Definitive Chemoradiotherapy for Oesophageal Cancer — A Promising Start on an Exciting Journey

Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2013 Cancer Research UK. Available from: http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/oesophagus/survival/. Cooper, 1999, Chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced long-term follow-up of a prospective randomized trial (RTOG 85-01), JAMA, 17, 1623 Banner, 2013, Call for a consensus treatment approach to the management of post-cricoid and upper oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Clin Oncol, 25, 215, 10.1016/j.clon.2012.12.002 Enzinger, 2003, Esophageal cancer, N Engl J Med, 349, 2241, 10.1056/NEJMra035010 Burmeister, 2005, Surgery alone versus chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for resectable cancer of the oesophagus: a randomised controlled phase III trial, Lancet Oncol, 6, 659, 10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70288-6 Van Hagen, 2012, Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer, N Engl J Med, 366, 2074, 10.1056/NEJMoa1112088 Esophageal and Esophagogastric Junction (excluding the proximal 5 cm of the stomach). NCCN guidelines, 2013. Herskovic, 1992, Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in patients with cancer of the esophagus, N Engl J Med, 326, 1593, 10.1056/NEJM199206113262403 Minsky, 2002, Phase III trial of combined-modality therapy for esophageal therapy: high-dose versus standard dose radiation therapy, J Clin Oncol, 20, 1167, 10.1200/JCO.20.5.1167 Stahl, 2005, Chemoradiation with and without surgery in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, J Clin Oncol, 23, 2310, 10.1200/JCO.2005.00.034 Bedenne, 2007, Chemoradiation followed by surgery compared with chemoradiation alone in squamous cancer of the esophagus: FFCD 9102, J Clin Oncol, 25, 1160, 10.1200/JCO.2005.04.7118 Gwynne, 2011, Definitive chemoradiation for oesophageal cancer – a standard of care in patients with non-metastatic oesophageal cancer, Clin Oncol, 23, 182, 10.1016/j.clon.2010.12.001 Crosby, 2013, Chemoradiotherapy with or without cetuximab in patients with oesophageal cancer (SCOPE1): a multicentre, phase 2/3 randomised trial, Lancet Oncol, 14, 627, 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70136-0 Teoh, 2013, Long-term survival outcomes after definitive chemoradiation versus surgery in patients with resectable squamous carcinoma of the esophagus: results from a randomized controlled trial, Ann Oncol, 24, 165, 10.1093/annonc/mds206 Coia, 1997, Factors influencing outcome following radio-chemotherapy for oesophageal cancer, Radiother Oncol, 42, 91, 10.1016/S0167-8140(96)01853-1 Button, 2009, Study to determine adequate margins in radiotherapy planning for esophageal carcinoma by detailing patterns of recurrence after definitive chemoradiotherapy, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 73, 818, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.04.062 Denham, 2003, Relapse patterns after chemo-radiation for carcinoma of the oesophagus, Clin Oncol, 15, 98, 10.1053/clon.2003.0212 Crosby, 2004, Definitive chemoradiation in patients with inoperable oesophageal carcinoma, Br J Cancer, 90, 70, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601461 Gaspar, 2000, A phase I/II study of external beam radiation, brachytherapy, and concurrent chemotherapy for patients with localized carcinoma of the esophagus (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study 9207): final report, Cancer, 88, 988, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000301)88:5<988::AID-CNCR7>3.0.CO;2-U Urschel, 2003, A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery to surgery alone for resectable esophageal cancer, Am J Surg, 185, 538, 10.1016/S0002-9610(03)00066-7 Fiorica, 2004, Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for oesophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Gut, 53, 925, 10.1136/gut.2003.025080 Gebski, 2007, Survival benefits from neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy in oesophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis, Lancet Oncol, 8, 226, 10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70039-6 Bonner, 2006, Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck, N Engl J Med, 354, 567, 10.1056/NEJMoa053422 RTOG0436. Available at: http://www.rtog.org/Portals/0/RTOG Broadcasts/Attachments/RTOG_0436_Invstg_Letter.pdf [Last accessed 12.11.13]. Medical Research Council Oesophageal Cancer Working Party, 2002, Surgical resection with or without preoperative chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer: a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 359, 1727, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08651-8 Kelsen, 1998, Chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for localized esophageal cancer, N Engl J Med, 339, 1979, 10.1056/NEJM199812313392704 Gwynne, 2013, Oesophageal chemoradiotherapy in the UK – current practice and future directions, Clin Oncol, 25, 368, 10.1016/j.clon.2013.01.006 Dittler, 1991, Value of endosonography in the preoperative staging of oesophageal carcinoma, Deutsch Med Wochenschr, 116, 561, 10.1055/s-2008-1063649 Konski, 2005, The integration of 18-fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography and endoscopic ultrasound in the treatment-planning process for esophageal carcinoma, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 61, 1123, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.07.717 Rice, 2003, Variability of the carina-incisor distance as assessed by