Dendritic cells and the initiation of the immune response to organ transplants

Austyn, 1989, Antigen-presenting cells Austyn, 1990, Migration patterns of dendritic leukocytes: Implications for transplantation, Transplantation, 49, 1, 10.1097/00007890-199001000-00001 Steinman, 1991, The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity, Annu Rev Immunol, 9, 271, 10.1146/annurev.iy.09.040191.001415 Romani, 1992, The immunologic properties of epidermal Langerhans cells as a part of the dendritic cell system, Semin Immunopathol, 13, 265 Scheicher, 1992, Dendritic cells from mouse bone marrow: In vitro differentiation using low doses of recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, J Immunol Methods, 154, 253, 10.1016/0022-1759(92)90199-4 Reid, 1992, Interactions of tumor necrosis factor with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and other cytokines in the regulation of dendritic cell growth in vitro from early bipotent CD34+ progenitors in human bone marrow, J Immunol, 149, 2681, 10.4049/jimmunol.149.8.2681 Inaba, 1992, Generation of large numbers of dendritic cells from mouse bone marrow cultures supplemented with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, J Exp Med, 176, 1693, 10.1084/jem.176.6.1693 Inaba, 1992, Identification of proliferating dendritic cell precursors in mouse blood, J Exp Med, 175, 1157, 10.1084/jem.175.5.1157 Caux, 1992, GM-CSF and TNF-α cooperate in the generation of dendritic Langerhans cells, Nature, 360, 258, 10.1038/360258a0 Santiago-Schwarz, 1992, TNF in combination with GM-CSF enhances the differentiation of neonatal cord blood stem cells into dendritic cells and macrophages, J Leukoc Biol, 52, 274, 10.1002/jlb.52.3.274 Steinman, 1973, Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. I. Morphology, quantitation, tissue distribution, J Exp Med, 137, 1142, 10.1084/jem.137.5.1142 Steinman, 1974, Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. II. Functional properties in vitro, J Exp Med, 139, 380, 10.1084/jem.139.2.380 Steinman, 1974, Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice: III. Functional properties in vivo, J Exp Med, 139, 1431, 10.1084/jem.139.6.1431 Steinman, 1975, Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice: IV. Identification and distribution in mouse spleen, J Exp Med, 141, 804, 10.1084/jem.141.4.804 Metlay, 1990, The distinct leukocyte intergrins of mouse spleen dendritic cells as identified with new hamster monoclonal antibodies, J Exp Med, 171, 1753, 10.1084/jem.171.5.1753 Crowley, 1989, The cell surface of mouse dendritic cells: FACS analyses of dendritic cells from different tissues including thymus, Cell Immunol, 118, 108, 10.1016/0008-8749(89)90361-4 Agger, 1992, Two populations of splenic dendritic cells detected with M342, a new monoclonal to an intracellular antigen of interdigitating dendritic cells and some B lymphocytes, J Leukoc Biol, 52, 34, 10.1002/jlb.52.1.34 Austyn, 1988, The passenger leukocyte—A fresh look, Transplant Rev, 2, 139, 10.1016/S0955-470X(88)80010-7 Steinman, 1978, Lymphoid dendritic cells are potent stimulators of the primary mixed leukocyte reaction in mice, 75, 5132 Inaba, 1984, Resting and sensitized T lymphocytes exhibit distinct stimulatory requirements for growth and lymphokine release, J Exp Med, 160, 1711, 10.1084/jem.160.6.1717 Metlay, 1989, Control of the immune response at the level of antigen-presenting cells: A comparison of the function of dendritic cells and B lymphocytes, Adv Immunol, 47, 45, 10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60662-8 Freedman, 1987, B7, a B cell-restricted antigen that identifies preactivated B cells, J Immunol, 139, 3260, 10.4049/jimmunol.139.10.3260 Larsen, 1992, Functional expression of the costimulatory molecule, B7/BB I, on murine dendritic cell