Design and implementation of a pulse wave generator based on Windkessel model using field programmable gate array technology

Murray, 1996, The peripheral pulse wave: information overlook, J. Clin. Monit., 12, 365, 10.1007/BF02077634 Nichols, 2011, Pressure pulse waveform analysis Xu, 2010, Morphology variability analysis of wrist pulse waveform for assessment of arteriosclerosis status, J. Med. Syst., 34, 331, 10.1007/s10916-008-9245-6 Avolio, 2010, Arterial blood pressure measurement and pulse wave analysis-their role in enhancing cardiovascular assessment, Physiol. Meas., 31, R1, 10.1088/0967-3334/31/1/R01 Millasseau, 2002, Determination of age-related increases in large artery stiffness by digital pulse contour analysis, Clin. Sci. (Lond.), 103, 371, 10.1042/cs1030371 Rubins, 2008, Finger and ear photoplethysmogram waveform analysis by fitting with Gaussians, Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., 46, 1271, 10.1007/s11517-008-0406-z Su, 2014, The pulse wave analysis of normal pregnancy: investigating the gestational effects on photoplethysmographic signals, Bio-Med. Mater. Eng., 24, 209, 10.3233/BME-130801 Kelly, 1989, Noninvasive determination of age-related changes in the human arterial pulse, Circulation, 80, 1652, 10.1161/01.CIR.80.6.1652 McGhee, 2002, Monitoring arterial blood pressure: what you may not know, Crit. Care Nurse, 22 O’Rourke, 2001, Pulse wave analysis, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 51, 507, 10.1046/j.0306-5251.2001.01400.x Liu, 2014, Gaussian fitting for carotid and radial artery pressure waveforms: comparison between normal subjects and heart failure patients, Bio-Med. Mater. Eng., 24, 271, 10.3233/BME-130808 Li, 2005, A novel intelligent sphygmogram analyzer for health monitoring of cardiovascular system, Expert Syst. Appl., 28, 693, 10.1016/j.eswa.2004.12.026 Li, 2008, Development of a mobile pulse waveform analyzer for cardiovascular health monitoring, Comput. Biol. Med., 38, 438, 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2008.01.008 Luo, 2006, The model analysis of pulse wave and the parameters estimation of the model Caviglia, 1983, Design and construction of an arbitrary waveform generator, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., 32, 398, 10.1109/TIM.1983.4315094 Hu, 2008, Arbitrary waveform generator based on direct digital frequency synthesizer, 567 Kontodimopoulos, 1999, In-house development of test equipment for quality control and training, case study: a prototype ECG simulator-tester, Medical Engineering & Physics, 20, 717, 10.1016/S1350-4533(98)00088-5 Chien, 2007, Design of a programmable electrocardiogram generator using a microcontroller and the CPLD technology, 2152 Burke, 2001, An accurate programmable ECG simulator, J. Med. Eng. Technol., 25, 97, 10.1080/03091900110051640 Caner, 2008, The programmable ECG simulator, J. Med. Syst., 32, 355, 10.1007/s10916-008-9140-1 Marsousi, 2013, A flexible approach for simulating physiological signals, Physiol. Meas., 34, 695, 10.1088/0967-3334/34/6/695 Wang, 2013, Multi-Gaussian fitting for pulse waveform using weighted least squares and multi-criteria decision making method, Comput. Biol. Med., 43, 1661, 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.08.004 Xu, 2012, The implementation of pulse wave signal generator based on piecewise Gaussian-Cosine fitting, 674 Baruch, 2011, Pulse decomposition analysis of the digital arterial pulse during hemorrhage simulation, Nonlinear Biomed. Phys., 5 Ivison, 1967, An arterial pulse wave simulator, Med. Biol. Eng., 5, 513, 10.1007/BF02479146 Weinman, 1970, Electrical simulation of arterial pulse waves an aid to continuous pulse wave velocity measurements, Med. Biol. Eng., 8, 25, 10.1007/BF02551746 Wang, 2008, Study of pulse wave signal generator, 1621 Li, 2011, Design of monitoring system of pulse wave signal generator based on C8051F020, China Med. Equip., 8, 8 Huotari, 2010, Radial artery pulse wave measurement by photoplethysmograpy and compound pulse wave decomposition, 281 Wang, 2015, FPGA-based design and implementation of arterial pulse wave generator using piecewise Gaussian-cosine fitting, Comput. Biol. Med., 59, 142, 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2015.02.005 Goldwyn, 1967, Arterial pressure pulse contour analysis via a mathematical model for the clinical quantification of human vascular properties, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 14, 11, 10.1109/TBME.1967.4502455 Westerhof, 2009, The arterial windkessel, Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 47, 131, 10.1007/s11517-008-0359-2 Monmasson, 2007, FPGA design methodology for industrial control systems-a review, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 54, 1824, 10.1109/TIE.2007.898281 Frank, 1899, Die Grundform des arteriellen pulses erste abhandlung: mathematische analyse, Z. Biol., 37, 483 Westerhof, 2005, Arterial Windkessel Rietzchel, 2001, A comparison between systolic and diastolic pulse contour analysis in the evaluation of arterial stiffness, Hypertension, 37, 15, 10.1161/01.HYP.37.6.e15 Manning, 2002, Validity and reliability of diastolic pulse contour analysis (Windkessel model) in humans, Hypertension, 39, 963, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000016920.96457.7C Kind, 2010, Estimation of three- and four-element Windkessel parameters using subspace model identification, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 57, 1531, 10.1109/TBME.2010.2041351 Butcher, 2008 Cormen, 2002, 10020 Kohl, 2013, Separating the contributions of vascular anatomy and blood viscosity to peripheral resistance and the physiological implications of interspecific resistance variation in amphibians, J. Comp. Physiol. B, 183, 921, 10.1007/s00360-013-0765-0 Rubins, 2008, Photoplethysmography analysis of artery properties in patients with cardio vascular disease, vol. 20, 319 Korpas, 2009, Parameters describing the pulse wave, Physiol. Res., 58, 473, 10.33549/physiolres.931468 Jiang, 2012, Cyber-physical modeling of implantable cardiac medical devices, Proc. IEEE, 100, 122, 10.1109/JPROC.2011.2161241 Xin, 2014, ECG baseline wander correction based on mean-median filter and empirical mode decomposition, Bio-Med. Mater. Eng., 24, 365, 10.3233/BME-130820 Xu, 2007, Baseline wander correction in pulse waveforms using wavelet-based cascaded adaptive filter, Comput. Biol. Med., 37, 716, 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2006.06.014 Li, 2010, On an automatic delineator for arterial blood pressure waveforms, Biomed. Signal Process. Control, 5, 76, 10.1016/j.bspc.2009.06.002 Ueberhuber, 1997