DISCOVERY, PRODUCTION AND USE OF TIN‐BASED OPACIFIERS IN GLASSES, ENAMELS AND GLAZES FROM THE LATE IRON AGE ONWARDS: A REASSESSMENT*

Archaeometry - Tập 50 Số 1 - Trang 67-84 - 2008
M. S. Tite1, Trinitat Pradell2, Andrew Shortland3
1Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
2Dept. Física i Enginyeria Nuclear, ESAB, Campus del Baix Llobregat, Av. Canal Olímpic, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
3Centre for Archaeological and Forensic Analysis, Department of Materials and Medical Sciences, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, Wiltshire SN6 8LA, UK

Tóm tắt

Tin‐based opacifiers (lead stannate yellow and tin oxide white) were first used in glass production for a short period in Europe from the second to the first centuries bc, and then again throughout the Roman and Byzantine Empires from the fourth century ad onwards. Tin oxide was also used in the production of Islamic opaque glazes from the ninth century ad, and subsequently in enamels applied to Islamic and Venetian glasses from the 12th century ad onwards. A selection of published analytical data for the tin‐opacified glasses, enamels and glazes is summarized, and the methods used in their production are reassessed. The phase transformations occurring when mixtures of lead oxide, tin oxide and silica are fired are investigated with high temperature X‐ray diffraction (XRD) using a synchrotron radiation source, and these results are used to explain the observed differences in the glass, enamel and glaze compositions. Possible reasons for the use of tin‐based opacifiers in the second to first centuries bc, and for the switch from antimony‐ to tin‐based opacifiers in the fourth century ad are suggested, and the possible contexts in which tin‐based opacifiers might have been discovered are considered. The introduction of tin‐opacified glazes by Islamic potters in the ninth century ad is discussed in terms of technological transfer or independent invention.

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Archaeometry

Tập 50 Số 1

67-84

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