.1111/acv.12095

Sato CF, Wood JT, Schroder M, Green K, Osborne WS, Michael DR, Lindenmayer DB (2014) An experiment to test key hypotheses of the drivers of reptile distribution in subalpine ski resorts. J Appl Ecol 51:13–22

Schlaepfer MA, Gavin TA (2001) Edge effects on lizards and frogs in tropical forest fragments. Conserv Biol 15:1079–1090

Shine R, Barrott EG, Elphick MJ (2002) Some like it hot: effects of forest clearing on nest temperatures of montane reptiles. Ecology 83:2808–2815

Spehn EM, Rudmann-Maurer K, Körner C, Maselli D (2010) Mountain biodiversity and global change. GMBA-DIVERSITAS, Basel

Spellerberg IF (1972) Temperature tolerances of southeast Australian reptiles examined in relation to reptile thermoregulatory behavior and distribution. Oecologia 9:23–46

Strong AM, Rimmer CC, McFarland KP, Hagen K (2002) Effects of mountain resorts on wildlife. Vt Law Rev 26:689–716

Sumner J, Rousset F, Estoup A, Moritz C (2001) ‘Neighbourhood’ size, dispersal and density estimates in the prickly forest skink (Gnypetoscincus queenslandiae) using individual genetic and demographic methods. Mol Ecol 10:1917–1927

Todd BD, Willson JD, Gibbons JW (2010) The global status of reptiles and causes of their decline. In: Sparling DW, Linder G, Bishop CA, Krest S (eds) Ecotoxicology of amphibians and reptiles, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Florida, pp 47–67

Tracy CR, Christian KA (1986) Ecological relations among space, time, and thermal niche axes. Ecology 67:609–615

Turner FB, Jennrich RI, Weintrau JD (1969) Home ranges and body sizes of lizards. Ecology 50:1076–1081

Whetton PH, Haylock MR, Galloway R (1996) Climate change and snow-cover duration in the Australian Alps. Clim Change 32:447–479

Wilson S, Swan G (2008) A complete guide to reptiles of Australia. New Holland, Sydney

WWF [World Wide Fund for Nature] (2005) Ecoregion conservation plan for the Alps. WWF European Alpine Program, Bellinzona