Demographics and Reproductive Characteristics of Orange Chromidae, Pseudetroplus maculatus (Bloch, 1975) from Cochin Estuary, Southern India

Kuttanelloor Roshni1, Chelapurath Radhakrishnan Renjithkumar1
1Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi-682506, India

Tóm tắt

Demographics and reproductive characteristics of Pseudetroplus maculatus (Bloch, 1795) in Cochin Estuary situated on the South-west coast of India were studied during June 2015 to May 2016. A total of 710 individuals (male = 392 and female = 318) were collected from the Cochin Estuary having TL and BW ranging from 43.2–93.2 mm and 1.45–13.64 g respectively were used for the study. The von Bertalanffy growth curve showed the growth coefficient (K) and growth performance index (ø) were 0.700/year and 3.796 respectively. Natural mortality (M = 1.24/year) of P. maculatus was higher than fishing mortality (F = 0.12/year), and present level of exploitation (E = 0.10) was less than 60% of the predicted maximum exploitation, which indicates that the stock is sustainable under current fishing strategy. There were two recruitment periods per year. Males were predominant in the catches and the overall sex ratio was 1.00:0.81, which significantly deviated from theoretical 1:1 distribution with 55.20% males and 44.80% females. The pattern of gonadosomatic index (GSI) and proportion of mature individuals suggest two peaks in the spawning season of P. maculatus occurred during May to July and October to December. The length at 50% maturity (L50) for males and females was estimated at 71.00 mm TL and 69.96 mm TL respectively. The absolute fecundity estimates vary between 508 and 830 eggs with an average of 683 and the relative fecundity fluctuated between 69.17 and 108.78 eggs/gram with an average of 89.21. The biological information on growth, mortality, exploitation, spawning season, length at first maturity and fecundity provided in this study will be useful for developing sustainable management practices to conserve this poorly known cichlid species.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abraham R, de Alwis Goonatilake S, Fernado M, Kotagama O (2019) Etroplus maculatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T172481A60632931. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T172481A60632931.en. Downloaded on 15 September 2020 Allan JD, Abell R, Hogan Z, Revenga C, Taylor BW, Welcomme RL, Winemiller K (2005) Overfishing of inland waters. Bioscience 55(12):1041–1051 Arantes FP, Santos HB, Rizzo E, Sato Y, Bazzoli N (2010) Profile of sex steroids, fecundity, and spawning of the curimata pacu Prochilodus argenteus in the Sao /Francisco River downstream from the Tres Maria Dam, South-eastern Brazil. Animl Reprod Sci 118:330–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.07.004 Asha CV, Retina CI, Suson PS, Bijoy NS (2016) Ecosystem analysis of the degrading Vembanad wetland ecosystem, the largest Ramsar site on the South West Coast of India- Measures for its sustainable management. Reg Stud Mar Sci 8:408–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2016.06.003 Bindu L, Padmakumar KG (2012) Breeding behavior and embryonic development in the Orange Chromide, Etroplus maculatus (Cichlidae, Bloch 1795). J Mar Biol Assoc India 54(1):13–19 Bindu L, Padmakumar KG (2014) Reproductive biology of Etroplus suratensis from Vembanad Wetland system, Kerala. Indian J Mar Sci 43:646–654 Bloch ME (1790) Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische, vol 4. Morino, Berlin, xii + 128, pp 217–252 Bloch ME (1795) Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische, vol 9. Morino, Berlin, ii + 192, pp 397–429 Bromage N, Hardiman P, Jones J, Springate J, Bye V (1990) Fecundity, egg size and total egg volume differences in 12 stocks of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Richardson. Aqua Res 21:269–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1990.tb00465.x Brown ML, Murphy BR (2004) Seasonal dynamics of direct and indirect condition indices in relation to energy allocation in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacèpede). Ecol Fresh Fish 13:23–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-6691.2004.00031.x Caupto V, Giovannotti M, Splendiani A (2010) Pattern of gonadal maturation in a highly stocked population of brown trout (Salmo trutta., L 1758) from Central Italy. Ital J Zool 77:14–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250000802589576 Day F (1877) The fishes of India: Being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and fresh waters of India, Burma, and Ceylon, part 3. William Dawson & Sons, London, pp 369–552, pls 79–138 