Dangerous visions: a review of visual antipredator strategies in spiders

Bonte D, Maelfait J-P (2004) Colour variation and crypsis in relation to habitat selection in the males of the crab spider Xysticus sabulosus (Hahn, 1832)(Araneae: Thomisidae). Belg J Zool 134:3–7 Brandley N, Johnson M, Johnsen S (2016) Aposematic signals in North American black widows are more conspicuous to predators than to prey. Behav Ecol 27:1104–1112 Bruce MJ, Heiling AM, Herberstein ME (2005) Spider signals: are web decorations visible to birds and bees? Biol Let 1:299–302 Cardoso GC, Gomes ACR (2015) Using reflectance ratios to study animal coloration. Evol Biol 42:387–394 Caro TM (1995) Pursuit-deterrence revisited. Trends Ecol Evol 10:500–503 Caro T (2014) Antipredator deception in terrestrial vertebrates. Curr Zool 60:16–25 Caro T, Ruxton G (2019) Aposematism: unpacking the defences. Trends Ecol Evol 34:595–604 Caves EM, Johnsen S (2017) AcuityView: an r package for portraying the effects of visual acuity on scenes observed by an animal. Methods Ecol Evol 9:793–797 Caves EM, Brandley NC, Johnsen S (2018) Visual acuity and the evolution of signals. Trends Ecol Evol 33:358–372 Clark DL, Roberts JA, Rector M, Uetz GW (2011) Spectral reflectance and communication in the wolf spider, Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz): simultaneous crypsis and background contrast in visual signals. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 65:1237–1247 Cloudsley-Thompson JL (1995) A review of the anti-predator devices of spiders. Bull Br Arachnol Soc 10:81–96 Connelly BL, Certo ST, Ireland RD, Reutzel CR (2011) Signaling theory: a review and assessment. J Manag 37:39–67 Cooper WE (2011) Pursuit deterrence, predation risk, and escape in the lizard Callisaurus draconoides. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 65:1833 Corcobado G, Herberstein ME, Pekár S (2016) The role of ultraviolet colour in the assessment of mimetic accuracy between Batesian mimics and their models: a case study using ant-mimicking spiders. Sci Nat 103:90 Cott HB (1940) Adaptive coloration in animals. Methuen & Co., Ltd., London Cox CL, Chung AK, Blackwell C, Davis MM, Gulsby M, Islam H, Miller N, Lambert C, Lewis O, Rector IV, Walsh M, Yamamoto AD, Davis Rabosky AR (2021) Tactile stimuli induce deimatic antipredator displays in ringneck snakes. Ethology 127:465–474 Cronin TW, Johnsen S, Marshall J, Warrant EJ (2014) Visual ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton Cross FR, Jackson RR (2018) When it looks and walks like an ant. Learn Behav 46:103–104 Croucher PJP, Oxford GS, Lam A, Gillespie RG (2011) Stabilizing selection maintains exuberant colour polymorphism in the spider Theridion californicum (Araneae, Theridiidae). Mol Ecol 20:206–218 Cushing PE (2012) Spider-ant associations: an updated review of myrmecomorphy, myrmecophily, and myrmecophagy in spiders. Psyche J Entomol 2012:1–23 Cuthill IC, Bennett AT (1993) Mimicry and the eye of the beholder. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 253:203–204 Defrize J, Théry M, Casas J (2010) Background colour matching by a crab spider in the field: a community sensory ecology perspective. J Exp Biol 213:1425–1435 Derrington AM, Allen HA, Delicato LS (2004) Visual mechanisms of motion analysis and motion perception. Annu Rev Psychol 55:181–205 Dittrigh W, Gilbert F, Green P, Mcgregor P, Grewcock D (1993) Imperfect mimicry: a Pigeon’s perspective. