Decentralized finance research and developments around the world

Journal of Banking and Financial Technology - Tập 6 - Trang 117-133 - 2022
Peterson K. Ozili1
1Central Bank of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria

Tóm tắt

Decentralized finance is financial services offered on a public blockchain over the internet. This paper reviews the decentralized finance (DeFi) research and development around the world. The findings of the literature review are that decentralized finance offers many benefits such as broadening financial inclusion; encouraging permission-less innovation; eliminating the need for intermediaries; ensuring the immutability of transactions; censorship resistance and making cross-border transactions cheaper. The associated risks include execution risk in smart contracts, legal liability risk, data theft risk, interconnectedness risk, external data risk, and greater propensity for illicit activity using DeFi applications. The review of existing DeFi research show that there are few studies on DeFi, and a large number of DeFi research studies are non-empirical studies. Most studies hold a positive view about DeFi. They emphasize the benefits of DeFi in great depth but the challenges of DeFi were not analysed in great depth, and there are no critical studies on DeFi. Observations on DeFi developments from around the world show that there is growing interest in decentralized finance in Europe, US, Asia and Oceania. There are concerns that regulating decentralized finance can impede growth in decentralized finance markets in Asia. There are also concerns that banning crypto assets can hinder the growth of decentralized finance in African countries where regulators do not fully permit blockchain-enabled cryptocurrencies. Several policy issues associated with DeFi are discussed. Areas for further research are provided to advance the literature on decentralized finance.