endoscopic ultrasound, Clin Oncol, 15, 383, 10.1016/S0936-6555(03)00115-8 Kelly, 2001, A systematic review of the staging performance of endoscopic ultrasound in gastro-oesophageal carcinoma, Gut, 49, 534, 10.1136/gut.49.4.534 Duong, 2006, Significant clinical impact and prognostic stratification provided by FDG-PET in the staging of oesophageal cancer, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 33, 759, 10.1007/s00259-005-0028-8 Moureau-Zabotto, 2005, Impact of CT and 18F-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography image fusion for conformal radiotherapy in esophageal carcinoma, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 63, 340, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.02.039 MacManus, 2009, Use of PET and PET/CT for radiation therapy planning: IAEA expert report 2006–2007, Radiother Oncol, 91, 85, 10.1016/j.radonc.2008.11.008 Vrieze, 2004, Is there a role for FGD-PET in radiotherapy planning in esophageal carcinoma?, Radiother Oncol, 73, 269, 10.1016/j.radonc.2004.10.001 Leong, 2006, A prospective study to evaluate the impact of FDG-PET on CT-based radiotherapy treatment planning for oesophageal cancer, Radiother Oncol, 78, 254, 10.1016/j.radonc.2006.02.014 Onozawa, 2009, Elective nodal irradiation (ENI) in definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus, Radiother Oncol, 92, 266, 10.1016/j.radonc.2008.09.025 Gaur, 2010, A clinical nomogram predicting pathologic lymph node involvement in esophageal cancer patients, Ann Surg, 252, 611, 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181f56419 Gao, 2007, Pathological analysis of clinical target volume margin for radiotherapy in patients with esophageal and gastroesophageal junction carcinoma, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 67, 389, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.09.015 NEOSCOPE Radiotherapy treatment planning and delivery. Available at: http://www.rttrialsqa.org.uk/Neoscope/2013_05_21 NeoSCOPE RT document v2.pdf [Last accessed 19.02.14]. Matzinger, 2009, EORTC-ROG expert opinion: radiotherapy volume and treatment guidelines for neoadjuvant radiation of adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction and the stomach, Radiother Oncol, 92, 164, 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.03.018 Shridhar, 2012, Outcomes of definitive or preoperative IMRT chemoradiation for esophageal cancer, J Radiat Oncol, 1, 347, 10.1007/s13566-012-0048-5 Fenkell, 2008, Dosimetric comparison of IMRT vs. 3D conformal radiotherapy in the treatment of cancer of the cervical esophagus, Radiother Oncol, 89, 287, 10.1016/j.radonc.2008.08.008 Welsh, 2011, Intensity-modulated proton therapy further reduces normal tissue exposure during definitive therapy for locally advanced distal esophageal tumors: a dosimetric study, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 81, 1336, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.07.2001 Fukada, 2013, Detection of esophageal fiducial marker displacement during radiation therapy with a 2-dimensional on-board imager: analysis of internal margin for esophageal cancer, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 85, 991, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.07.2358 Zhao, 2007, Evaluation of respiratory-induced target motion for esophageal tumors at the gastroesophageal junction, Radiother Oncol, 84, 283, 10.1016/j.radonc.2007.07.008 NRAG, 2007 Hawkins, 2011, Set-up errors in radiotherapy for oesophageal cancers – is electronic portal imaging or conebeam more accurate?, Radiother Oncol, 98, 249, 10.1016/j.radonc.2010.11.002 Hawkins, 2010, Cone beam computed tomography-derived adaptive radiotherapy for radical treatment of esophageal cancer, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 77, 378, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.05.045 Bouchard, 2010, Impact of gastric filling on radiation dose delivered to gastroesophageal junction tumors, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 77, 292, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.08.026 Stahl, 2013, Oesophageal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up, Ann Oncol, 24, vi51, 10.1093/annonc/mdt342 Geh, 2006, Systematic overview of preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemoradiotherapy trials in oesophageal cancer: evidence of a radiation and chemotherapy dose response, Radiother Oncol, 78, 236, 10.1016/j.radonc.2006.01.009 Burmeister, 2000, Thirty-four patients with carcinoma of the cervical esophagus treated with chemoradiation therapy, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 126, 205, 10.1001/archotol.126.2.205 Safran, 2007, Phase I/II study of trastuzumab, paclitaxel, cisplatin and radiation for locally advanced, {HER2} overexpressing, esophageal adenocarcinoma, Int J Radiat Oncol, 67, 405, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.08.076 Graham, 1999, Clinical dose-volume histogram analysis for pneumonitis after 3D treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 45, 323, 10.1016/S0360-3016(99)00183-2 Kim, 2005, Dose-volumetric parameters for predicting severe radiation pneumonitis after three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for lung cancer, Radiology, 235, 208, 10.1148/radiol.2351040248 Lee, 2003, Postoperative pulmonary complications after preoperative chemoradiation for esophageal carcinoma: correlation with pulmonary dose–volume histogram parameters, Int J Radiat Oncol, 57, 1317, 10.1016/S0360-3016(03)01373-7 Wang, 2006, Investigation of clinical and dosimetric