Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of the food additive tartrazine on eukaryotic cells
Tóm tắt
Among the food additives used in the food industry, food dyes are considered the most toxic. For instance, tartrazine (TRZ) is a food colorant commercially available with conflicting data regarding its cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic effects. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of TRZ using different eukaryotic cells (in vitro). This study employed 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), brine shrimp lethality, Allium cepa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae tests. Different concentrations of TRZ and different exposure times were used in this study. The results demonstrate that TRZ induced a concentration-dependent toxic effect on the test systems. It also exerted cytotoxicity in fibroblasts and human gastric cells. In addition, TRZ showed mutagenic effects on the A. cepa test system. However, its toxicogenic effects may not relate to the oxidizing activity, which was confirmed by the S. cerevisiae test model. Taken together, TRZ exerted toxicogenic effects on the test systems. Therefore, it may be harmful to health, especially its prolonged use may trigger carcinogenesis.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Banerjee TD, Middleton F, Faraone SV. Environmental risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Paediatrica. 2007;96(9):1269–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00430.x.
McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, Crumpler D, Dalen L, Grimshaw K, Kitchin E, Lok K, Porteous G, Príncipe E, et al. Food additives and hyperactive behavior in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370(9598):1560–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61306-3.
Polônio MLP, Peres F. Consumo de aditivos alimentares e efeitos à saúde: desafios para a saúde pública brasileira [Consumption of food additives and health effects: challenges for brazilian public health]. Cad Saude Publica. 2009;25(8):66–165. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2009000800002.
Piasini A, Stulp S, Dal-Bosco SM, Adami FS. Análise da Concentração de Tartrazina em Alimentos Consumidos por Crianças e Adolescentes [Analysis of Concentration of Tartrazine in Foods Consumed by Children and Adolescents]. Revista Uningá. 2018;19(1):14–8. https://revista.uninga.br/index.php/uningareviews/article/view/1530.
Tawfek N, Amin H, Abdalla A, Fargali S. Adverse effects of some food additives in adult male albino rats. Curr Sci Int. 2015;4(4):525–37. http://www.curresweb.com/csi/csi/2015/525-537.pdf.
Freitas AS. Tartrazina: uma revisão das propriedades e análises de quantificação [Tartrazine: a review of properties and quantification analyzes]. Acta Tecnológica. 2012;7(2):65–72.
Khayyat L, Essawy A, Sorour J, Soffar A. Tartrazine induces structural and functional aberrations and genotoxic effects in vivo. Peer J. 2017;5(8):3041. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3041.
Chequer FM, Venâncio VP, Bianchi ML, Antunes LM. Genotoxic and mutagenic effects of erythrosine B, a xanthene food dye, on HepG2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50(10):3447–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.042.
Mittal A, Kurup L, Mittal J. Freundlich and langmuir adsorption isotherms and kinetics for the removal of tartrazine from aqueous solutions using hen feathers. J Hazard Mater. 2007;146(1–2):243–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.12.012.
Mehedi N, Mokrane N, Alami O, Ainad-Tabet S, Zaoui C, Kheroua O, Saidi D. A thirteen week ad libitum administration toxicity study of tartrazine in Swiss mice. Afr J Biotechnol. 2013;12(28):4519–29. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2013.12125.
Amin KA, Abdel Hameid H, Abd Elsttar AH. Effect of food azo dyes tartrazine and carmoisine on biochemical parameters related to renal, hepatic function and oxidative stress biomarkers in young male rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48(10):2994–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.039.
Oliveira GLS, Oliveira FRAM, De Alencar MVOB, Junior ALG, Souza AA, MeloCavalcante AAC, Freitas RM. Evaluation of antioxidante capacity of the aqueous extract of Cynarascolymus L. (Asteraceae) in vitro and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2014;8(5):136–47. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP2013.3836.
Anastácio LB, Oliveira DA, Delmashio CR, Antunes LMG, Drumond FCM. Corantes Alimentícios Amaranto, Eritrosina B e Tartrazina, e seus possíveis Efeitos Maléficos à Saúde Humana [Food Colorings Amaranth, Erythrosin B and Tartrazine, and their Possible Human Health Effects]. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2016;2(3):16–30.
Antunes LMG, Araújo MCP. Mutagenicidade e antimutagenicidade dos principais corantes para alimentos [Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of major food colorings]. Rev de Nutr/Brazilian J Nutr. 2000;13(2):81–8. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-52732000000200002.
Atli Şekeroğlu Z, Güneş B, Kontaş Yedier S, Şekeroğlu V, Aydın B. Effects of tartrazine on proliferation and genetic damage in human lymphocytes. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2017;27(5):370–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2017.1296051.
Joshi V, Katti P. Developmental Toxicity Assay for Food Additive Tartrazine Using Zebrafish (Daniorerio) Embryo Cultures. Int J Toxicol. 2018;37(1):38–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091581817735227.
Soares BM, Araújo TM, Ramos JA, Pinto LC, Khayat BM, De Oliveira Bahia M, Montenegro RC, Burbano RM, Khayat AS. Effects on DNA repair in human lymphocytes exposed to the food dye tartrazine yellow. Anticancer Res. 2015;35(3):1465–74. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25750299/.
Bastaki M, Farrell T, Bhusari S, Pant K, Kulkarni R. Lack of genotoxicity in vivo for food color additive Tartrazine. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2017;105:278–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.034.
[JECFA]. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. 2017. FAO Roster of experts for JECFA. FAO/WHO. 2017-2021.
Gonçalves JCR, Coulidiati TC, Monteiro AL, Carvalho-Gonçalves LCT, Valença WO, Oliveira RN, Câmara CA, Araújo DAM. Antitumoral activity of novel 1,4-naphthoquinone derivative involves L-type calcium channel activation in human colorectal cancer cell line. J Appl Biomed. 2016;14(3):229–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jab.2016.03.002.
Meyer BN, Ferrigni NR, Putnam JE, Jacobsen LB, Nichols DE, McLaughlin JL. Brine Chimp a conveniente general bioassay for active plant constituents. Planta Med. 1982;45(5):31–4. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971236.
Collins TFX, McLaughlin J. Teratology studies on food colourings. Part I. Embryotoxicity of amaranth (FD & C Red No. 2) in rats. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 1972;10(5):619–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-6264(72)80142-1.
Guerra M, Sousa M. Como observar os cromossomos: um guia de técnicas em citogenética vegetal, animal e humana [How to observe the chromosomes: a guide to techniques in plant, animal and human cytogenetics]. Ribeirão Preto (BR): FUNPEC; 2002. p. 15–129.
[ANVISA] Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. 2007. Considerações sobre o corante amarelo tartrazina [Considerations for tartrazine yellow dye]. Informe Técnico. 30.
Amchova P, Kotolova H, Ruda-Kucerova J. Health safety issues of synthetic food colorants. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015;73(3):914–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.09.026.
JECFA. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives. Eighty-second Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2016.
EFSA- European Food Safety Authority. Scientific opinion on the reevaluation Tartrazine (E 102) on request from the European Commission. EFSA J. 2009;7(11):1331. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1331.
EFSA-European Food Safety Authority. Statement on Allura Red AC and other sulphonated mono azo dyes authorised as food and feed additives. EFSA J. 2013;11:3234. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3234.
Axon A, May FE, Gaughan LE, Williams FM, Blain PG, Wright MC. Tartrazine and sunset yellow are xenoestrogens in a new screening assay to identify modulators of human oestrogen receptor transcriptional activity. Toxicology. 2012;298(1–3):40–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2012.04.014.
Kashanian S, Zeidali SH. DNA Binding Studies of Tartrazine Food Additive. DNA Cell Biol. 2011;30(7):499–505. https://doi.org/10.1089/dna.2010.1181.
Matsuo H, Yokooji T, Morita H, Ooi M, Urata K, Ishii K, Takahagi S, Yanase Y, Hiragun T, Mihara S, et al. Aspirin Augments IgE Mediated Histamine Release from Human Peripheral Basophils via Syk Kinase Activation. Allergol Int. 2013;62(4):503–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.12.1084.
Mpountoukas P, Pantazaki A, Kostareli E, Christodoulou P, Kareli D, Poliliou S, Mourelatos C, Lambropoulou V, Lialiaris T. Cytogenetic evaluation and DNA interaction studies of the food colorants amaranth, erythrosine and tartrazine. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48(10):2934–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.030.
Balta I, Sevastre B, Mireşan V, Taulescu M, Raducu C, Longodor AL, Marchiş Z, Codruta SM, Aurelia. Protective effect of blackthorn fruits (Prunus spinosa) against tartrazine toxicity development in albino Wistar rats. BMC Chem. 2019;13(1):104. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-019-0610-y.
Glaser N, Stopper HP. Mechanism of genotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50(5):1796–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.096.
Demirtaş G, Çavuşoğlu K, Yalçin E. Aneugenic, clastogenic, and multi-toxic effects of diethyl phthalate exposure. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020;27(5):5503–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07339-5.
Corrêa LRS. Diagnóstico da qualidade da água na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Mucuri. 2016. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/bitstream/1/1606/1/luis_ricardo_souza_correa.pdf.
Sasaki YF, Kawaguchi S, Kamaya A, Ohshita M, Kabasawa K, Iwama K, Taniguchi K, Tsuda S. The comet with 8 mouse organs: results with 39 currently used food additives. Mutat Res. 2002;519(1–2):103–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5718(02)00128-6.
Gonzalez FJ. Role of cytochromes P450 in chemical toxicity and oxidative stress: studies with CYP2E1. Mutation Research. 2005;569(1–2):101–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.04.021.
Kim GY, Lee KB, Cho SH, Shim J, Moon SH. Electroenzymatic degradation of azo dye using an immobilized peroxidase enzyme. J Hazard Mater. 2005;126(1–3):183–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.06.023.
Imane H, Abdelkarim G, Faiza S, Mohammed B, Ahmed M, Abdelkader H. Ennouamane Saalaoui. Toxicity Testing of Tartrazine using the Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans, Brine Shrimp Larvae (Artemia Salina) and KGN Granulosa Cell Line. J App Pharm Sci. 2013;3(11):051–8. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2013.31110 .http://www.japsonline.com/admin/php/uploads/1107_pdf.pdf.