populations, J Exp Med, 176, 1215, 10.1084/jem.176.4.1215 Young, 1992, The B7/BB1 antigen provides one of several costimulatory signals for the activation of CD4+ T lymphocytes by human blood dendritic cells in vitro, J Clin Invest, 90, 229, 10.1172/JCI115840 Azuma, 1993, Functional expression of B7/BB 1 on activated T lymphocytes, J Exp Med, 177, 845, 10.1084/jem.177.3.845 Linsley, 1992, Coexpression and functional cooperation of CTLA-4 and CD28 on activated T lymphocytes, J Exp Med, 176, 1595, 10.1084/jem.176.6.1595 Azuma, 1992, CD28 interaction with B7 costimulates primary allogeneic proliferative responses and cytotoxicity mediated by small, resting T lymphocytes, J Exp Med, 175, 353, 10.1084/jem.175.2.353 Tan, 1993, Induction of alloantigen-specific hyporesponsiveness in human T lymphocytes by blocking interaction of CD28 with its natural ligand B7/BB 1, J Exp Med, 177, 165, 10.1084/jem.177.1.165 Mueller, 1989, Clonal expansion versus functional clonal inactivation: A costimulatory signalling pathway determines the outcome of T cell antigen receptor occupancy, Annu Rev Immunol, 7, 445, 10.1146/annurev.iy.07.040189.002305 Fuchs, 1992, B cells turn offvirgin but not memory T cells, Science, 258, 1156, 10.1126/science.1439825 Turka, 1992, T-cell activation by the CD28 ligand B7 is required for cardiac allograft rejection in vivo, 89, 11102 Lenschow, 1992, Long-term survival of xenogeneic pancreatic islet grafts induced by CTLA4Ig, Science, 257, 789, 10.1126/science.1323143 Shelly, 1976, Langerhans cells form a reticuloepithelial trap for external contact antigens, Nature, 261, 46, 10.1038/261046a0 Schuler, 1985, Murine epidermal Langerhans cells mature into potent immunostimulatory dendritic cells in vitro, J Exp Med, 161, 526, 10.1084/jem.161.3.526 Reis e Sousa, 1993, Phagocytosis of antigens by Langerhans cells in vitro, J Exp Med, 178, 509, 10.1084/jem.178.2.509 Blank, 1993, Parasitism of epidermal Langerhans cells in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis with Leishmania major, J Infect Dis, 167, 418, 10.1093/infdis/167.2.418 Romani, 1989, Presentation of exogenous protein antigens by dendritic cells to T cell clones: Intact protein is presented best by immature, epidermal Langerhans cells, J Exp Med, 169, 1169, 10.1084/jem.169.3.1169 Stössel, 1990, Disappearance of certain acidic organelles (endosomes and Langerhans cell granules) accompanies loss of antigen processing capacity upon culture of epidermal Langerhans cells, J Exp Med, 172, 1471, 10.1084/jem.172.5.1471 Puré, 1990, Antigen processing by epidermal Langerhans cells correlates with the level of biosynthesis of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and expression of invariant chain, J Exp Med, 172, 1459, 10.1084/jem.172.5.1459 Käimpgen, 1991, Class II major histocompatibility complex molecules of murine dendritic cells: Synthesis, sialylation of invariant chain, and antigen processing capacity are down-regulated upon culture, 88, 3014 Romani, 1989, Cultured human Langerhans cells resemble lymphoid dendritic cells in phenotype and function, J Invest Dermatol, 93, 600, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12319727 Witmer-Pack, 1987, Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor is essential for the viability and function of cultured murine epidermal Langerhans cells, J Exp Med, 166, 1484, 10.1084/jem.166.5.1484 Heufler, 1988, Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 1 mediate the maturation of routine epidermal Langerhans cells into potent immunostimulatory dendritic cells, J Exp Med, 167, 700, 10.1084/jem.167.2.700 Sertl, 1986, Dendritic cells with antigen-presenting capability reside in airway epithelium, lung parenchyma, and visceral pleura, J Exp Med, 163, 436, 10.1084/jem.163.2.436 Holt, 1988, MHC class IL antigen-bearing