DEM-FDM numerical investigation on load transfer mechanism of GESC-supported embankment

Almeida, 2013, Performance of a geosynthetic-encased column (GEC) in soft ground: Numerical and analytical studies, Geosynthetics Int., 20, 252, 10.1680/gein.13.00015 Almeida, 2015, Behavior of Geotextile-Encased Granular Columns Supporting Test Embankment on Soft Deposit, J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 141, 04014116, 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001256 Barksdale, R.D., Bachus, R.C., 1983. Design and Construction ofStone Columns. Report No. FHWA/RD-83/026, Office of Engineer-ing and Highway Operations Research and Development, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, USA. Bhasi, 2015, Numerical study of basal reinforced embankments supported on floating/end bearing piles considering pile-soil interaction, Geotext. Geomembr., 43, 524, 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2015.05.003 Castro, 2011, Deformation and consolidation aroundencased stone columns, Geotext. Geomembr., 29, 268, 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2010.12.001 Chen, 2015, Failure mechanism of geosynthetic-encased stone columns in soft soils under embankment, Geotext. Geomembr., 43, 424, 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2015.04.016 Chen, 2008, An experimental investigation of soil arching withinbasal reinforced and unreinforced piled embankments, Geotext. Geomembr., 26, 164, 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2018.12.006 Deb, 2010, A mathematical model to study the soil arching effect in stone column-supported embankment resting on soft foundation soil, Appl. Math. Model., 34, 3871, 10.1016/j.apm.2010.03.026 Deb, 2013, Analysis of stone column-supported geosynthetic-reinforced embankments, Appl. Math. Model., 37, 2943, 10.1016/j.apm.2012.07.002 Ellis, 2009, Arching in piled embankments: Comparison of centrifuge tests and predictive methods, Ground Eng., 42, 28 Elsawy, 2013, Behaviour of soft ground improved by conventional and geogrid-encased stone columns, based on FEM study, Geosynthetics Int., 20, 276, 10.1680/gein.13.00017 Fattah, 2016, Experimental analysis of embankment on ordinary and encased stone columns, Int. J. Geomech., 16, 04015102, 10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000579 Ghazavi, 2014, Experimental Studies on Bearing Capacity of Geosynthetic Reinforced Stone Columns, Arabian J. Sci. Eng., 39, 1559, 10.1007/s13369-013-0709-8 Ghazavi, 2013, Bearing capacity of geosynthetic encased stone columns, Geotext. Geomembr., 38, 26, 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2013.04.003 Gholaminejad, 2019, Combined DEM-FDM modelling of encased stone column, E3S Web of Conferences, 92, 16012, 10.1051/e3sconf/20199216012 Gniel, 2009, Improvement of soft soils using geogrid encased stone columns, Geotext. Geomembr., 27, 167, 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.11.001 Gu, 2017, Three-Dimensional Discrete-Element Method Analysis of Stresses and Deformations of a Single Geogrid-Encased Stone Column, Int. J. Geomech., 17, 04017070, 10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000952 Gu, 2017, Three-dimensional DEM analysis of single geogrid-encased stone columns under unconfined compression: a parametric study, Acta Geotech., 12, 559, 10.1007/s11440-017-0547-z Gu, 2020, Three-Dimensional DEM Analysis of Axially Loaded Geogrid-Encased Stone Column in Clay Bed, Int. J. Geomech., 20, 04019180, 10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001595 Gu, 2016, Effects of geogrid encasement on lateral and vertical deformations of stone columns in model tests, Geosynthetics Int., 23, 1, 10.1680/jgein.15.00035 Han, 2015 Han, 2002, Numerical analysis of geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported earth platforms over soft soil, J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 128, 44, 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:1(44) Hosseinpour, 2015, Full-scale load test and finite-element analysis of soft ground improved by geotextile-encased granular columns, Geosynthetics International, 22, 428, 10.1680/jgein.15.00023 Huang, 2009, 3D coupled mechanical and hydraulic modeling of a geosynthetic-reinforceddeep mixed column-supported embankment, Geotext. Geomembr., 27, 272, 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2009.01.001 Huang, 2009, Coupled mechanical and hydraulic modeling of geosynthetic-reinforced column-supported embankments, J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 135, 1011, 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000026 Indraratna, 2015, Coupled discrete element–finite difference method for analysing the load-deformation behaviour of a single stone column in soft soil, Comput. Geotech., 63, 267, 10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.10.002 Itasca. 2018. FLAC3D 6.0 document, Itasca Consulting Group, Minneapolis, MN. Kempton, 1998, Two- and three-dimensional numerical analysis of the performance of piled embankment, 767 Keykhosropur, 2012, 3D numerical analyses of geosynthetic encased stone columns, Geotext. Geomembr., 35, 61, 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2012.07.005 Khabbazian, 2015, Column supported embankments with geosynthetic encased columns: validity of the unit cell concept, Geotech. Geol. Eng., 33, 425, 10.1007/s10706-014-9826-8 Kong, 2018, Nonlinear Model Analysis of Radial Bulging Deformation of Geosynthetic-Encased Stone Columns, Int. J. Geomech., 18, 06018022, 10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001195 Lai, 2018, Classification and characteristics of soil arching structures in pile-supported embankments, Comput. Geotech., 98, 153, 10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.02.007 Le Hello, 2009, Embankments reinforced by piles and geosynthetics-Numerical and experimental studies dealing with the transfer of load on the soil embankment, Eng Geology, 106, 78, 10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.03.001 Low, 1993, Arching in piled embankments, J. Geotech. Eng., 120, 1917, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:11(1917) Mohapatra, 2017, 3-Dimensional numerical modeling of geosynthetic-encased granular columns, Geotext. Geomembr., 45, 131, 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2017.01.004 Murugesan, 2006, Geosynthetic-encased stone columns: Numerical evaluation, Geotext. Geomembr., 24, 349, 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2006.05.001 Nagula, 2018, Numerical modelling and validation of geosynthetic encased columns in soft soils with installation effect, Geotext. Geomembr., 46, 790, 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2018.07.011 Ngo, 2016, Coupled discrete-continuum method for studying load deformation of a stone column reinforces rail track embankments, Proc. Eng., 142, 138, 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.02.024 Ou Yang, 2017, Characteristics of the stress and deformation of geosynthetic-encased stone column composite ground based on large-scale model tests, Geosynthetics International, 24, 1 Pulko, 2011, Geosynthetic-encased stone columns: Analytical calculation model, Geotext. Geomembr., 29, 29, 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2010.06.005 Raithel, 2000, Calculation models for dam foundations with geotextile coated sand columns, 347 Rui, 2016, Evolution of soil arching, 2D DEM simulations, Comput. Geotechnic, 73, 199, 10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.12.006 Rui, 2018, Evolution of soil arching, 2D analytical models, Int. J. Geomech., 18, 04018056, 10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001169 Schnaid, 2017, Geotextile encased columns (GEC) used as pressure-relief system. Instrumented bridge abutment case study on soft soil, Geotext. Geomembr., 45, 227, 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2017.02.003 Tan, 2020, A DEM-FDM coupled numerical study on the deformation and failure process of the isolated stone column in soft soil, Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 79, 1693, 10.1007/s10064-019-01671-3 Tan, 2018, Numerical simulation of a single stone column in soft clay using the discrete-element method, Int. J. Geomech., 18, 04018176, 10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001308 Touma, 1974, Behavior of bored piles in sand, ASCE, 100 Wu, 2009, Axial stress–strain relation of encapsulated granular column, Comput. Geotech., 36, 226, 10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.01.003 Xu, 2021, Influence of encasement length and geosynthetic stiffness on the performance of stone column: 3D DEM-FDM coupled numerical investigation, Comput. Geotech., 132, 10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103993 Yoo, 2010, Performance of Geosynthetic-Encased Stone Columns in Embankment Construction: Numerical Investigation, J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 136, 1148, 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000316 Yoo, 2015, Settlement behavior of embankment on geosynthetic-encased stone column installed soft ground – A numerical investigation, Geotext. Geomembr., 43, 484, 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2015.07.014 Yoo, 2009, Numerical modeling of geosynthetic-encased stone column-reinforced ground, Geosynthetics Int., 16, 116, 10.1680/gein.2009.16.3.116 Zhang, 2020, Stress and deformation analysis of geosynthetic-encased stone columns based on symplectic system, Chinese J. Geotech. Eng., 42, 2040 Zhang, 2014, Deformation analysis of geotextile-encased stone columns, Int. J. Geomech., 15, 04014053, 10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000389 Zhang, 2013, Settlement calculation of composite foundation reinforced with stone columns, Int. J. Geomech., 13, 248, 10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000212 Zhang, 2020, 3D coupled mechanical and hydraulic modeling of geosynthetic encased stone column-supported embankment over soft clay, Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol. Zhou, 2019, Deformation analysis of geosynthetic-encased stone column-supported embankment considering radial bulging, Int. J. Geomech., 19, 04019057, 10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001426 Zhou, 2019, Deformation analysis of geosynthetic-encased stone column using cavity expansion models with emphasis on boundary condition, Geotext. Geomembr., 47, 831, 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2019.103498 Zhou, 2021, Evaluation of geosynthetic-encased column-supported embankments with emphasis on penetration of column toe, Comput. Geotech., 132