Defining the schizophrenia phenotype
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Kendler KS, Diehl SR:The genetics of schizophrenia: a current, genetic-epidemiologic perspective. Schizophr Bull 1993, 19:261–285.
Kraepelin E: Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. Huntington NY: Krieger; 1919.
Bleuler M: Demential Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: International Universities Press; 1950.
Ciompi L, Muller C: Lifestyle and age of schizophrenics. A catamnestic long-term study into old age [in German]. Monogr Gesamtgeb Psychiatr Psychiatry Ser 1976, 1:1–242.
American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, edn 3, revised. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press; 1987.
Carpenter WT, Arango C, Buchanan RW, Kirkpatrick B: Deficit psychopathology and a paradigm shift in schizophrenia research. Biol Psychiatry 1999, 46:352–360. In this article, the authors summarize findings from recent studies of deficit syndrome psychopathology to address heterogeneity.
Liddle PF: The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: a re-examination of the positive-negative dichotomy. Br J Psychiatry 1987, 151:145–151.
Barnes TR, Liddle PF: Evidence for the validity of negative symptoms. Mod Prob Pharmacopsychiatry 1990, 24:43–72.
Lenzenweger MF, Dworkin RH, Wethington E: Examining the underlying structure of schizophrenic phenomenology: evidence for a three-process model. Schizophr Bull 1991, 17:515–524.
Kirkpatrick B, Castle D, Murray RM, Carpenter WT Jr: Risk factors for the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2000, 26:233–242.
Ross DE, Kirkpatrick B, Karkowski LM, Straub RE, et al.: Sibling correlation of deficit syndrome in the Irish study of high-density schizophrenia families. Am J Psychiatry 2000, 157:1071–1076.
Kopelowicz A, Zarate R, Tripodis K, et al.: Differential efficacy of olanzapine for deficit and nondeficit negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2000, 157:987993.
Buchanan RW, Breier A, Kirkpatrick B, et al.: Structural abnormalities in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1993, 150:59–65.
Tamminga CA, Thaker GK, Buchanan R, et al.: Limbic system abnormalities identified in schizophrenia using positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose and neocortical alterations with deficit syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992, 49:522–530.
Buchanan RW, Strauss ME, Kirkpatrick B, et al.: Neuropsychological impairments in deficit vs nondeficit forms of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994, 51:804–811.
Ross DE, Thaker GK, Buchanan RW, et al.: Association of abnormal smooth pursuit eye movements with the deficit syndrome in schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1996, 153:1158–1165.
Kety S: Schizophrenic illness in the families of schizophrenic adoptees: findings from the Danish national sample. Schizophr Bull 1988, 14:217–222.
Lowing PA, Mirsky AF, Pereira R: The inheritance of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a reanalysis of the Danish adoptee study data. Am J Psychiatry 1983, 140:1167–1171.
Baron M, Gruen R, Asnis L, Kane J: Familial relatedness of schizophrenia and schizotypal states. Am J Psychiatry 1983, 140:1437–1442.
Baron M, Gruen R, Asnis L, Lord S: Familial transmission of schizotypal and borderline personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1985, 142:927–934.
Frangos E, Athanassenas G, Tsitourides S, et al.: Prevalence of DSM III schizophrenia among the first-degree relatives of schizophrenic probands. Acta Psychiatrica Scand 1985, 72:382–386.
Kendler KS: A twin study of individuals with both schizophrenia and alcoholism. Br J Psychiatry 1985, 147:48–53.
Kendler KS: Diagnostic approaches to schizotypal personality disorder: a historical perspective. Schizophr Bull 1985, 11:538–553.
Kendler KS, McGuire M, Gruenberg AM, Walsh D: Schizotypal symptoms and signs in the Roscommon Family Study. Their factor structure and familial relationship with psychotic and affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995, 52:296–303.
Varma SL, Sharma I: Psychiatric morbidity in the first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients. Br J Psychiatry 1993, 162:672–678.
Thaker GK, Cassady S, Adami H, et al.: Eye movements in spectrum personality disorders: comparison of community subjects and relatives of schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1996, 153:362–368.
Thaker GK, Ross DE, Cassady SL, et al.: Smooth pursuit eye movements to extraretinal motion signals: deficits in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998, 55:830–836.
Coryell W, Zimmerman M: The heritability of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. A family study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988, 45:323–327.
Squires-Wheeler E, Skodol AE, Friedman D, et al.: The specificity of DSM-III schizotypal personality traits. Psychol Med 1988, 18:757–765.
Squires-Wheeler E, Skodol AE, Bassett A, Erlenmeyer-Kimling L: DSM-III-R schizotypal personality traits in offspring of schizophrenic disorder, affective disorder, and normal control parents. J Psychiatr Res 1989, 23:229–239.
Squires-Wheeler E, Skodol AE, Erlenmeyer-Kimling L: The assessment of schizotypal features over two points in time. Schizophr Res 1991, 6:75–85.
Lyons MJ, Toomey R, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT: Comparison of schizotypal relatives of schizophrenic versus affective probands. Am J Med Genet 1994, 54:279–285.
Reiss AL, Hagerman RJ, Vinogradov S, et al.: Psychiatric disability in female carriers of the fragile X chromosome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988, 45:25–30.
Sobesky WE, Hull CE, Hagerman RJ: Symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder in fragile X women. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994, 33:247–255.
Battaglia M, Gasperini M, Sciuto G, et al.: Psychiatric disorders in the families of schizotypal subjects. Schizophr Bull 1991, 17:659–668.
Soloff PH, Millward JW: Psychiatric disorders in the families of borderline patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983, 40:37–44.
Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM: An independent analysis of the Danish Adoption Study of Schizophrenia. VI. The relationship between psychiatric disorders as defined by DSM-III in the relatives and adoptees. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984, 41:555–564.
Baron M, Gruen R, Rainer JD, et al.: A family study of schizophrenic and normal control probands: implications for the spectrum concept of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1985, 142:447–455.
Schulz PM, Schulz SC, Goldberg SC, et al.: Diagnoses of the relatives of schizotypal outpatients. J Nerv Ment Dis 1986, 174:457–463.
Siever LJ, Silverman JM, Horvath TB, et al.: Increased morbid risk for schizophrenia-related disorders in relatives of schizotypal personality disordered patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990, 47:634–640.
Thaker GK, Adami H, Moran M, et al.: Psychiatric illnesses in families of subjects with schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorders: high morbidity risks for unspecified functional psychoses and schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1993, 150:66–71.
Chapman LJ, Chapman JP: Problems in the measurement of cognitive deficit. Psychol Bull 1973, 79:380–385.
Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR, Berman KF, et al.: Further evidence for dementia of the prefrontal type in schizophrenia? A controlled study of teaching the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987, 44:1008–1014.
Nuechterlein KH, Dawson ME, Gitlin M, et al.: Developmental processes in schizophrenic disorders: longitudinal studies of vulnerability and stress. Schizophr Bull 1992, 18:387–425.
Saykin AJ, Gur RC, Gur RE, et al.: Neuropsychological function in schizophrenia. Selective impairment in memory and learning. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991, 48:618–624.
Gold JM, Hermann BP, Randolph C, et al.: Schizophrenia and temporal lobe epilepsy. A neuropsychological analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994, 51:265–272.
Goldman-Rakic PS: Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1994, 6:348–357.
Asarnow RF, Granholm E, Sherman T: Span of apprehension in schizophrenia. In Handbook of Schizophrenia: Neuropsychology, Psychophysiology, and Information Processing. Edited by Steinhauer SR, Gruzelier JH, Zubin J. Amsterdan: Elsevier; 1991:335–370.
Balogh DW, Merritt RD: Susceptibility to type A backward pattern masking among hypothetically psychosis-prone college students. J Abnorm Psychol 1985, 94:377–383.
Braff DL: Impaired speed of information processing in nonmedicated schizotypal patients. Schizophr Bull 1981, 7:499–508.
Cornblatt BA, Winters L, Erlenmeyer-Kimling L: Attentional markers of schizophrenia: evidence from the New York high risk study. Schizophrenia:Scientific progress. Edited by Schultz SC, Tamminga CA. New York: Oxford University Press; 1989.
Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Breitmeyer B: Backward masking performance in unaffected siblings of schizophrenic patients. Evidence for a vulnerability indicator. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997, 54:465–472.
Nuechterlein KH: Signal detection in vigilance tasks and behavioral attributes among offspring of schizophrenic mothers and among hyperactive children. J Abnorm Psychol 1983, 92:4–28.
Park S, Holzman PS, Goldman-Rakic PS: Spatial working memory deficits in the relatives of schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995, 52:821–828.
Cannon TD, Mednick SA, Parnas J, et al.: Developmental brain abnormalities in the offspring of schizophrenic mothers. II. Structural brain characteristics of schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994, 51:955–962.
Faraone SV, Kremen WS, Lyons MJ, et al.: Diagnostic accuracy and linkage analysis: how useful are schizophrenia spectrum phenotypes? Am J Psychiatry 1995, 152:1286–1290.