factors associated with postoperative pulmonary complications in esophageal cancer patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 64, 692, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.08.002 Hatakenaka, 2012, Acute cardiac impairment associated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer: magnetic resonance evaluation, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 83, e67, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.12.018 Mukherjee, 2003, The significance of cardiac doses received during chemoradiation of oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal junctional cancers, Clin Oncol, 15, 115, 10.1053/clon.2003.0218 Fukada, 2013, Symptomatic pericardial effusion after chemoradiation therapy in esophageal cancer patients, Int J Radiat Oncol, 87, 487, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.07.008 Kirkpatrick, 2010, Radiation dose-volume effects in the spinal cord, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 76, S42, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.04.095 Lordick, 2007, PET to assess early metabolic response and to guide treatment of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction: the MUNICON phase II trial, Lancet Oncol, 8, 797, 10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70244-9 CALGB 80803. Randomized phase II trial of PET scan-directed combined modality therapy in esophageal cancer. Available at: http://www.utswmedicine.org/conditions-specialties/cancer/clinical-trials/fact-detail.html?primarypurpose=10&studyId=STU 072012-091 [Last accessed 16.02.14]. PET scan imaging in assessing response in patients with esophageal cancer receiving combination chemotherapy. Available at: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01333033?term=NCT01333033&rank=1 [Last accessed 16.02.14]. Sun, 2011, Early evaluation of cancer response by a new functional biomarker: apparent diffusion coefficient, Am J Roentgenol, 197, W23, 10.2214/AJR.10.4912 Imanishi, 2013, Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for predicting and detecting the early response to chemoradiotherapy of advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Dig Surg, 30, 240, 10.1159/000351435 Vandecaveye, 2008, Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in neck lymph adenopathy, Cancer Imaging, 8, 173, 10.1102/1470-7330.2008.0025 Okumura, 2014, Biomarkers for predicting the response of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma to neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy, Surg Today, 44, 421, 10.1007/s00595-013-0580-y Miyazaki, 2005, Predictors of response to chemo-radiotherapy and radiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Anticancer Res, 25, 2749 Pasini, 2013, Neoadjuvant therapy with weekly docetaxel and cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil continuous infusion, and concurrent radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer produced a high percentage of long-lasting pathological complete response: a phase, Cancer, 119, 939, 10.1002/cncr.27822 Ajani, 2004, Preoperative induction of CPT-11 and cisplatin chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy in patients with locoregional carcinoma of the esophagus or gastroesophageal junction, Cancer, 100, 2347, 10.1002/cncr.20284 Swisher, 2003, Long-term outcome of phase II trial evaluating chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, and surgery for locoregionally advanced esophageal cancer, Int J Radiat Oncol, 57, 120, 10.1016/S0360-3016(03)00522-4 Ajani, 2008, Phase II randomized trial of two nonoperative regimens of induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation in patients with localized carcinoma of the esophagus: RTOG 0113, J Clin Oncol, 26, 4551, 10.1200/JCO.2008.16.6918 Conroy, 2012, Phase III randomized trial of definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with FOLFOX or cisplatin and fluorouracil in esophageal cancer (EC): Final results of the PRODIGE 5/ACCORD 17 trial, J Clin Oncol, 30 Bang, 2010, Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 376, 687, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61121-X Safran, 2007, Phase I/II study of trastuzumab, paclitaxel, cisplatin and radiation for locally advanced, {HER2} overexpressing, esophageal adenocarcinoma, Int J Radiat Oncol, 67, 405, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.08.076 A phase III trial evaluating the addition of trastuzumab to trimodality treatment of HER2 overexpressing esophageal adenocarcinoma. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/search/view?cdrid=683717&version=HealthProfessional [Last accessed 19.02.14]. Zhai, 2013, Concurrent erlotinib and radiotherapy for chemoradiotherapy-intolerant esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients: results of a pilot study, Dis Esophagus, 26, 503, 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2012.01380.x Waddell, 2013, Epirubicin, oxaliplatin, and capecitabine with or without panitumumab for patients with previously untreated advanced oesophagogastric cancer (REAL3): a randomised, open-label phase 3 trial, Lancet Oncol, 14, 481, 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70096-2 Ohtsu, 2011, Bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy as first-line therapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study, J Clin Oncol, 29, 3968, 10.1200/JCO.2011.36.2236 MRC ST03 Trial. Available at: http://www.ctu.mrc.ac.uk/plugins/StudyDisplay/protocols/ST03%20Protocol%20Version%206_28Sept12_Final.pdf [Last accessed 19.02.14].