Desertification and nitrogen addition cause species homogenization in a desert steppe ecosystem

Baselga, 2007, Disentangling distance decay of similarity from richness gradients: response to Soininen et al. 2007, Ecography, 30, 838, 10.1111/j.2007.0906-7590.05191.x Baselga, 2010, Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity, Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr., 19, 134, 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00490.x Baselga, 2012, Partitioning beta diversity into turnover and nestedness components. Package ‘betapart’, Version, 1 Bestelmeyer, 2005, Does desertification diminish biodiversity? Enhancement of ant diversity by shrub invasion in south-western USA, Divers. Distrib., 11, 45, 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00122.x Chen, 2016, Effects of plant functional group loss on soil biota and net ecosystem exchange: a plant removal experiment in the Mongolian grassland, J. Ecol., 104, 734, 10.1111/1365-2745.12541 Crist, 2003, Partitioning species diversity across landscapes and regions: a hierarchical analysis of α, β, and γ diversity, Am. Nat., 162, 734, 10.1086/378901 Elser, 2007, Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, Ecol. Lett., 10, 1135, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01113.x Eskelinen, 2015, Erosion of beta diversity under interacting global change impacts in a semi-arid grassland, J. Ecol., 103, 397, 10.1111/1365-2745.12360 Gámez-Virués, 2015, Landscape simplification filters species traits and drives biotic homogenization, Nat. Commun., 6, 8568, 10.1038/ncomms9568 Gastón, 2008 Gossner, 2016, Land-use intensification causes multitrophic homogenization of grassland communities, Nature, 540, 266, 10.1038/nature20575 Gotelli, 2000, Null model analysis of species co-occurrence patterns, Ecology, 81, 2606, 10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2606:NMAOSC]2.0.CO;2 Harpole, 2007, Ecosystem responses to water and nitrogen amendment in a California grassland, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 2341, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01447.x Harrison, 1992, Beta diversity on geographic gradients in Britain, J. Anim. Ecol., 151, 10.2307/5518 Ibanez, 2015, Are there arid land soilscapes in Southwestern Europe?, Land Degrad. Dev., 26, 853, 10.1002/ldr.2451 Karp, 2012, Intensive agriculture erodes β-diversity at large scales, Ecol Lett, 15, 963, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01815.x Kraft, 2011, Disentangling the drivers of β diversity along latitudinal and elevational gradients, Science, 333, 1755, 10.1126/science.1208584 Lan, 2012, Testing mechanisms of N-enrichment-induced species loss in a semiarid Inner Mongolia grassland: critical thresholds and implications for long-term ecosystem responses, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B: Biol. Sci., 367, 3125, 10.1098/rstb.2011.0352 Lechmere-Oertel, 2005, Landscape dysfunction and reduced spatial heterogeneity in soil resources and fertility in semi-arid succulent thicket, South Africa, Austral Ecol., 30, 615, 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01495.x Li, 2016, Convergence and divergence in a long-term old-field succession: the importance of spatial scale and species abundance, Ecol. Lett., 19, 1101, 10.1111/ele.12647 Li, 2006, Influence of desertification on vegetation pattern variations in the cold semi-arid grasslands of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, North-west China, J. Arid Environ., 64, 505, 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.06.011 Maestre, 2012, Plant species richness and ecosystem multifunctionality in global drylands, Science, 335, 214, 10.1126/science.1215442 McKinney, 1999, Biotic homogenization: a few winners replacing many losers in the next mass extinction, Trends Ecol Evol, 14, 450, 10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01679-1 Myers, 2013, Beta-diversity in temperate and tropical forests reflects dissimilar mechanisms of community assembly, Ecol. Lett., 16, 151, 10.1111/ele.12021 Oksanen, J., F. G. Blanchet, R. Kindt, P. Legendre, P. R. Minchin, R. O’Hara, G. L. Simpson, P. Solymos, M. Stevens, and H. Wagner. 2015. vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.0-10. 2013. Qian, 2005, Beta diversity of angiosperms in temperate floras of eastern Asia and eastern North America, Ecol. Lett., 8, 15, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00682.x Smart, 2006, Biotic homogenization and changes in species diversity across human-modified ecosystems, Proceed. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 273, 2659, 10.1098/rspb.2006.3630 Stevens, 2004, Impact of nitrogen deposition on the species richness of grasslands, Science, 303, 1876, 10.1126/science.1094678 Su, Y., Yajima, M. 2015. R2jags: Using R to Run ‘JAGS’. R package version 0.5-6, URL http://CRAN. r-project. org/package= R2jags. Tang, 2016, Effect of desertification on productivity in a desert steppe, Sci. Rep., 6, 27839, 10.1038/srep27839 Tang, 2017, The effect of nitrogen addition on community structure and productivity in grasslands: a meta-analysis, Ecol. Eng., 99, 31, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.11.039 Ulrich, 2007, Null model analysis of species nestedness patterns, Ecology, 88, 1824, 10.1890/06-1208.1 Ulrich, 2014, Climate and soil attributes determine plant species turnover in global drylands, J. Biogeogr., 41, 2307, 10.1111/jbi.12377 Verón, 2010, Desertification alters the response of vegetation to changes in precipitation, J. Appl. Ecol., 47, 1233, 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01883.x Viana, 2016, Assembly mechanisms determining high species turnover in aquatic communities over regional and continental scales, Ecography, 39, 281, 10.1111/ecog.01231 Wright, 1992, On the meaning and measurement of nestedness of species assemblages, Oecologia, 92, 416, 10.1007/BF00317469 Xu, 2015, Antithetical effects of nitrogen and water availability on community similarity of semiarid grasslands: evidence from a nine-year manipulation experiment, Plant Soil, 397, 357, 10.1007/s11104-015-2634-y Zhang, 2011, Links between plant diversity, carbon stocks and environmental factors along a successional gradient in a subalpine coniferous forest in Southwest China, For. Ecol. Manage., 262, 361, 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.03.042