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 251:195–200 Donner K (2021) Temporal vision: measures, mechanisms and meaning. J Exp Biol 224:jeb222679 Durkee CA, Weiss MR, Uma DB (2011) Ant mimicry lessens predation on a North American jumping spider by larger salticid spiders. Environ Entomol 40:1223–1231 Eberhard W (2003) Substitution of silk stabilimenta for egg sacs by Allocyclosa bifurca (Araneae: Araneidae) suggests that silk stabilimenta function as camouflage devices. Behaviour 140:847–868 Eberhard W (2020) Spider webs. University of Chicago Press, Chicago Edwards G (1984) Mimicry of velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae). Peckhamia 2:46–49 Eisner T, Nowicki S (1983) Spider web protection through visual advertisement: role of the Stabilimentum. Science 219:185–187 Elias DO, Land BRM, Andrew C, Hoy RR (2006) Measuring and quantifying dynamic visual signals in jumping spiders. J Comp Physiol A 192:799–800 Figon F, Casas J (2018) Morphological and physiological colour changes in the animal kingdom. eLS. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, pp 1–11 Foelix RF (2011) Biology of spiders. Oxford University Press, New York Foelix RF, Erb B, Hill DE (2013) Structural colors in spiders. In: Nentwig W (ed) Spider ecophysiology. Springer, Berlin, pp 333–347 Franklin AM, Rankin KJ, Ospina Rozo L, Medina I, Garcia JE, Ng L, Dong C, Wang LY, Aulsebrook AE, Stuart-Fox D (2022) Cracks in the mirror hypothesis: high specularity does not reduce detection or predation risk. Funct Ecol 36:239–248 Gall BG, Spivey KL, Chapman TL, Delph RJ, Brodie ED, Wilson JS (2018) The indestructible insect: velvet ants from across the United States avoid predation by representatives from all major tetrapod clades. Ecol Evol 8:5852–5862 Gawryszewski FM (2014) Evidence suggests that modified setae of the crab spiders Stephanopis spp. fasten debris from the background. Zoomorphology 133:205–215 Gawryszewski FM (2017) Anti-predator strategies. In: Viera C, Gonzaga MO (eds) Behaviour and ecology of spiders: contributions from the neotropical region. Springer, Basel, pp 397–415 Gawryszewski FM (2018) Color vision models: Some simulations, a general n-dimensional model, and the colourvision R package. Ecol Evol 8:8159–8170 Gonzaga MO, Vasconcellos-Neto J (2005) Testing the functions of detritus stabilimenta in webs of Cyclosa fililineata and Cyclosa morretes (Araneae: Araneidae): Do they attract prey or reduce the risk of predation? Ethology 111:479–491 Hawes TC (2017) Rapid colour change by the spider, Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877) (Araneae: Tetragnathidae). Raffles Bull Zool 65:616–622 Hemmi JM, Marshall J, Pix W, Vorobyev M, Zeil J (2006) The variable colours of the fiddler crab Uca vomeris and their relation to background and predation. J Exp Biol 209:4140–4153 Henschel JR (1998) Predation on social and solitary individuals of the spider Stegodyphus dumicola (Araneae, Eresidae). J Arachnol 26:61–69 Holmes GG, Delferrière E, Rowe C, Troscianko J, Skelhorn J (2018) Testing the feasibility of the startle-first route to deimatism. Sci Rep 8:10737 How MJ, Zanker JM (2014) Motion camouflage induced by zebra stripes. Zoology 117:163–170 How MJ, Gonzales D, Irwin A, Caro T (2020) Zebra stripes, tabanid biting flies and the aperture effect. Proc R Soc B 287:20201521 Hsiung B-K, Blackledge TA, Shawkey MD (2015) Spiders do have melanin after all. J Exp Biol 218:3632–3635 Hsiung B-K, Justyn NM, Blackledge TA, Shawkey MD (2017) Spiders have rich pigmentary and structural colour palettes. J Exp Biol 220:1975–1983 Hsiung B-K, Shawkey MD, Blackledge TA (2019) Color production mechanisms in spiders. J Arachnol 47:165–180 Hughes AE, Jones C, Joshi K, Tolhurst DJ (2017) Diverted by dazzle: perceived movement direction is biased by target pattern orientation. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 284:20170015 Hurni-Cranston T, Hill DE (2018) Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus). Peckhamia 176:1–26 Ingram AL, Deparis O, Boulenguez J, Kennaway G, Berthier S, Parker AR (2011) Structural origin of the green iridescence on the chelicerae of the red-backed jumping spider, Phidippus johnsoni (Salticidae: Araneae). Arthropod Struct Dev 40:21–25 Insausti TC, Casas J (2008) The functional morphology of color changing in a spider: development of ommochrome pigment granules. J Exp Biol 211:780–789 Insausti TC, Casas J (2009) Turnover of pigment granules: cyclic catabolism and anabolism of ommochromes within epidermal cells. Tissue Cell 41:421–429 Insausti TC, Defrize J, Lazzari CR, Casas J (2012) Visual fields and eye morphology support color vision in a color-changing crab-spider. Arthropod Struct Dev 41:155–163 Jackson RR, Cross FR (2013) A cognitive perspective on aggressive mimicry. J Zool 290:161–171 Johansson G (1975) Visual motion perception. Sci Am 232:76–89 Kelley LA, Kelley JL (2014) Animal visual illusion and confusion: the importance of a perceptual perspective. Behav Ecol 25:450–463 Kikuchi DW, Pfennig DW (2013) Imperfect mimicry and the limits of natural selection. Q Rev Biol 88:297–315 Kinchla RA, Allan LG (1969) A theory of visual movement perception. Psychol Rev 76:537–558 Kjernsmo K, Merilaita S (2013) Eyespots divert attacks by fish. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 280:20131458 Kjernsmo K, Whitney HM, Scott-Samuel NE, Hall JR, Knowles H, Talas L, Cuthill IC (2020) Iridescence as camouflage. Curr Biol 30:551–555 Kodandaramaiah U, Palathingal S, Bindu Kurup G, Murali G (2020) What makes motion dazzle markings effective against predation? Behav Ecol 31:43–53 Kuntner M, Gregorič M, Cheng R-C, Li D (2016) Leaf masquerade in an orb web spider. J Arachnol 44:397–400 Land MF (1997) Visual acuity in insects. Annu Rev Entomol 42:147–177 Li D, Lim ML, Seah WK, Tay SL (2004) Prey attraction as a possible function of discoid stabilimenta of juvenile orb-spinning spiders. Anim Behav 68:629–635 Lim MLM, Li D (2007) Effects of age and feeding history on structure-based UV ornaments of a jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae). Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 274:569–575 Lim MLM, Li D (2013) UV-green iridescence predicts male quality during jumping spider contests. PLoS ONE 8:e59774 Liu M-H, Blamires SJ, Liao C-P, Tso IM (2014) Evidence of bird dropping masquerading by a spider to avoid predators. Sci Rep 4:1–5 Ma N, Yu L, Gong D, Hua Z, Zeng H, Chen L, Mao A, Chen Z, Cai R, Ma Y, Zhang Z, Li D, Luo J, Zhang S (2020) Detritus decorations as the extended phenotype deflect avian predator attack in an orb-web spider. Funct Ecol 34:2110–2119 Maia R, Gruson H, Endler JA, White TE (2019) pavo 2: new tools for the spectral and spatial analysis of colour in R. Methods Ecol Evol 10:1097–1107 Meadows MG, Butler MW, Morehouse NI, Taylor LA, Toomey MB, Mcgraw KJ, Rutowski RL (2009) Iridescence: views from many angles. J R Soc Interface 6:S107–S113 Messas YF, Souza HS, Gonzaga MO, Vasconcellos-Neto J (2014) Spatial distribution and substrate selection by the orb-weaver spider Eustala perfida Mello-Leitão, 1947 (Araneae: Araneidae). J Nat Hist 48:2645–2660 Nakata K (2009) To be or not to be conspicuous: the effects of prey availability and predator risk on spider’s web decoration building. Anim Behav 78:1255–1260 Nakata K (2021) Relationship between body colour and microhabitat breadth in an orb-web spider. Biol J Lin Soc 134(3):679–684 Nakata K, Shigemiya Y (2015) Body-colour variation in an orb-web spider and its effect on predation success. Biol J Lin Soc 116:954–963 Nelson XJ, Card A (2016) Locomotory mimicry in ant-like spiders. Behav Ecol 27:700–707 Nelson XJ, Jackson RR (2007) Vision-based ability of an ant-mimicking jumping spider to discriminate between models, conspecific individuals and prey. Insectes Soc 54:1–4 Nelson XJ, Jackson RR (2011) Flexible use of anti-predator defences. In: Herberstein ME (ed) Spider behaviour: flexibility and versatility. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 99–126 Nelson XJ, Jackson RR, Li D, Barrion AT, Edwards GB (2006) Innate aversion to ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and ant mimics: experimental findings from mantises (Mantodea). Biol J Lin Soc 88:23–32 Nentwig W (1985) A mimicry complex between mutillid wasps (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) and spiders (Araneae). Stud Neotrop Fauna Environ 20:113–116 Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L (2013) Spider venoms potentially lethal to humans. In: Nentwig W (ed) Spider ecophysiology. Springer, Berlin, pp 253–264 Norris KS, Lowe CH (1964) An analysis of background color-matching in amphibians and reptiles. Ecology 45:565–580 Nyffeler M, Birkhofer K (2017) An estimated 400–800 million tons of prey are annually killed by the global spider community. Sci Nat 104:1–12 Oxford GS, Gillespie RG (1998) Evolution and ecology of spider coloration. Annu Rev Entomol 43:619–643 Oxford GS, Gillespie RG (2001) Portraits of evolution: Studies of coloration in hawaiian spiders. Bioscience 51:521–528 Painting CJ, Rajamohan G, Chen Z, Zeng H, Li D (2016) It takes two peaks to tango: the importance of UVB and UVA in sexual signalling in jumping spiders. Anim Behav 113:137–146 Pekár S (2014) Comparative analysis of passive defences in spiders (Araneae). J Anim Ecol 83:779–790 Pekár S, Jarab M (2011) Assessment of color and behavioral resemblance to models by inaccurate myrmecomorphic spiders (Araneae). Invertebr Biol 130:83–90 Pekár S, Křál J (2002) Mimicry complex in two central European zodariid spiders (Araneae: Zodariidae): how Zodarion deceives ants. Biol J Lin Soc 75:517–532 Pekár S, Jarab M, Fromhage L, Herberstein ME (2011) Is the evolution of inaccurate mimicry a result of selection by a suite of predators? A case study using myrmecomorphic spiders. Am Nat 178:124–134 Peters RA, Clifford CW, Evans CS (2002) Measuring the structure of dynamic visual signals. Anim Behav 64:131–146 Poulton EB (1890) The colours of animals: their meaning and use, especially considered in the case of insects. D. Appleton., London Rao D, Mendoza-Cuenca L (2016) The effect of colour polymorphism on thermoregulation in an orb web spider. Sci Nat 103:1–5 Rao D, Webster M, Heiling AM, Bruce MJ, Herberstein ME (2009) The aggregating behaviour of Argiope radon, with special reference to web decorations. J Ethol 27:35–42 Renoult JP, Kelber A, Schaefer MH (2015) Colour spaces in ecology and evolutionary biology. Biol Rev 92:292–315 Riou M, Christidès J-P (2010) Cryptic color change in a crab spider (Misumena vatia): identification and quantification of precursors and ommochrome pigments by HPLC. J Chem Ecol 36:412–423 Robinson MH, Robinson B (1970) The stabilimentum of the orb web spider, Argiope argentata: an improbable defence against predators. Can Entomol 102:641–655 Robinson MH, Robinson BC (1978) Thermoregulation in orb-web spiders: new descriptions of thermoregulatory postures and experiments on the effects of posture and coloration. Zool J Linn Soc 64:87–102 Robledo-Ospina LE, Escobar-Sarria F, Troscianko J, Rao D (2017) Two ways to hide: predator and prey perspectives of disruptive coloration and background matching in jumping spiders. Biol J Lin Soc 122:752–764 Robledo-Ospina LE, Morehouse N, Escobar F, Falcón-Brindis A, Jiménez ML, Rao D (2021) Prey colour biases of araneophagic mud-daubing wasps. Anim Behav 172:25–33 Rodríguez-Gironés MA, Maldonado M (2020) Detectable but unseen: imperfect crypsis protects crab spiders from predators. Anim Behav 164:83–90 Rodríguez-Gironés MA, Ruiz A (2016) toBeeView: a program for simulating the retinal image of visual scenes on nonhuman eyes. Ecol Evol 6:7892–7900 Rodríguez-Morales D, Rico-Gray