Cytokines in Brain Development and Function

Nicola, 1995, Structural aspects of cytokine/receptor interactions., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 766, 253, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb26673.x Mehler, 1997, Stem cells and neural development Mehler, 1995, Cytokines and neuronal differentiation., Crit. Rev. Neurobiol., 9, 419 Slack, 1993, Embryonic induction., Mech. Dev., 41, 91, 10.1016/0925-4773(93)90040-5 Hogan, 1996, Bone morphogenetic proteins: Multifunctional regulators of vertebrate development., Genes Dev., 10, 1580, 10.1101/gad.10.13.1580 Roelink, 1996, Tripartite signalling of pattern: Interactions between Hedgehogs, BMPs and Wnts in the control of vertebrate development., Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 6, 33, 10.1016/S0959-4388(96)80006-7 Tanabe, 1996, Diversity and pattern in the developing spinal cord., Science, 274, 1115, 10.1126/science.274.5290.1115 Lumsden, 1996, Patterning the vertebrate axis., Science, 274, 1109, 10.1126/science.274.5290.1109 Weiss, 1996, Is there a neural stem cell in the mammalian forebrain?, Trends Neurosci., 19, 387, 10.1016/S0166-2236(96)10035-7 Gage, 1995, Isolation, characterization, and use of stem cells from the CNS., Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 18, 159, 10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.001111 Mehler, 1994, Cytokines program the elaboration of all major cellular elements from a single neural stem cell., Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 20, 457 Mehler, 1995, Neural progenitor cells and CNS lineage development., Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 21, 498 Keshet, 1991, Embryonic RNA expression patterns of the c-kit receptor and its cognate ligand suggest multiple functional roles in mouse development., EMBOJ., 10, 2425, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07782.x Orr-Urteger, 1990, Developmental expression of c-kit, a proto-oncogene encoded by the W locus., Development (Cambridge, UK, 109, 911, 10.1242/dev.109.4.911 Craig, 1996, In vivo growth factor expansion of endogenous subependymal neural precursor cell populations in the adult mouse brain., J. Neurosci., 16, 2649, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-08-02649.1996 Komack, 1995, Radial and horizontal deployment of clonally related cells in the primate neocortex: Relationship to distinct mitotic lineages., Neuron, 15, 311, 10.1016/0896-6273(95)90036-5 Richards, 1996, Leukemia inhibitory factor or related factors promote the differentiation of neuronal and astrocytic precursors within the developing murine spinal cord., Eur. J. Neurosci., 5, 291, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01213.x Mehler, 1996, Differential regulation of radial glia and astroglial lineage elaboration from subventricular zone (SVZ) progenitor cells by leukemia inhibitory factor /3 (LIF/3R) receptor activation and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)., Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 22, 285 Mehler, 1993, Cytokine regulation of neuronal differentiation in immortalized hippocampal progenitor cells., Nature (London, 362, 62, 10.1038/362062a0 Langtimim-Sediak, 1996, Multiple actions of stem cell factor in neural crest cell differentiation in vitro., Dev. Biol., 174, 345, 10.1006/dbio.1996.0079 Rutishauser, 1993, Adhesion molecules of the nervous system., Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 3, 709, 10.1016/0959-4388(93)90142-L Muller, 1995, Molecular genetics of neuronal adhesion., Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 5, 36, 10.1016/0959-4388(95)80084-0 Newgreen, 1993, Adhesion molecules in neural crest development., Pharmacol. Ther., 60, 517, 10.1016/0163-7258(93)90034-B Edwards, 1990, Organization of radial glia and related cells in the developing murine CNS, an analysis based upon a new monoclonal antibody marker., Neuroscience, 36, 121, 10.1016/0306-4522(90)90356-9 Mehler, 1994, Growth factor regulation of neuronal development., Dev. Neurosci., 16, 180, 10.1159/000112105 Keegan, 1994, Interleu-kin 4 receptor: signalling mechanisms., Immunol. Today, 14, 423, 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90272-0 Mable, 1995, The developmental neurotrophic potential of an interleukin subset that regulates hematolymphoid development and signals through a common gamma receptor subunit., Neurology, 45, A335 Motro, 1991, Contiguous patterns of c-kit and steel expression: analysis of mutations at the W and SI loci., Development (Cambridge, UK, 113, 1207, 10.1242/dev.113.4.1207 Michaelson, 1996, CSF1 deficiency in mice results in abnormal brain development., Development (Cambridge, UK, 122, 2661, 10.1242/dev.122.9.2661 Michaelson, 1996, Interleukin 7 is a neuronal growth factor., Dev. Biol., 179, 251, 10.1006/dbio.1996.0255 Du, 1995, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor works coordinately