Tài liệu tham khảo

ABA (2021) Senate select committee on Australia as a technology and financial centre–issues paper. Australian Banking Association. https://www.ausbanking.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/210630-ABA-Submission-on-Australia-as-a-Technology-and-Financial-Centre-Issues-Paper.pdf. Accessed 30 Jun 2021 Adams R, Kewell B, Parry G (2018) Blockchain for good? Digital ledger technology and sustainable development goals. Handbook of sustainability and social science research. Springer, Cham, pp 127–140 AlSubaei F. (2019), December 10 Blockchain adoption in the Gulf states. The Middle East institute. https://www.mei.edu/publications/blockchain-adoption-gulf-states Anoop VS, Goldston J. (2022) Decentralized finance to hybrid finance through blockchain: a case-study of acala and current. J Bank Financial Technol, 1–7 Arora G. (2020) RBI and the Indian crypto industry. Available at SSRN 3733291 Atlam HF, Alenezi A, Alassafi MO, Wills G (2018) Blockchain with internet of things: Benefits, challenges, and future directions. Int J Intell Syst Appl 10(6):40–48 Avgouleas E, Kiayias A. (2020) The architecture of decentralised finance platforms: a new open finance paradigm. Edinburgh School of Law Research Paper. No.16 Bhuvana R, Aithal PS (2020) RBI distributed ledger technology and blockchain-a future of decentralized India. Int J Manage Technol Social Sci (IJMTS) 5(1):227–237 Caldarelli G, Ellul J (2021) The blockchain oracle problem in decentralized finance—a multivocal approach. Appl Sci 11(16):7572 Chang V, Baudier P, Zhang H, Xu Q, Zhang J, Arami M (2020) How blockchain can impact financial services–the overview, challenges and recommendations from expert interviewees. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 158:120166 Chen Y, Bellavitis C (2020) Blockchain disruption and decentralized finance: the rise of decentralized business models. J Bus Venturing Insights 13:e00151 Clements R. (2020) Fintech in Canada. In: Claudia Sandei et al. (eds). ‘Research handbook on the law of fintech’, digital innovation and technology law lab, digital law network, University of Padova, Italy. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3500597 Cumming DJ, Dombrowski N, Drobetz W, Momtaz PP. (2022) Decentralized finance, crypto funds, and value creation in tokenized firms. crypto funds, and value creation in tokenized firms. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4102295 De Meijer. (2021) DeFi and regulation: the European approach. Finextra B; og Article. https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/20516/defi-and-regulation-the-european-approach Dinh TTA, Liu R, Zhang M, Chen G, Ooi BC, Wang J (2018) Untangling blockchain: a data processing view of blockchain systems. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 30(7):1366–1385 Diya OO, Omoniyi O. (2021), July 14 Nigeria: The changing face of finance: decentralised finance-an emerging alternative financial infrastructure. Mondaq. Available at: https://www.mondaq.com/nigeria/fin-tech/1091106/the-changing-face-of-finance-decentralised-finance--an-emerging-alternative-financial-infrastructure Dolny T, Iqbal A. (2021) 02 March). Canada: decentralized finance: regulation, growth, and legal enforcement. Mondaq. https://www.mondaq.com/canada/fin-tech/1041176/decentralized-finance-regulation-growth-and-legal-enforcement Fenton A. (2020), December 20 Australia’s crypto ecosystem 2020: the spark for a DeFi explosion. Cointelegraph. https://cointelegraph.com/news/australia-s-crypto-ecosystem-2020-the-spark-for-a-defi-explosion Garg P, Gupta B, Chauhan AK, Sivarajah U, Gupta S, Modgil S (2021) Measuring the perceived benefits of implementing blockchain technology in the banking sector. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 163:120407 Grassi L, Lanfranchi D, Faes A, Renga FM (2022) Do we still need financial intermediation? The case of decentralized finance–DeFi. Qualitative Res Acc Manage 19(3):323–347 Gudgeon L, Perez D, Harz D, Livshits B, Gervais A. (2020) The decentralized financial crisis. In 2020 crypto valley conference on blockchain technology (CVCBT) (pp. 1–15). IEEE Ibrahim IA, Truby J. (2021) Governance in the era of blockchain technology in Qatar: a roadmap and a manual for trade finance. J Bank Regul, 1–20 Ijaoba A. (2021) How DeFi can facilitate better access to financial services in Africa. A Benjamin Dada Report. July 14th https://www.benjamindada.com/decentralized-finance-elevate-financial-services-africa/ John J. (2020) Decentralised finance: usecases & risks for mass adopfion. dGen report Johnson KN (2020) Decentralized finance: regulating cryptocurrency exchanges. William Mary Law Rev 62:1911 Katona T (2021) Decentralized finance: the possibilities of a blockchain “money lego” system. Financial Economic Rev 20(1):74–102 Kaur D. (2021), 3 August Will Asia be home to decentralized finance? TechWire Asia Kiong LV. (2020) DEFI handbook: a comprehensive guide to decentralized finance. Liew Voon Kiong Kumar M, Nikhil N, Singh R. (2020) Decentralising finance using decentralised blockchain oracles. In 2020 International Conference for Emerging Technology (INCET) (pp. 1–4). IEEE Macaskill S. (2021), june 24 Blockchain adoption in N.ew Zealand. BLOCKCHAINNZ Newsletter. https://blockchain.org.nz/2021/06/24/blockchain-adoption-in-new-zealand/ Maia GC, Vieira dos Santos, J. (2021) MiCA and DeFi (‘Proposal for a regulation on market in crypto-assets’ and’decentralised finance’). Forthcoming article in” blockchain and the law: dynamics and dogmatism, current and future Makarov I, Schoar A. (2022) Cryptocurrencies and decentralized finance (DeFi). National Bureau of Economic Research. No. 30006 Meegan X (2020) Identifying key non-financial risks in decentralised finance on ethereum blockchain masters dissertation. MIP Milan Polytechnic University, Milan, Italy Meegan X, Koens T. (2021) Lessons learned from decentralised finance (DeFi). ING. URL: https://new.ingwb.com/binaries/content/assets/insights/themes/distributed-ledger-technology/defi_white_paper_v2. 0. pdf Momtaz PP. (2022) How efficient is decentralized finance (DeFi)? Available at SSRN 4063670 Ozcan R (2021) Decentralized finance financial ecosystem and strategy in the digital era. Springer, Berlin, pp 57–75 Ozili PK (2018) Impact of digital finance on financial inclusion and stability. Borsa Istanbul Rev 18(4):329–340 Ozili PK (2022) Decentralized finance and cryptocurrency activity in Africa. CSEF 109:1–13 Popescu AD (2020) Decentralized finance (defi)–the lego of finance. Social Sci Educ Res Rev 7(1):321–349 Riva GM (2020) What happens in blockchain stays in blockchain a legal solution to conflicts between digital ledgers and privacy rights. Front Blockchain 36:1–40 Salami I (2020) Decentralised finance: the case for a holistic approach to regulating the crypto industry. J Int Bank Financial Law 35(7):496–499 Schär F (2021) Decentralized finance: on blockchain-and smart contract-based financial markets. FRB of St Louis Review Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review 103(2):153–174 Scharfman J (2022) Decentralized finance (DeFi) compliance and operations. Cryptocurrency compliance and operations. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp 171–186 Swan M (2017) Anticipating the economic benefits of blockchain. Technol Innov Manage Rev 7(10):6–13 Tseng L, Yao X, Otoum S, Aloqaily M, Jararweh Y (2020) Blockchain-based database in an IoT environment: challenges, opportunities, and analysis. Cluster Comput 23(3):2151–2165 Wambugu A, Lee N (2008) Developing decentralised financial services: project review. FSD Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya Werner SM, Perez D, Gudgeon L, Klages-Mundt A, Harz D, Knottenbelt WJ. (2021) Sok: Decentralized finance (defi). arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.08778 Yavin O, Reardon AJ (2021) What digital banks can learn from decentralised finance. J Digit Bank 5(3):255–263 Zetzsche DA, Arner DW, Buckley RP (2020) Decentralized finance. J Financial Regul 6(2):172–203 Zmaznev E (2021) Measuring decentralised finance regulatory uncertainty (Master’s thesis). Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway