Design for Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Lattice Structures: A Design Method with Process Induced Anisotropy Consideration

Gibson, L. J., & Ashby, M. F. (1997). Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties (Cambridge Solid State Science Series). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rosen, D. W. (2007). Computer-aided design for additive manufacturing of cellular structures. Computer-Aided Design and Applications, 4(5), 585–594. https://doi.org/10.1080/16864360.2007.10738493.

Dong, G. Y., Tang, Y. L., & Zhao, Y. F. (2017). A survey of modeling of lattice structures fabricated by additive manufacturing. Journal of Mechanical Design, 139(10), 100906–100913. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4037305.

Tamburrino, F., Graziosi, S., & Bordegoni, M. (2018). The Design Process of Additively Manufactured Mesoscale Lattice Structures: A Review. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering, 18(4), 040801–040816. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4040131.

Tao, W., & Leu, M. C. (2016). Design of lattice structure for additive manufacturing. In 2016 International Symposium on Flexible Automation (ISFA), Cleveland, Ohio, USA, August 1–3, 2016 (pp. 325–332). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISFA.2016.7790182.

McGregor, D. J., Tawfick, S., & King, W. P. (2019). Mechanical properties of hexagonal lattice structures fabricated using continuous liquid interface production additive manufacturing. Additive Manufacturing, 25, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.11.002.

Lu, C., Qi, M., Islam, S., Chen, P., Gao, S., Xu, Y., et al. (2018). Mechanical performance of 3D-printing plastic honeycomb sandwich structure. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 5(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-018-0005-x.

Choy, S. Y., Sun, C. N., Leong, K. F., & Wei, J. (2017). Compressive properties of functionally graded lattice structures manufactured by selective laser melting. Materials and Design, 131, 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.06.006.

Ling, C., Cernicchi, A., Gilchrist, M. D., & Cardiff, P. (2019). Mechanical behaviour of additively-manufactured polymeric octet-truss lattice structures under quasi-static and dynamic compressive loading. Materials and Design, 162, 106–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.11.035.

Song, J., Zhou, W., Wang, Y., Fan, R., Wang, Y., Chen, J., et al. (2019). Octet-truss cellular materials for improved mechanical properties and specific energy absorption. Materials and Design. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107773.

Gorguluarslan, R. M., Gandhi, U. N., Song, Y. Y., & Choi, S. K. (2017). An improved lattice structure design optimization framework considering additive manufacturing constraints. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 23(2), 305–319. https://doi.org/10.1108/Rpj-10-2015-0139.

Lim, Y.-E., Park, J.-H., & Park, K. (2018). Automatic Design of 3D Conformal Lightweight Structures Based on a Tetrahedral Mesh. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 5(4), 499–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-018-0053-2.

Feng, J., Fu, J., Shang, C., Lin, Z., & Li, B. (2019). Sandwich panel design and performance optimization based on triply periodic minimal surfaces. Computer-Aided Design, 115, 307–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2019.06.007.

Sychov, M. M., Lebedev, L. A., Dyachenko, S. V., & Nefedova, L. A. (2018). Mechanical properties of energy-absorbing structures with triply periodic minimal surface topology. Acta Astronautica, 150, 81–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.12.034.

Maskery, I., Sturm, L., Aremu, A. O., Panesar, A., Williams, C. B., Tuck, C. J., et al. (2018). Insights into the mechanical properties of several triply periodic minimal surface lattice structures made by polymer additive manufacturing. Polymer, 152, 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.11.049.

Tripathi, Y., & Shukla, M. (2017). Triply periodic minimal surface based geometry design of bio-scaffolds. In 2017 International Conference on Advances in Mechanical, Industrial, Automation and Management Systems (AMIAMS), Allahabad, February 3–5, 2017 (pp. 348–350). https://doi.org/10.1109/AMIAMS.2017.8069237.

Martinez, J., Dumas, J., & Lefebvre, S. (2016). Procedural Voronoi Foams for Additive Manufacturing. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 35(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/2897824.2925922.

Kang, H., Lin, C. Y., & Hollister, S. J. (2010). Topology optimization of three dimensional tissue engineering scaffold architectures for prescribed bulk modulus and diffusivity. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 42(4), 633–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-010-0508-8.

Ashby, M. F. (2006). The properties of foams and lattices. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci, 364(1838), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1678.

Nguyen, J., Park, S. I., & Rosen, D. (2013). Heuristic optimization method for cellular structure design of light weight components. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 14(6), 1071–1078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-013-0144-5.

Giannitelli, S. M., Accoto, D., Trombetta, M., & Rainer, A. (2014). Current trends in the design of scaffolds for computer-aided tissue engineering. Acta Biomaterialia, 10(2), 580–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2013.10.024.

Yang, N., Tian, Y., & Zhang, D. (2015). Novel real function based method to construct heterogeneous porous scaffolds and additive manufacturing for use in medical engineering. Medical Engineering & Physics, 37(11), 1037–1046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2015.08.006.