dendritic cells in pulmonary tissues of the rat. Regulation of antigen presentation activity by endogenous macrophage populations, J Exp Med, 167, 262, 10.1084/jem.167.2.262 Rochester, 1988, Dendritic cells from rat lung are potent accessory cells, Am Rev Respir Dis, 138, 121, 10.1164/ajrccm/138.1.121 Pollard, 1990, Characterization of m urine lung dendritic cells: Similarities to Langerhans cells and thymic dendritic cells, J Exp Med, 172, 159, 10.1084/jem.172.1.159 Holt, 1992, Studies on the surface phenotype and functions of dendritic cells in parenchymal lung tissue of the rat, Immunology, 75, 582 Gong, 1992, Intraepithelial airway dendritic cells: A distinct subset of pulmonary dendritic cells obtained by microdissection, J Exp Med, 175, 797, 10.1084/jem.175.3.797 Nichod, 1987, Mononuclear cells in human lung parenchyma: Characterization of a potent accessory cell not obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage, Am Rev Respir Dis, 136, 818, 10.1164/ajrccm/136.4.818 Nichod, 1989, Mononuclear cells in human lung parenchyma support antigen-induced T lymphocyte proliferation, J Leuk Biol, 45, 336, 10.1002/jlb.45.4.336 Hart, 1981, Demonstration and characterization of la-positive dendritic cells in the interstitial connective tissues of rat heart and other tissues, but not brain, J Exp Med, 153, 347, 10.1084/jem.154.2.347 Klinkert, 1982, Accessory and stimulating properties of dendritic cells and macrophages isolated from various rat tissues, J Exp Med, 156, 1, 10.1084/jem.156.1.1 Prickett, 1988, Characterization of interstitial dendritic cells in human liver, Transplantation, 46, 754, 10.1097/00007890-198811000-00024 Spencer, 1990, Characterization of the tissue macrophage and the interstitial dendritic cell as distinct leukocytes normally resident in the tissue of rat heart, J Exp Med, 171, 1841, 10.1084/jem.171.6.1841 Austyn JM, Hankins DF, Larsen CP, et al: Isolation and characterization of dendritic cells from mouse heart and kidney. J Immunol (in press) Drexhage, 1979, A study of cells present in peripheral lymph of pigs with special reference to a type of cell resembling the Langerhans cell, Cell Tissue Res, 202, 407, 10.1007/BF00220434 Kelly, 1970, Localization of afferent lymph cells within the draining node during a primary immune response, Nature, 227, 510, 10.1038/227510a0 Bujdoso, 1989, Characterization of sheep afferent lymph dendritic cells and their role in antigen carriage, J Exp Med, 170, 1285, 10.1084/jem.170.4.1285 Knight, 1982, Role of veiled cells in lymphocyte activation, Eur J Immunol, 12, 1057, 10.1002/eji.1830121214 Pugh, 1983, Characterization of nonlymphoid cells derived from rat peripheral lymph, J Exp Med, 157, 1758, 10.1084/jem.157.6.1758 Mason, 1981, The rat mixed lymphocyte reaction: Roles of a dendritic cell in intestinal lymph and T-cell subsets defined by monoclonal antibodies, Immunology, 44, 75 MacPherson, 1989, Properties of lymph-borne (veiled) dendritic cells in culture. I. Modulation of phenotype, survival and function: Partial dependence on GM-CSF, Immunology, 68, 102 MacPherson, 1989, Properties of lymph-borne (veiled) dendritic cells in culture II. Expression of the IL-2 receptor: Role of GM-CSF, Immunology, 68, 108 Fossum, 1988, Lymph-borne dendritic leukocytes do not recirculate, but enter the lymph node paracortex to become interdigitating cells, Scand J Immunol, 27, 97, 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1988.tb02326.x Thomas, 1980, Distribution of immunogenic cells after painting with the contact sensitizers fluorescein isothiocyanate and oxazolone. Different sensitizers form immunogenic complexes with different cell populations, Immunology, 39, 21 Knight, 1985, The role of dendritic cells in the initiation of immune responses to contact sensitizers 1. In vivo