DNA methylation analysis of cancer-related genes in oral epithelial cells of healthy smokers

Mathers, 2006, Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030, PLoS Med, 3, e442, 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442 Bhatt, 2013, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease, Trans Res, 162, 237, 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.05.001 Gutierrez, 2013, Lung cancer screening, Semin Interv Radiol, 30, 114, 10.1055/s-0033-1342951 Woolgar, 2009, Determinants of outcome following surgery for oral squamous cell carcinoma, Future Oncol, 5, 51, 10.2217/14796694.5.1.51 Probst, 2009, Epigenetic inheritance during the cell cycle, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 10, 192, 10.1038/nrm2640 Lechner, 2010, Cancer epigenome, Adv Genet, 70, 247, 10.1016/B978-0-12-380866-0.60009-5 Anway, 2006, Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors, Endocrinology, 147, S43, 10.1210/en.2005-1058 Takiguchi, 2003, Effects of cadmium on DNA-(Cytosine-5) methyltransferase activity and DNA methylation status during cadmium-induced cellular transformation, Exp Cell Res, 286, 355, 10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00062-4 Shiao, 2005, Allele-specific germ cell epimutation in the spacer promoter of the 45S ribosomal RNA gene after Cr(III) exposure, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 205, 290, 10.1016/j.taap.2004.10.017 Novikova, 2008, Maternal cocaine administration in mice alters DNA methylation and gene expression in hippocampal neurons of neonatal and prepubertal offspring, PLoS ONE, 3, e1919, 10.1371/journal.pone.0001919 Sable, 2015, Maternal micronutrients and brain global methylation patterns in the offspring, Nutr Neurosci, 18, 30, 10.1179/1476830513Y.0000000097 Zhang, 2013, Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis in alcohol dependence, Addict Biol, 18, 392, 10.1111/adb.12037 Christensen, 2009, Aging and environmental exposures alter tissue-specific DNA methylation dependent upon CpG island context, PLoS Genet, 5, e1000602, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000602 Wan, 2012, Cigarette smoking behaviors and time since quitting are associated with differential DNA methylation across the human genome, Hum Mol Genet, 21, 3073, 10.1093/hmg/dds135 Wangsri, 2012, Patterns and possible roles of LINE-1 methylation changes in smoke-exposed epithelia, PLoS ONE, 7, e45292, 10.1371/journal.pone.0045292 Zeilinger, 2013, Tobacco smoking leads to extensive genome-wide changes in DNA methylation, PLOS ONE, 8, e63812, 10.1371/journal.pone.0063812 Hu, 2002, Molecular detection approaches for smoking associated tumors, Oncogene, 21, 7289, 10.1038/sj.onc.1205805 Sharma, 2010, Hypermethylation of carcinogen metabolism genes, CYP1A1, CYP2A13 and GSTM1 genes in head and neck cancer, Oral Dis, 16, 668, 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01676.x Supic, 2011, Interaction between the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and alcohol – impact on oral cancer risk and multiple DNA methylation of tumor-related genes, J. Dent Res, 90, 65, 10.1177/0022034510385243 Baryshnikova, 2008, Molecular alterations in spontaneous sputum of cancer-free heavy smokers: results from a large screening program, Clin Cancer Res, 14, 1913, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1741 Schofield, 2003, DNA mismatch repair: molecular mechanisms and biological function, Annu Rev Microbiol, 57, 579, 10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090847 Poole, 2001, Activity, function, and gene regulation of the catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT), Gene, 269, 1, 10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00440-1 Mills, 2013, Tumor suppression: putting p53 in context, Cell Cycle, 12, 3461, 10.4161/cc.26806 Li, 2013, Correlation of MLH1 and MGMT methylation levels between peripheral blood leukocytes and colorectal tissue DNA samples in colorectal cancer patients, Oncol Lett, 6, 1370, 10.3892/ol.2013.1543 Zhao, 2012, Promoter methylation of tumor-related genes in gastric carcinogenesis, Histol Histopathol, 27, 1271 Murphy, 2011, Frequency of mismatch repair deficiency in ovarian cancer: a systematic review, Int J Cancer, 129, 1914, 10.1002/ijc.25835 Borssén, 2011, hTERT promoter methylation and telomere length in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: associations with immunophenotype and cytogenetic subgroup, Exp Hematol, 39, 1144, 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.08.014 Iliopoulos, 2009, Epigenetic regulation of hTERT promoter in hepatocellular carcinomas, Int J Oncol, 34, 391 Wang, 2008, Multiple gene methylation of nonsmall cell lung cancers evaluated with 3-dimensional microarray, Cancer, 112, 1325, 10.1002/cncr.23312 Agirre, 2003, TP53 is frequently altered by methylation, mutation, and/or deletion in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, Mol Carcinog, 38, 201, 10.1002/mc.10159 Papaggeli, 2003, Aberrant methylation of c-myc and c-fos protooncogenes and p53 tumor suppressor gene in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute non-lymphocytic leukemia, J Buon, 8, 341 Trevilatto, 2000, Use of buccal epithelial cells for PCR amplification of large DNA fragments, J Forensic Odontostomatol, 18, 6 Aidar, 2007, A simple and cost-effective protocol for DNA isolation from buccal epithelial cells, Braz Dent J, 18, 148, 10.1590/S0103-64402007000200012 Hashimoto, 2007, Improved quantification of DNA methylation using methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes and real-time PCR, Epigenetics, 2, 86, 10.4161/epi.2.2.4203 Kane, 1997, Methylation of the hMLH1 promoter correlates with lack of expression of hMLH1 in sporadic colon tumors and mismatch repair-defective human tumor cell lines, Cancer Res, 57, 808 Guan, 2008, Hypermethylation of the DNA mismatch repair gene hMLH1 and its association with lymph node metastasis and T1799A BRAF mutation in patients with papillary thyroid cancer, Cancer, 113, 247, 10.1002/cncr.23548 Alves, 2011, Inactivation of COX-2, hMLH1 and CDKN2A gene by promoter methylation in gastric cancer: relationship with histological subtype, tumor location and Helicobacter pylori genotype, Pathobiology, 78, 266, 10.1159/000329475 Ling, 2011, Aberrant methylation of different DNA repair genes demonstrates distinct prognostic value for esophageal cancer, Dig Dis Sci, 56, 2992, 10.1007/s10620-011-1774-z Gomes, 2014, Promoter hypermethylation of DNA repair genes MLH1 and MSH2 in adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, Rev Port Pneumol, 20, 20, 10.1016/j.rppneu.2013.07.003 Czerninski, 2009, Promoter hypermethylation of mismatch repair genes, hMLH1 and hMSH2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma, Oral Dis, 15, 206, 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01510.x González-Ramírez, 2011, hMLH1 promoter methylation is an early event in oral cancer, Oral Oncol, 47, 22, 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.10.002 Ogi, 2002, Aberrant methylation of multiple genes and clinicopathological features in oral squamous cell carcinoma, Clin Cancer Res, 8, 3164 Viswanathan, 2003, Promoter hypermethylation profile of tumor-associated genes p16, p15, hMLH1, MGMT and E-cadherin in oral squamous cell carcinoma, Int J Cancer, 105, 41, 10.1002/ijc.11028 Pierini, 2014, Promoter hypermethylation of CDKN2A, MGMT, MLH1, and DAPK genes in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and their associations with clinical profiles of the patients, Head Neck, 36, 1103, 10.1002/hed.23413 Cong, 1999, The human telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT: organization of the gene and characterization of the promoter, Hum Mol Genet, 8, 137, 10.1093/hmg/8.1.137 Yin, 2007, Smoking is associated with increased telomerase activity in short-term cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells, Cancer Lett, 246, 24 Bougel, 2013, Methylation of the hTERT promoter: a novel cancer biomarker for leptomeningeal metastasis detection in cerebrospinal fluids, Clin Cancer Res, 19, 2216, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-1246 Guilleret, 2004, Unusual distribution of DNA methylation within the hTERT CpG island in tissues and cell lines, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 325, 1037, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.137 Castelo-Branco, 2013, Methylation of the TERT promoter and risk stratification of childhood brain tumours: an integrative genomic and molecular study, Lancet Oncol, 14, 534, 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70110-4 Devereux, 1999, DNA methylation analysis of the promoter region of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene, Cancer Res, 59, 6087 Guilleret, 2002, The human telomerase RNA gene (hTERC) is regulated during carcinogenesis but is not dependent on DNA methylation, Carcinogenesis, 23, 2025, 10.1093/carcin/23.12.2025 Shin, 2003, Hypermethylation of the hTERT promoter inhibits the expression of telomerase activity in normal oral fibroblasts and senescent normal oral keratinocytes, Br J Cancer, 89, 1473, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601291 Daniel, 2012, Regulation of the human catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT), Gene, 498, 135, 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.095 Tuck, 1989, Characterization of the human p53 gene promoter, Mol Cell Biol, 9, 2163, 10.1128/MCB.9.5.2163 Bienz-Tadmor, 1985, The 5′ region of the p53 gene: evolutionary conservation and evidence for a negative regulatory element, Embo J, 4, 3209, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb04067.x Lamb, 1986, Characterization of the human p53 gene, Mol Cell Biol, 6, 1379, 10.1128/MCB.6.5.1379 Hollstein, 1994, Database of p53 gene somatic mutations in human tumors and cell lines, Nucleic Acids Res, 22, 3551 Radpour, 2010, Correlation of telomere length shortening with promoter methylation profile of p16/Rb and p53/p21 pathways in breast cancer, Mod Pathol, 23, 763, 10.1038/modpathol.2009.195 Al-Moundhri, 2010, The prognostic significance of whole blood global and specific DNA methylation levels in gastric adenocarcinoma, PLoS ONE, 