V, García-Franco JG, Ajuria-Ibarra H, Hernández-Salazar LT, Robledo-Ospina LE, Rao D (2018) Context-dependent crypsis: a prey’s perspective of a color polymorphic predator. Sci Nat 105:1–10 Rouyan A (2019) Scientific nature faking: experimental life sciences in American Print Media and culture, 1900–1914. Interdiscip Stud Lit Environ 27:106–127 Ruxton GD, Sherratt TN, Speed MP (2004) Avoiding attack: the evolutionary ecology of crypsis, warning signals, and mimicry. Oxford University Press, New York Ruxton GD, Allen WL, Sherratt TN, Speed MP (2018) Avoiding attack: the evolutionary ecology of crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Oxford University Press, Oxford Schenberg S, Pereira Lima FA (1978) Venoms of ctenidae. In: Bettini S (ed) Arthropod venoms. Springer, Berlin, pp 217–245 Scott-Samuel NE, Baddeley R, Palmer CE, Cuthill IC (2011) Dazzle camouflage affects speed perception. PLoS ONE 6:e20233 Shamble PS, Menda G, Golden JR, Nitzany EI, Walden K, Beatus T, Elias DO, Cohen I, Miles RN, Hoy RR (2016) Airborne acoustic perception by a jumping spider. Curr Biol 26(21):2913–2920 Shamble PS, Hoy RR, Cohen I, Beatus T (2017) Walking like an ant: a quantitative and experimental approach to understanding locomotor mimicry in the jumping spider Myrmarachne formicaria. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 284:20170308 Sherratt TN (2002) The evolution of imperfect mimicry. Behav Ecol 13:821–826 Sherratt TN (2017) Behavioural ecology: spiders play the imitation game. Curr Biol 27:R1074–R1076 Skelhorn J (2015) Masquerade. Curr Biol 25:R643–R644 Skelhorn J, Rowland HM, Ruxton GD (2010a) The evolution and ecology of masquerade. Biol J Lin Soc 99:1–8 Skelhorn J, Rowland HM, Speed MP, Ruxton GD (2010b) Masquerade: camouflage without crypsis. Science 327:51–51 Smith JM, Harper D (2003) Animal signals. Oxford University Press, New York Srygley RB (1999) Incorporating motion into investigations of mimicry. Evol Ecol 13:691–708 Stevens M, Merilaita S (eds) (2011) Animal camouflage: mechanisms and function. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Stevens M (2016) Color change, phenotypic plasticity, and camouflage. Front Ecol Evol 4:51 Summers K, Speed MP, Blount JD, Stuckert AMM (2015) Are aposematic signals honest? A review. J Evol Biol 28:1583–1599 Tan EJ, Elgar MA (2021) Motion: enhancing signals and concealing cues. Biol Open 10:bio058762 Tan EJ, Li D (2009) Detritus decorations of an orb-weaving spider, Cyclosa mulmeinensis (Thorell): for food or camouflage? J Exp Biol 212:1832–1839 Tan EJ, Seah SWH, Yap L-MYL, Goh PM, Gan W, Liu F, Li D (2010) Why do orb-weaving spiders (Cyclosa ginnaga) decorate their webs with silk spirals and plant detritus? Anim Behav 79:179–186 Thayer GH (1909) Concealing coloration in the animal kingdom. Macmillan Co., New York Théry M, Casas J (2002) Predator and prey views of spider camouflage. Nature 415:133–133 Théry M, Debut M, Gomez D, Casas J (2005) Specific color sensitivities of prey and predator explain camouflage in different visual systems. Behav Ecol 16:25–29 Théry M, Insausti TC, Defrize J, Casas J (2011) The multiple disguises of spiders. In: Stevens M, Merilaita S (eds) Animal camouflage: mechanisms and function. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 254–274 Tolbert W (1975) Predator avoidance behavior and web defensive structures in the orb weavers, Argiope aurantia and Argiope trifasciata (Araneae, Araneidae). Psyche 82:29–52 Troscianko J, Stevens M (2015) Image calibration and analysis toolbox: a free software suite for objectively measuring reflectance, colour and pattern. Methods Ecol Evol 6:1320–1331 Troscianko J, Lown AE, Hughes AE, Stevens M (2013) Defeating crypsis: detection and learning of camouflage strategies. PLoS ONE 8:e73733 Troscianko J, Skelhorn J, Stevens M (2018) Camouflage strategies interfere differently with observer search images. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 285:20181386 Troscianko J, Nokelainen O, Skelhorn J, Stevens M (2021) Variable crab camouflage patterns defeat search image formation. Commun Biol 4:1–9 Tseng L, Tso I-M (2009) A risky defence by a spider using conspicuous decoys resembling itself in appearance. Anim Behav 78:425–431 Uetz GW, Hieber CS (1994) Group size and predation risk in colonial web-building spiders: analysis of attack abatement mechanisms. Behav Ecol 5:326–333 Uetz GW, Boyle J, Hieber CS, Wilcox RS (2002) Antipredator benefits of group living in colonial web-building spiders: the ‘early warning’ effect. Anim Behav 63:445–452 Uma D, Durkee C, Herzner G, Weiss M (2013) Double deception: ant-mimicking spiders elude both visually- and chemically-oriented predators. PLOS ONE 8:e79660 Umbers KD, Lehtonen J, Mappes J (2015) Deimatic displays. Curr Biol 25:R58–R59 Umbers KD, De Bona S, White TE, Lehtonen J, Mappes J, Endler JA (2017) Deimatism: a neglected component of antipredator defence. Biol Lett 13:20160936 Valkonen JK, Vakkila A, Pesari S, Tuominen L, Mappes J (2020) Protective coloration of European vipers throughout the predation sequence. Anim Behav 164:99–104 van den Berg CP, Troscianko J, Endler JA, Marshall NJ, Cheney KL (2020) Quantitative colour pattern analysis (QCPA): a comprehensive framework for the analysis of colour patterns in nature. Methods Ecol Evol 11(2):316–332 Vasconcellos-Neto J, Messas YF, Da Silva SH, Villanueva-Bonila GA, Romero GQ (2017) Spider–plant interactions: an ecological approach. In: Viera C, Gonzaga MO (eds) Behaviour and ecology of spiders: contributions from the neotropical region. Springer, Cham, pp 165–214 Veselý P, Dobrovodský J, Fuchs R (2021) Predation by avian predators may have initiated the evolution of myrmecomorph spiders. Sci Rep 11:17266 Viera C, Agnarsson I (2017) Parental care and sociality. In: Viera C, Gonzaga MO (eds) Behaviour and ecology of spiders. Springer, Basel, pp 351–381 Vorobyev M, Osorio D (1998) Receptor noise as a determinant of colour thresholds. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 265:351–358 Wang B, Yu L, Ma N, Zhang Z, Gong D, Liu R, Li D, Zhang S (2021) Conspicuous cruciform silk decorations deflect avian predator attacks. Integr Zool. https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12621 Wilson JS, Jahner JP, Williams KA, Forister ML (2013) Ecological and evolutionary processes drive the origin and maintenance of imperfect mimicry. PLoS ONE 8:e61610 Wunderlin J, Kropf C (2013) Rapid colour change in spiders. In: Nentwig W (ed) Spider ecophysiology. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 360–370 Xavier GM, Brito VLG, Gonzaga MO (2018) Colour matching in an orb-web spider: a twig-masquerading species as seen by potential predators. J Zool 360:48–57 Ximenes NG, Gawryszewski FM (2019) Prey and predators perceive orb-web spider conspicuousness differently: evaluating alternative hypotheses for color polymorphism evolution. Curr Zool 65:559–570 Ximenes NG, Gawryszewski FM (2020) Conspicuous colours in a polymorphic orb-web spider: evidence of predator avoidance but not prey attraction. Anim Behav 169:35–43 Yu L, Xu X, Zhang Z, Painting CJ, Yang X, Li D (2021) Masquerading predators deceive prey by aggressively mimicking bird droppings in a crab spider. Curr Zool. https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoab060 Zanker J, Zeil J (eds) (2001) Book motion vision: computational, neural, and ecoogical constraints. Springer, New York Zhang S, Mao K-K, Lin P-T, Ho C-J, Hung W, Piorkowski D, Liao C-P, Tso I-M (2015) Crypsis via leg clustering: twig masquerading in a spider. R Soc Open Sci 2:150007