exposure to antigen, Cell Immunol, 94, 427, 10.1016/0008-8749(85)90266-7 Macatonia, 1986, Dendritic cells and the initiation of contact sensitivity to fluorescein isothiocyanate, Immunology, 59, 509 Macatonia, 1987, Localization of antigen on lymph node dendritic cells after exposure to the contact sensitizer fluorescein isothiocyanate, J Exp Med, 166, 1654, 10.1084/jem.166.6.1654 Kripke, 1990, Evidence that cutaneous antigen-presenting cells migrate to regional lymph nodes during contact sensitization, J Immunol, 145, 2833, 10.4049/jimmunol.145.9.2833 Moll, 1993, Langerhans cells transport Leishmania major from the infected skin to the draining lymph node for presentation to antigen-specific T cells, Eur J Immunol, 23, 1595, 10.1002/eji.1830230730 Kupiec-Weglinski, 1988, Migration patterns of dendritic cells in the mouse: Traffic from blood, and T cell-dependent and -independent entry to lymphoid tissues, J Exp Med, 167, 632, 10.1084/jem.167.2.632 Austyn, 1988, Migration patterns of dendritic cells in the mouse: Homing to T cell-dependent areas of spleen, and binding with marginal zone, J Exp Med, 167, 646, 10.1084/jem.167.2.646 Van Voorhis, 1982, Human dendritic cells. Enrichment and characterization from peripheral blood, J Exp Med, 155, 1172, 10.1084/jem.155.4.1172 Van Voorhis, 1983, The relative efficiency of human monocytes and dendritic cells as accessory cells for T cell replication, J Exp Med, 158, 174, 10.1084/jem.158.1.174 Knight, 1986, Non-adherent, low density cells from human peripheral blood contain dendritic cells and monocytes with veiled morphology, Immunology, 57, 595 Freudenthal, 1990, The distinct surface of human blood dendritic cells, as observed after an improved isolation method, 87, 7698 Larsen, 1990, Migration of dendritic leukocytes from cardiac allografts into host spleens. A novel pathway for initiation of rejection, J Exp Med, 171, 307, 10.1084/jem.171.1.307 Codner, 1990, Migration of donor leukocytes from limb allografts into host lymphoid tissues, Ann Plastic Surg, 25, 353, 10.1097/00000637-199011000-00003 Kimber, 1990, Antigenic competition in contact sensitivity. Evidence for changes in dendritic cell migration and antigen handling, Immunology, 71, 271 Hill, 1990, Systemic migration of dendritic cells during contact sensitization, Immunology, 71, 277 Enk, 1992, Early molecular events in the induction phase of contact sensitivity, 89, 1398 Larsen, 1990, Migration and maturation of Langerhans cells in skin transplants and explants, J Exp Med, 172, 1483, 10.1084/jem.172.5.1483 Koch, 1990, Tumour necrosis factor a maintains the viability of murine epidermal Langerhans cells in culture, but in contrast to granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, without inducing their functional maturation, J Exp Med, 171, 159, 10.1084/jem.171.1.159 Roake JA, Rao AS, Larsen CP, et al: Systemic administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS; endotoxin) induces migration of interstitial dendritic cells from mouse heart and kidney. Contribution of TNFx and 11-1α. (manuscript in preparation) Lundqvist, 1990, Interleukin-1 decreases the number of Ia+ epidermal dendritic cells but increases their expression of Ia antigen, Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh), 70, 391 Enk, 1993, An essential role for Langerhans cell-derived IL-1β in the initiation of primary immune responses in skin, J Immunol, 150, 3698, 10.4049/jimmunol.150.9.3698 Cumberbatch, 1992, Dermal tumour necrosis factor-a induces dendritic cell migration to draining lymph nodes and possibly provides one stimulus for Langerhans cell migration, Immunology, 75, 257 Starzl, 1992, Cell migration, chimerism, and graft acceptance, Lancet, 339, 1579, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91840-5 Starzl, 1993, Cell migration