5, e15585, 10.1371/journal.pone.0015585 Woodson, 2001, Hypomethylation of p53 in peripheral blood DNA is associated with the development of lung cancer, Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev, 10, 69 Yeh, 2003, Epigenetic changes of tumor suppressor genes, P15, P16, VHL and P53 in oral cancer, Oncol Rep, 10, 659 Peluso, 2014, Aberrant methylation of hypermethylated-in-cancer-1 and exocyclic DNA adducts in tobacco smokers, Toxicol Sci, 137, 47, 10.1093/toxsci/kft241 Simkin, 2012, Differences in the quantity of DNA found in the urine and saliva of smokers versus nonsmokers: implications for the timing of epigenetic events, Epigenomics, 4, 343, 10.2217/epi.12.24 Moreira, 2011, Hypomethylation of tumor suppressor genes in odontogenic myxoma, Braz Dent J, 22, 422, 10.1590/S0103-64402011000500013 El-Maarri, 2007, Gender specific differences in levels of DNA methylation at selected loci from human total blood: a tendency toward higher methylation levels in males, Hum Genet, 122, 505, 10.1007/s00439-007-0430-3 Thompson, 2010, Tissue-specific dysregulation of DNA methylation in aging, Aging Cell, 9, 506, 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00577.x Inoue-Choi, 2013, Plasma S-adenosylmethionine, DNMT polymorphisms, and peripheral blood LINE-1 methylation among healthy Chinese adults in Singapore, BMC Cancer, 13, 389, 10.1186/1471-2407-13-389 Zhang, 2014, F2RL3 methylation as a biomarker of current and lifetime smoking exposures, Environ Health Perspect, 122, 131, 10.1289/ehp.1306937 Buro-Auriemma, 2013, Cigarette smoking induces small airway epithelial epigenetic changes with corresponding modulation of gene expression, Hum Mol Genet, 22, 4726, 10.1093/hmg/ddt326 Rager, 2013, DNA methylation in nasal epithelial cells from smokers: identification of ULBP3-related effects, Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 305, L432, 10.1152/ajplung.00116.2013 Belinsky, 2002, Aberrant promoter methylation in bronchial epithelium and sputum from current and former smokers, Cancer Res, 62, 2370 Esteller, 2000, Analysis of adenomatous polyposis coli promoter hypermethylation in human cancer, Cancer Res, 60, 4366 Esteller, 1999, hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation is an early event in human endometrial tumorigenesis, Am J Pathol, 155, 1767, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65492-2 Fleisher, 2000, Microsatellite instability in inflammatory bowel disease-associated neoplastic lesions is associated with hypermethylation and diminished expression of the DNA mismatch repair gene, hMLH1, Cancer Res, 60, 4864 Puttipanyalears, 2013, Alu hypomethylation in smoke-exposed epithelia and oral squamous carcinoma, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 5495, 10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.9.5495 Valinluck, 2006, Impact of cytosine 5-halogens on the interaction of DNA with restriction endonucleases and methyltransferase, Chem Res Toxicol, 19, 556, 10.1021/tx050341w Valinluck, 2007, Inflammation-mediated cytosine damage: a mechanistic link between inflammation and the epigenetic alterations in human cancers, Cancer Res, 67, 5583, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0846 Csiszar, 2009, Oxidative stress and accelerated vascular aging: implications for cigarette smoking, Front Biosci, 14, 3128, 10.2741/3440 Gabriel, 2006, Chronic cigarette smoking is associated with diminished folate status, altered folate form distribution, and increased genetic damage in the buccal mucosa of healthy adults, Am J Clin Nutrition, 83, 835, 10.1093/ajcn/83.4.835 Lin, 2007, Alteration of DNA methyltransferases contributes to 5′CpG methylation and poor prognosis in lung cancer, Lung Cancer, 55, 205, 10.1016/j.lungcan.2006.10.022 Wang, 2012, 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone induces retinoic acid receptor β hypermethylation through DNA methyltransferase 1 accumulation in esophageal squamous epithelial cells, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, 2207, 10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.5.2207 Liu, 2010, Epigenomic alterations and gene expression profiles in respiratory epithelia exposed to cigarette smoke condensate, Oncogene, 29, 3650, 10.1038/onc.2010.129 Satta, 2008, Nicotine decreases DNA methyltransferase 1 expression and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 promoter methylation in GABAergic interneurons, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105, 16356, 10.1073/pnas.0808699105 Radhakrishnan, 2011, DNA hypermethylation as an epigenetic mark for oral cancer diagnosis, J Oral Pathol Med, 40, 665, 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01055.x Gasche, 2012, Epigenetic mechanisms in oral carcinogenesis, Future Oncol, 8, 1407, 10.2217/fon.12.138 Bhutani, 2008, Oral epithelium as a surrogate tissue for assessing smoking-induced molecular alterations in the lungs, Cancer Prev Res, 1, 39, 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0058 Heyn, 2013, Epigenetic profiling joins personalized cancer medicine, Expert Rev Mol Diagn, 13, 473, 10.1586/erm.13.36