Dong X, Grenouillet G, Ju T, Xiang T, Mai Z, Laffaille P, Lek S, Liu J (2019) Reproductive biology of thin sharpbelly, Toxabramis swinhonis Günther, 1873 in a shallow lake (Biandantang Lake) along the middle reach of the Yangtze River basin (China): implications for fisheries management. Ann Limnol - Int J Lim 55:8. https://doi.org/10.1051/limn/2019007 Gayanilo FC, Sparre P, Pauly D (2005) The FAO-ICLARM stock-assessment tools II (FiSAT II). User's guide. Revised version FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries), vol. 8. Rome: FAO Gosavi SM, Kharat SS, Kumkar P, Tapkir SD (2019) Assessing the sustainability of lepidophagous catfish, Pachypterus khavalchor (Kulkarni, 1952), from a tropical river Panchaganga, Maharashtra. India Jobaz 80:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-019-0080-8 Grubh AR, Winemiller KO (2018) Spatiotemporal variation in wetland fish assemblages in the Western Ghats region of India. Knowl Manag Aquat Ecossyst 419:35. https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2018023 Gulland JA (1970) The fish resources of the ocean. FAO Fish Aquaculture Tech Pap 97:425 Gupta GVM, Thottathil SD, Balachandran KK, Madhu NV, Madeswaran P, Nair S (2009) CO2 supersaturation and net heterotrophy in a tropical estuary (Cochin, India): Influence of anthropogenic effect. Ecosystems 12:1145–1157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-009-9280-2 Hails AJ, Abdullah Z (1982) Reproductive biology of the tropical fish Trichogaster pectoralis (Regan). J Fish Biol 21:157–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1982.tb03996.x Holden MJ, Raitt DFS (1974) Manual of Fisheries Science, Part 2: Methods of Resource Investigation and their Application. FAO, Rome, p 223 Md HY, Ohtomi J (2008) Reproductive biology of the Southern Rough Shrimp Trachysalambria Curvirostris (Penaeidae) in Kagoshima Bay. Southern Japan J Crust Biol 28(4):607–612. https://doi.org/10.1651/07-2970.1 Jayaprakas V, Nair NB (1981) Maturation and spawning in the pearl spot Etroplus suratensis (Bloch). Proc Indian Nat Sci Acad 47 B (6):828–836 Johnson LL, Sol SY, Ylitalo GM, Hom T, French B, Olson OP (1997) Reproductive injury in English Sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) from the Hylebos Waterway, Commencement Bay, Washington. J Aquat Ecosyst Stress Recovery 6:289–310 Jonsson N, Jonsson B, Hansen LP (1997) Changes in proximate composition and estimates of energetic costs during upstream migration and spawning in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. J Anim Ecol 66:425–436 Karna SK, Sahoo D, Panda S (2012) Length-weight relationship (LWR), growth estimation, and length at maturity of Etroplus suratensis in Chilka lagoon, Orissa, India. International J Environmental Sci 2:1257–1267 Kumar RS, Sarkar UK, Gusain O, Dubey VK, Pandey A, Lakra WS (2014) Age, growth, population structure and reproductive potential of a vulnerable freshwater mullet, Rhinomugil corsula (Hamilton, 1822) from a Tropical River Betwa in Central India. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci 84(2):275–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-013-0214-6 Kurup BM, Sebastian MJ, Sankaran TM, Rabindranath P (1993) Exploited Fishery Resources of the Vembanad Lake, Status of Residents and Migrants. Society of Fishery Technologists, India, Fishery Technology, Special issue, pp 44–49 Lee CF, Liu KM, Su WC, Wu CC (2005) Reproductive biology of the common pony fish Leiognathus equulus in the southwestern waters off Taiwan. Fish Sci 71:551–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2005.00999.x Liu C, Gao X, Wang H, Liu H, Cao W, Danley PD (2013) Reproductive characteristics of Ancherythroculter nigrocauda, an endemic fish in the upper Yangtze River. China Fish Sci 79(5):799–806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-013-0656-z Longhurst A, Pauly D (1987) Ecology of tropical oceans. Academic press, San Diego, pp407 Maan ME, Sefc KM (2013) Colour variation in cichlid fish: Developmental mechanisms, selective pressures and evolutionary consequences. Sem Cell Dev Biol 24:516–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.05.003 Manorama M, Ramanujam NK (2017) Reproductive cycle of the endemic and threatened fish Puntius shalynius (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in Meghalaya, India. Rev Boil Trop 65(1): 255–265. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i1.23406 Mancera-Rodriguez NJ, Castro Hernandez JJ (2015) Reproductive biology of the planehead filefish Stephanolepis hispidus (Pisces: Monacanthidae), in the Canary Islands area. Ichthyol Res 62:258–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-014-0435-6 Menon NN, Balchand AN, Menon NR (2000) Hydrobiology of the Cochin backwater system -a review. Hydrobiologia 430:149–183. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004033400255 Morley JI, Balshine S (2003) Reproductive biology of Eretmodus cyanostictus, a cichlid fish from Lake Tanganyika. Environ Biol Fishes 66:169–179. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023610905675 Munro JL, Pauly D (1983) A simple method for comparing the growth of fishes and invertebrates. Fishbyte 1:5–6 Nelson JS (2006) Fishes of the World, 4th edn. John Wiley & Sons Inc, New Jersey Pauly D (1980) On the interrelationships between natural mortality, growth parameters and mean environmental temperature in 175 fish stocks. J De Conseil Int Pour L’exploration De La Mer 39:175–192 Pauly D (1984) Fish population dynamics in tropical waters: A manual for use with programmable calculators. ICLARM Stud Rev 8:325 Pauly D, Munro JL (1984) Once more on the comparison of growth in fish and invertebrates. Fishbyte 2:21–21 Pauly D, Soriano ML (1986) Some practical extensions to Beverton and Holt’s relative yield-per-recruit model. In: Maclean JL, Dizon LB, Hosillos LV (eds) First Asian Fisheries Forum, Asian Fisheries Society. Manila, Philippines, pp 149–495 Potts GW, Wootton RJ (1984) Fish reproduction: strategies and tactics. Academy Press, London, p 383 Prasad G, Ali A, Harikrishnan M, Raghavan R (2012) Population dynamics of an endemic and threatened yellow cat fish Horabagrus brachysoma (Gunther) from Periyar River, Southern Western Ghats. India J Threa Taxa 4(2):2333–2342 Qasim SZ, Qayyum A (1961) Spawning frequencies and breeding seasons of some fresh water fishes with special reference to those occurring in the plains of Northern India. Indian J Fish VIII (1):24–43 Raghavan R, Dahanukar N, Tlusty M, Rhyne AL, Kumar KK, Molur S, Rosser AM (2013) Uncovering an obscure trade: threatened freshwater fishes and the aquarium pet markets. Biol Conserv 164:158–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.04.019 Raitt DFS, Hall WB (1967) On the fecundity of the red fish, Sebastes marinus (L.). J Cons Int Explor Mer 31:237–245 Rajesh KM, Rohit P, Aadhussamad EM, Viswambharan D (2020) Reproductive biology of the sawtooth barracuda, Sphyraena putnamae (Jordan and Seale, 1905) along the coastal waters of Karnataka, Southeastern Arabian Sea. Reg Stud Mar Sci 36:101314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101314 Renjithkumar CR, Roshni K, Kurup BM (2020) Reproductive biology of the endemic cyprinid fish Hypselobarbus thomassi (Day, 1874) from Kallada River in the Western Ghats. India J Appl Ichthyol 36(5):604–612. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.14064 Roshni K, Renjithkumar CR, Kurup BM (2016) Length-weight relationship of two cichlid fish species, Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790) and Etroplus maculatus (Bloch, 1795) from Lake Vembanad, Kerala, India. J Appl Ichthyol 32:1308–1309. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13141 Saborido‐Rey F, Kjesbu OS (2005) Growth and maturation dynamics. Digital CSIC Book, p 26. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10261/47150 Samarakoon JI (1983) Breeding patterns of the indigenous cichlids Etroplus suratensis and Etroplus maculatus in an estuary in Sri Lanka. Mahasagar 16(3):357–362 Srinivas K, Revichandran C, Maheswaran PA, Asharaf TT, Murukesh N (2003) Propagation of tides in the Cochin estuarine system, Southwest coast of India. Indian J Mar Sci 32:14–24 Von Bertalanffy L (1938) A quantitative theory of organic growth (inquiries on growth laws. II). Hum Biol 10:181–213 Vineetha G, Madhu NV, Kusum KK, Sooria PM (2015) Seasonal dynamics of the copepod community in a tropical monsoonal estuary and the role of sex ratio in their abundance pattern. Zool Stud 54:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40555-015-0131-x Vicentini RN, Araújo FG (2003) Sex ratio and size structure of Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest, 1823) (Perciformes, Sciaenidae) in Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro. Brazil Braz J Biol 63(4):559–566 Ward JA, Wyman RL (1977) Ethology and ecology of cichlid fishes of the genus Etroplus in Sri Lanka: preliminary findings. Env Biol Fish 2:137–145 Ward JA, Samarakoon JI (1981) Reproductive tactics of the Asian cichlids of the genus Etroplus in Sril Lanka. Env Biol Fish 6(1):95–103 Zare P, Naderi M, Asghari S (2015) Reproductive biology of the Geno hot spring tooth -carp (Aphanius ginaonis Holly, 1929) in southern Iran. Env Biol Fish 98:1365–1371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-014-0364-2