and chimerism after whole organ transplantation: The basis of graft acceptance, Hepatology, 17, 1127, 10.1002/hep.1840170629 Barker, 1968, The role of afferent lymphatics in the rejection of skin homografts, J Exp Med, 128, 197, 10.1084/jem.128.1.197 Tilney, 1970, The sensitization of rats by allografts transplanted to alymphatic pedicles of skin, J Exp Med, 133, 951, 10.1084/jem.133.5.951 Hall, 1967, Studies of the cells in the afferent and efferent lymph of lymph nodes draining the site of skin homografts, J Exp Med, 125, 737, 10.1084/jem.125.5.737 Hume, 1955, Progressive destruction of renal homografts from regional lymphatics of the host, Surgery, 38, 194 Pedersen, 1970, The role of the lymphatic system in the rejection of homografts: A study of lymph from renal transplants, J Exp Med, 131, 936, 10.1084/jem.131.5.936 Milton, 1986, The effects of cyclosporin on the induction of donor class I and class IL MHC antigens in heart and kidney allografts in the rat, Transplantation, 42, 337, 10.1097/00007890-198610000-00002 Roake JA, Hankins DF, Morris PJ, et al: Recruitment of dendritic cell progenitors into mouse heart after systemic administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS; endotoxin). (manuscript in preparation) Snell, 1957, The homograft reaction, Annu Rev Microbiol, 11, 439, 10.1146/annurev.mi.11.100157.002255 Steinmuller, 1967, Immunization with skin isografts taken from tolerant mice, Science, 158, 127, 10.1126/science.158.3797.127 Elkins, 1968, Pathogenesis of a local graft versus host reaction: Immunogenicity of recirculating host leukocytes, Science, 159, 1250, 10.1126/science.159.3820.1250 Oluwole, 1980, Donor pretreatment: rat heart allograft survival and measurement of passenger leukocyte depletion with indium-111, Transplantation, 30, 31, 10.1097/00007890-198007000-00006 Roake, 1994, The role of dendritic cells in transplantation, 135 Jacobs, 1974, Ovarian allograft survival. Prolongation after passage in vitro, Transplantation, 18, 454, 10.1097/00007890-197411000-00012 Lueker, 1974, Survival of ovarian allografts following maintenance in organ culture, Transplantation, 18, 457, 10.1097/00007890-197411000-00013 Lafferty, 1975, Thyroid allograft immunogenicity is reduced after a period in organ culture, Science, 188, 259, 10.1126/science.1118726 Lafferty, 1976, Effect of organ culture on the survival of thyroid allografts in mice, Transplantation, 22, 138, 10.1097/00007890-197608000-00009 Hong, 1976, Reconstitution of B and T lymphocyte function in severe combined immunodeficiency disease after transplantation with thymic epithelium, Lancet, 2, 1270, 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)92031-6 Jordan, 1985, Thymic epithelium and the induction of tolerance in nude mice, Nature, 314, 454, 10.1038/314454a0 Lacy, 1979, Prolongation of islet allograft survival following in vitro culture (24°C) and a single injection of ALS, Science, 204, 312, 10.1126/science.107588 Bowen, 1980, Reversal of diabetes by islet transplantation, Diabetes, 29, 98, 10.2337/diab.29.1.S98 Bartlett, 1983, Influence of culturing on the functioning of major histocompatibility complex-compatible and -incompatible islet grafts in diabetic mice, Transplantation, 36, 687, 10.1097/00007890-198336060-00020 Lafferty, 1977, The origin and mechanism of the allograft reaction, Immunol Rev, 35, 231, 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1977.tb00241.x Lacy, 1979, Induction of rejection of successful allografts of rat islets by donor peritoneal exudate cells, Transplantation, 28, 415, 10.1097/00007890-197911000-00014 Markmann, 1990, The effect of islet cell culture at 24°C on graft survival and MHC antigen expression, Transplantation, 49, 272, 10.1097/00007890-199002000-00009 Kover, 1990, Successful allogeneic transplantation of rat islets expressing cytokine-induced major histocompatibility complex class II antigen, Transplantation, 49, 148, 10.1097/00007890-199001000-00033 La Rosa, 1990, Major histocompatibility complex antigen expression on parenchymal cells of thyroid allografts is not by itself sufficient to induce rejection, Transplantation, 49, 605, 10.1097/00007890-199003000-00024 Parr, 1980, Cellular changes in cultured mouse thyroid glands and islets of Langerhans, Transplantation, 30, 135, 10.1097/00007890-198008000-00012 Hirschberg, 1981, Immunogenicity of foreign tissues, Transplantation, 31, 96, 10.1097/00007890-198101000-00024 Pober, 1983, Lymphocytes recognize human vascular endothelium and dermal fibroblast la antigen induced by recombinant immune interferon, Nature, 305, 726, 10.1038/305726a0 Pober, 1986, Inducible expression of class II histocompatibility complex antigens and the immunogenicity of vascular endothelium, Transplantation, 41, 141, 10.1097/00007890-198602000-00001 Nunez, 1983, Accessory cell function of human endothelial cells. I. A subpopulation of la positive cells is required for antigen presentation, J Immunol, 131, 666, 10.4049/jimmunol.131.2.666 Ninnemann, 1974, Allogeneic transplantation of organ cultures without immunosuppression, Transplantation, 18, 1, 10.1097/00007890-197407000-00001 Kreuger, 1983, Biology of Langerhans cells: Selective migration of Langerhans cell into allogeneic and xenogeneic grafts on nude mice, 80, 1650 Batchelor, 1979, Failure of long surviving, passively enhanced kidney allografts to provoke T-dependent alloimmunity. I. Retransplantation of (AS × AUG)F1 kidneys into secondary AS recipients, J Exp Med, 150, 455, 10.1084/jem.150.3.455 Hart, 1980, Graft adaptation: Studies on possible mechanisms in long-term surviving rat renal allografts, Transplantation, 30, 73, 10.1097/00007890-198007000-00016 Welsh, 1979, Failure of long surviving, passively enhanced kidney allografts to provoke T-dependent alloimmunity. II. Retransplantation of (AS × AUG)F1 kidneys from AS primary recipients into (AS x WF)F1 secondary hosts, J Exp Med, 150, 465, 10.1084/jem.150.3.465 Lechler, 1982, Restoration of immunogenicity to passenger cell-depleted kidney allografts by the addition of donor strain dendritic cells, J Exp Med, 155, 31, 10.1084/jem.155.1.31 Brewer, 1989, Effect of graft perfusion with two CD45 monoclonal antibodies on incidence of kidney allograft rejection, Lancet, 2, 935, 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90951-3 Niederkorn, 1990, Immune privilege and immune regulation in the eye, Adv Immunol, 48, 191, 10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60755-5 Faustman, 1981, Prolongation of murine islet allograft survival by pretreatment of islets with antibody directed to la determinants, 78, 5156 Faustman, 1984, Prevention of rejection of murine islet allografts by pretreatment with anti-dendritic cell antibody, 81, 3864 Iwai, 1989, Acceptance of murine thyroid allografts by pretreatment of anti-Ia antibody or antidendritic cell antibody in vitro, Transplantation, 47, 45, 10.1097/00007890-198901000-00011 Hammond, 1987, Prolonged survival of cultured keratinocyte allografts in the nonimmuosuppressed mouse, Transplantation, 44, 106, 10.1097/00007890-198707000-00022 Hefton, 1983, Grafting of burn patients with allografts of cultured epidermal cells, Lancet, 2, 428, 10.1016/S0140-6736(83)90392-6 Madden, 1986, Grafting of cultured allogeneic epidermis on second- and third-degree burn wounds on 26 patients, J Trauma, 26, 955, 10.1097/00005373-198611000-00001 Thivolet, 1986, Long-term survival and immunological tolerance of human epidermal allografts produced in culture, Transplantation, 42, 274, 10.1097/00007890-198609000-00010 Betuel, 1987, Grafting of allogeneic cultured epidermis does not induce anti-HLA sensitisation, 19, 4221 de Luca, 1988, Human epidermis culture for the treatment of burned patients: A multicentre Italian experience, 29 Eisinger, 1985, Regeneration of epidermis by cells grown in tissue culture), Am Acad Dermatol, 12, 402, 10.1016/S0190-9622(85)80003-7 Fabre, 1989, Rejection of cultured keratinocyte allografts in the rat, Transplantation, 48, 306, 10.1097/00007890-198908000-00024 Auböck, 1988, Rejection, after a slightly prolonged survival time, of Langerhans cell-free allogeneic cultured epidermis used for wound coverage in humans, Transplantation, 45, 730, 10.1097/00007890-198804000-00013 McKenzie, 1984, The effect of donor pretreatment on interstitial dendritic cell content and rat cardiac allograft survival, Transplantation, 38, 371, 10.1097/00007890-198410000-00011 McKenzie, 1984, Depletion of donor kidney dendritic cells prolongs graft survival, 16, 948 Stegall, 1990, Interstitial class II-positive cell depletion by donor pretreatment with gamma irradiation. Evidence of differential immunogenicity be tween vascularized cardiac allografts and islets, Transplantation, 49, 246, 10.1097/00007890-199002000-00003 Yamamoto, 1984, Prolonged survival of dog kidney allografts induced by a monoclonal anti-Ia antibody, Transplantation, 37, 419, 10.1097/00007890-198404000-00022 Sone, 1987, Effect of ex vivo perfusion with anti-Ia monoclonal antibodies on rat cardiac allograft survival, 19, 500 Pollak, 1987, Strategies used to alter the immunogenicity of vascularized organ allografts, 19, 258 Wiley, 1988, An A-chain ricin immunotoxin targeted against rat class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. In vitro and in vivo effects, Transplantation, 45, 1113, 10.1097/00007890-198806000-00023 Lloyd, 1989, Pancreas-graft immunogenicity and pretreatment with anti-class II monoclonal antibodies, Diabetes, 38, 104, 10.2337/diab.38.1.S104 Lloyd, 1989, Does depletion of donor dendritic cells in an organ allograft lead to prolongation of graft survival on transplantation?, 21, 482 Larsen, 1990, Failure of mature dendritic cells of the host to migrate from the blood into cardiac or skin allografts, Transplantation, 50, 294, 10.1097/00007890-199008000-00025 Barber, 1984, The role of suppressor cells in maintaining passively enhanced rat kidney allografts, Transplantation, 38, 548, 10.1097/00007890-198411000-00024 Howard, 1981, The mechanism of graft rejection and the concept of antigenic strength, Scand J Immunol, 14, 687, 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1981.tb00611.x Butcher, 1982, Genetic control of transplant rejection, Transplantation, 34, 161, 10.1097/00007890-198210000-00001 Weinberger, 1981, Cellular interactions in the generation of cytolytic T lymphocyte responses. Analysis of the helper T cell pathway, Eur J Immunol, 11, 405, 10.1002/eji.1830110511 Weinberger, 1982, Role of syngeneic Ia+ accessory cells in the generation of allospecific CTL responses, J Immunol, 129, 694, 10.4049/jimmunol.129.2.694 Singer, 1984, T cell-accessory cell interactions that initiate allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses: Existence ofboth Ia-restricted and Ia-unrestricted cellular interaction pathways, J Immunol, 132, 2199, 10.4049/jimmunol.132.5.2199 Golding, 1984, Role of accessory cell processing and presentation of shed H-2 alloantigens in allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, J Immunol, 133, 597, 10.4049/jimmunol.133.2.597 Maryanski, 1986, H-2 restricted cytolytic T cells specific for HLA can recognize a synthetic HLA peptide, Nature, 324, 578, 10.1038/324578a0 Parham, 1987, Inhibition of alloreactive cytolytic T lymphocytes by peptides from the alpha 2 domain of HLA-A2, Nature, 325, 625, 10.1038/325625a0 Olson, 1989, Creation of H-2 class I epitopes using synthetic