Faraone SV, Seidman LJ, Kremen WS, et al.: Neuropsychological functioning among the nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenic patients: a diagnostic efficiency analysis. J Abnorm Psychol 1995, 104:286–304.
Barnes GR, Asselman PT: The mechanism of prediction in human smooth pursuit eye movements. J Physiol 1991, 439:439–461.
Clementz BA, Sweeney JA: Is eye movement dysfunction a biological marker for schizophrenia? A methodological review. Psychol Bull 1990, 108:77–92.
Holzman PS, Solomon CM, Levin S, Waternaux CS: Pursuit eye movement dysfunctions in schizophrenia. Family evidence for specificity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984, 41:136–139.
Blackwood DH, St Clair DM, Muir WJ, Duffy JC: Auditory P300 and eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenic pedigrees. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991, 48:899–909.
Iacono WG, Moreau M, Beiser M, et al.: Smooth-pursuit eye tracking in first-episode psychotic patients and their relatives. J Abnorm Psychol 1992, 101:104–116.
Keefe RS, Silverman JM, Mohs RC, et al.: Eye tracking, attention, and schizotypal symptoms in nonpsychotic relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997, 54:169–176.
Clementz BA, Sweeney JA, Hirt M, et al.: Pursuit gain and saccadic intrusions in first-degree relatives of probands with schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 1990, 99:327–335.
Whicker L, Abel LA, Dell’Osso LF: Smooth pursuit eye movements in the parents of schizophrenics. Neuroophthalmology 1985, 5:1–8.
Arolt V, Lencer R, Nolte A, et al.: Eye tracking dysfunction in families with multiple cases of schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1996, 246:175–181.
Arolt V, Lencer R, Nolte A, et al.: Eye tracking dysfunction is a putative phenotypic susceptibility marker of schizophrenia and maps to a locus on chromosome 6p in families with multiple occurrence of the disease. Am J Med Genet 1996, 67:564–579.
Newsome WT, Wurtz RH, Dursteler MR, Mikami A: Deficits in visual motion processing following ibotenic acid lesions of the middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey. J Neurosci 1985, 5:825–840.
Gellman RS, Carl JR: Motion processing for saccadic eye movements in humans. Exper Brain Res 1991, 84:660–667.
Chen Y, Nakayama K, Levy DL, et al.: Psychophysical isolation of a motion-processing deficit in schizophrenics and their relatives and its association with impaired smooth pursuit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999, 96:4724–4729.
Sweeney JA, Clementz BA, Haas GL, et al.: Eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenia: characterization of component eye movement abnormalities, diagnostic specificity, and the role of attention. J Abnorm Psychol 1994, 103:222–230.
Thaker GK, Ross DE, Buchanan RW, et al.: Smooth pursuit eye movements to extraretinal motion signals: deficits in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 1999, 88:209–219.
Fukushima J, Fukushima K, Chiba T, et al.: Disturbances of voluntary control of saccadic eye movements in schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1988, 23:670–677.
Crawford TJ, Sharma T, Puri BK, et al.: Saccadic eye movements in families multiply affected with schizophrenia: the Maudsley Family Study. Am J Psychiatry 1998, 155:1703–1710.
Clementz BA, McDowell JE, Zisook S: Saccadic system functioning among schizophrenia patients and their first-degree biological relatives. J Abnorm Psychol 1994, 103:277–287.
Katsanis J, Kortenkamp S, Iacono WG, Grove WM: Antisaccade performance in patients with schizophrenia and affective disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 1997, 106:468–472.
McDowell JE, Myles-Worsley M, Coon H, et al.: Measuring liability for schizophrenia using optimized antisaccade stimulus parameters. Psychophysiology 1999, 36:138–141.
Thaker GK, Ross DE, Gold JM, Blaxton TA: Model of smooth pursuit eye movement function in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1999, 36:267–267.
Pfefferbaum A, Wenegrat BG, Ford JM, et al.: Clinical application of the P3 component of event-related potentials. II. Dementia, depression and schizophrenia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984, 59:104–124.
Blackwood DH, St Clair DM, Muir WJ, Duffy JC: Auditory P300 and eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenic pedigrees. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991, 48:899–909.
Javitt DC, Doneshka P, Grochowski S, Ritter W: Impaired mismatch negativity generation reflects widespread dysfunction of working memory in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995, 52:550–558.
Braff DL: Information processing and attention dysfunctions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1993, 19:233–259.
Freedman R, Adler LE, Gerhardt GA, et al.: Neurobiological studies of sensory gating in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1987, 13:669–678.
Freedman R, Coon H, Myles-Worsley M, et al.: Linkage of a neurophysiological deficit in schizophrenia to a chromosome 15 locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997, 94:587–592.