Yoo, D. (2012). New paradigms in internal architecture design and freeform fabrication of tissue engineering porous scaffolds. Medical Engineering & Physics, 34(6), 762–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2012.05.008.

Li, D. W., Liao, W. H., Dai, N., Dong, G. Y., Tang, Y. L., & Xie, Y. M. (2018). Optimal design and modeling of Gyroid-based functionally graded cellular structures for additive manufacturing. Computer-Aided Design, 104, 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2018.06.003.

Guest, J. K., & Prevost, J. H. (2006). Optimizing multifunctional materials: design of microstructures for maximized stiffness and fluid permeability. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 43(22–23), 7028–7047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2006.03.001.

Gomez, S., Vlad, M. D., Lopez, J., & Fernandez, E. (2016). Design and properties of 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomaterialia, 42, 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.06.032.

Liu, J. K., Gaynor, A. T., Chen, S. K., Kang, Z., Suresh, K., Takezawa, A., et al. (2018). Current and future trends in topology optimization for additive manufacturing. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 57(6), 2457–2483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-018-1994-3.

Wang, H., Chen, Y., & Rosen, D. W. (2005). A hybrid geometric modeling method for large scale conformal cellular structures. In Proceedings of the ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Volume 3: 25th Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Parts A and B, Long Beach, California, USA. September 24–28, 2005 (pp. 421–427). ASME. https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2005-85366.

Tang, Y. L., Kurtz, A., & Zhao, Y. F. (2015). Bidirectional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) based design method for lattice structure to be fabricated by additive manufacturing. Computer-Aided Design, 69, 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2015.06.001.

Tang, Y. L., Dong, G. Y., Zhou, Q. X., & Zhao, Y. F. (2018). Lattice structure design and optimization with additive manufacturing constraints. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, 15(4), 1546–1562. https://doi.org/10.1109/Tase.2017.2685643.

Jin, X., Li, G. X., & Zhang, M. (2018). Design and optimization of nonuniform cellular structures. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C-Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 232(7), 1280–1293. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406217704677.

Zhang, P., Toman, J., Yu, Y., Biyikli, E., Kirca, M., Chmielus, M., et al. (2015). Efficient Design-Optimization of Variable-Density Hexagonal Cellular Structure by Additive Manufacturing: Theory and Validation. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering-Transactions of the Asme, 137(2), 021004–021008. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4028724.

Tang, Y., & Zhao, Y. F. (2018). Multifunctional design of heterogeneous cellular structures. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-018-1956-9.

Cheng, L., Zhang, P., Biyikli, E., Bai, J. X., Robbins, J., & To, A. (2017). Efficient design optimization of variable-density cellular structures for additive manufacturing: theory and experimental validation. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 23(4), 660–677. https://doi.org/10.1108/Rpj-04-2016-0069.

Ahn, S. H., Montero, M., Odell, D., Roundy, S., & Wright, P. K. (2002). Anisotropic material properties of fused deposition modeling ABS. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 8(4), 248–257. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552540210441166.

Casavola, C., Cazzato, A., Moramarco, V., & Pappalettere, C. (2016). Orthotropic mechanical properties of fused deposition modelling parts described by classical laminate theory. Materials and Design, 90, 453–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.11.009.

Somireddy, M., & Czekanski, A. (2017). Characterization of Material Behavior of the Fused Deposition Modeling Processed Parts. In Proceedings of the ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing, Volume 2: Additive Manufacturing; Materials. Los Angeles, California, USA. June 4–8, 2017. V002T01A014. ASME. https://doi.org/10.1115/MSEC2017-2949.

Rodriguez, J. F., Thomas, J. P., & Renaud, J. E. (2003). Mechanical behavior of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene fused deposition materials modeling. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 9(4), 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552540310489604.

Zhang, P., Liu, J. K., & To, A. C. (2017). Role of anisotropic properties on topology optimization of additive manufactured load bearing structures. Scripta Materialia, 135, 148–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.10.021.

Stankovic, T., Mueller, J., & Shea, K. (2017). The effect of anisotropy on the optimization of additively manufactured lattice structures. Additive Manufacturing, 17, 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.07.004.

Hassani, B., & Hinton, E. (1999). Homogenization theory for media with periodic structure. In B. Hassani & E. Hinton (Eds.), Homogenization and structural topology optimization (pp. 11–30). London: Springer, London.

Dong, G., Tang, Y., & Zhao, Y. F. (2018). A 149 Line Homogenization Code for Three-Dimensional Cellular Materials Written in matlab. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, 141(1), 011005–011011. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4040555.

Farah, S., Anderson, D. G., & Langer, R. (2016). Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications–A comprehensive review. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 107, 367–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.012.

Cheng, L., Bai, J., & To, A. C. (2019). Functionally graded lattice structure topology optimization for the design of additive manufactured components with stress constraints. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 344, 334–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2018.10.010.