peptides: Recognition by alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes, 86, 1031 Essaket, 1990, Corecognition of HLA-Al and HLA-DPw3 by a human CD4+ alloreactive T lymphocyte clone, J Exp Med, 172, 387, 10.1084/jem.172.1.387 de Koster, 1989, T cells sensitized to synthetic HLA-DR3 peptide give evidence of continuous presentation of denatured HLA-DR3 molecules by HLADP, J Exp Med, 169, 1191, 10.1084/jem.169.3.1191 Chen, 1990, Cytotoxic T cell recognition of an endogenous class I HLA peptide presented by a class II HLA molecule, J Exp Med, 172, 779, 10.1084/jem.172.3.779 Sherwood, 1986, Presentation of alloantigens by host cells, Eur J Immunol, 16, 569, 10.1002/eji.1830160519 Dalchau, 1992, Allorecognition of isolated, denatured chains of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. Evidence for an important role of indirect allorecognition in transplantation, Eur J Immunol, 22, 669, 10.1002/eji.1830220309 Fangman, 1992, Rejection of skin allografts by indirect allorecognition of donor class I major histocompatibility complex peptides, J Exp Med, 175, 1521, 10.1084/jem.175.6.1521 Parker, 1992, Stimulation of CD4+ T lymphocytes by allogeneic MHC peptides presented on autologous antigen-presenting cells, Transplantation, 53, 918, 10.1097/00007890-199204000-00038 Bumgardner, 1992, Transplantation, 53, 857, 10.1097/00007890-199204000-00028 Bumgardner, 1992, Cell subsets responding to purified hepatocytes and evidence of indirect recognition of hepatocyte major histocompatibility complex class I antigen. 2. In vitro-generated “memory” cells to class I+ class II — hepatocytes, Transplantation, 53, 863, 10.1097/00007890-199204000-00029 Benichou, 1992, Donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) peptides are presented by recipient MHC molecules during graft rejection, J Exp Med, 175, 305, 10.1084/jem.175.1.305 Bevan, 1984, High determinant density may explain the phenomenon of alloreactivity, Immunol Today, 5, 128, 10.1016/0167-5699(84)90233-0 Skinner, 1976, An estimation of the frequency of precursor cells which generate cytotoxic lymphocytes, J Exp Med, 143, 1562, 10.1084/jem.143.6.1562 Fischer Lindahl, 1977, Histocompatibility antigen-activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes. 1. Estimates of the absolute frequency of killer cells generated in vitro, J Exp Med, 145, 500, 10.1084/jem.145.3.500 Hümig, 1981, Specificity of T-cell clones illustrates altered self hypothesis, Nature, 294, 460, 10.1038/294460a0 Finnegan, 1985, Antigen processing requirements for T cell activation: Differential requirements for presentation of soluble conventional antigen vs cell surface MHC determinants, J Immunol, 134, 2960, 10.4049/jimmunol.134.5.2960 Liu, 1993, Contribution of direct and indirect recognition pathways to T cell alloreactivity, J Exp Med, 177, 1643, 10.1084/jem.177.6.1643 Demetris, 1992, Donor dendritic cells after liver and heart allotransplantation under short-term immunosuppression, Lancet, 339, 1610, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91875-9 Starzl, 1993, Cell migration and chimerism: a unifying concept in transplantation with particular reference to HLA matching and tolerance induction, 25, 8 Starzl, 1993, Chimerism and donor-specific nonreactivity 27 to 29 years after kidney allotransplantation, Transplantation, 55, 1272, 10.1097/00007890-199306000-00012 Steinman, 1993, Donor-derived chimerism in recipients of organ transplants, Hepatology, 17, 1153, 10.1002/hep.1840170630 Jenkins, 1991, CD28 delivers a costimulatory signal involved in antigen-specific IL-2 production by human T cells, J Immunol, 147, 2461, 10.4049/jimmunol.147.8.2461 Harding, 1992, CD28-mediated signalling co-stimulates murine T cells and prevents induction of anergy in T cell clones, Nature, 356, 607, 10.1038/356607a0