with partner molecules to initiate tyrosine hydroxylase expression in striatal neurons., Brain Res., 680, 229, 10.1016/0006-8993(95)00215-C Kato, 1994, Overlapping and additive effects of neuro-trophins and CNTF on cultured human spinal cord neurons., Exp. Neurol., 130, 196, 10.1006/exnr.1994.1198 Michikawa, 1992, Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) mediated increases of choline acetyltransferase activity in mouse spinal cord neurons in culture., Neurosci. Lett., 140, 75, 10.1016/0304-3940(92)90685-Z Kamegai, 1990, Interleukin 3 as a trophic factor for central cholinergic neurons in vitro and, in vivo. Neuron, 2, 429, 10.1016/0896-6273(90)90055-K Konishi, 1993, Trophic effects of erythropoietin and other hematopoietic factors on central cholinergic neurons in vitro and in vivo., Brain Res., 609, 29, 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90850-M Tabira, 1995, Neurotrophic effects of hematopoietic cytokines on cholinergic and other neurons in vitro., Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., 13, 241, 10.1016/0736-5748(94)00020-4 Erkman, 1989, Interferon induces astrocyte maturation causing an increase in cholinergic properties of cultured human spinal cord cells., Dev. Biol., 132, 375, 10.1016/0012-1606(89)90234-0 Henderson, 1996, Role of neurotrophic factors in neuronal development., Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 6, 64, 10.1016/S0959-4388(96)80010-9 Plata-Salaman, 1991, Immunoregulators in the nervous system., Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 15, 185, 10.1016/S0149-7634(05)80001-6 Patterson, 1992, The emerging neuropoietic cytokine family: First CDF/LIF, CNTF and IL-6; next ONC, MGF, GCSF?, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 2, 94, 10.1016/0959-4388(92)90169-L Plioplys, 1988, Expression of the 210 kDa neurofilament subunit in cultured central nervous system from normal and trisomy 16 mice: Regulation by interferon., J. Neurol. Sci., 85, 209, 10.1016/0022-510X(88)90157-8 Barish, 1991, Gamma-interferonpromotes differentiation of cultured cortical and hippocampal neurons., Dev. Biol., 144, 412, 10.1016/0012-1606(91)90433-4 Gross, 1996, Bone morphogenetic proteins promote astroglial lineage commitment by mammalian subventricular zone progenitor cells., Neuron, 17, 595, 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80193-2 Alessandro, 1994, Bone morphogenetic proteins inhibit proliferation, induce reversible differentiation and prevent cell death in astrocyte lineage cells., Growth Factors, 11, 45, 10.3109/08977199409015050 Alessandro, 1994, Bone morphogenetic proteins induce differentiation in astrocyte lineage cells., Growth Factors, 11, 53, 10.3109/08977199409015051 Pfeiffer, 1993, The oligodendrocyte and its many cellular processes., Trends Cell Biol., 3, 191, 10.1016/0962-8924(93)90213-K Barres, 1993, Multiple extracellular signals are required for long-term oligodendrocyte survival., Development (Cambridge, UK, 8, 283, 10.1242/dev.118.1.283 Groves, 1996, Role of environmental signals and transcriptional regulators in neural crest development., Dev. Genet., 18, 64, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6408(1996)18:1<64::AID-DVG7>3.0.CO;2-# Shah, 1996, Alternate neural crest cell fates are instructively promoted by TGF beta superfamily members., Cell (Cambridge, Mass., 85, 331, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81112-5 Shah, 1994, Glial growth factor restricts mammalian neural crest stem cells to a glial fate., Cell (Cambridge, Mass., 77, 349, 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90150-3 Varley, 1995, Number of adrenergic and islet-1 immunoreactive cells is increased in avian trunk neural crest cultures in the presence of human recombinant osteogenic protein-1., Dev. Dyn., 203, 3434, 10.1002/aja.1002030406 Varley, 1996, BMP-2 and BMP-4, but not BMP-6 increase the number of adrenergic cells which develop in quail trunk neural crest cultures, Exp. Neurol., 140, 84, 10.1006/exnr.1996.0118 Ip, 1994, CNTF, FGF, and NGF collaborate to drive the terminal differentiation of MAH cells into postmitotic neurons., Neuron, 13, 443, 10.1016/0896-6273(94)90359-X Improta, 1988, IFN-gamma facilitates NGF-induced neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells., Exp. Cell Res., 179, 1, 10.1016/0014-4827(88)90342-4 Wu, 1996, Induction of neurite outgrowth by interleukin 6 is accompanied by activation of STAT3 signaling path in a variant PC 12 cell (E2) line., J. Biol. Chem., 271, 13023, 10.1074/jbc.271.22.13023 Rogister, 1993, Transforming growth factor β as a neuronoglial signal during peripheral nervous system response to injury., J. Neurosci. Res., 34, 32, 10.1002/jnr.490340105 Chalazonitis, 1992, Transforming growth factor B has neurotrophic actions on sensory neurons in vitro and is synergistic with nerve growth factor., Dev. Biol., 152, 121, 10.1016/0012-1606(92)90162-A Kalcheim, 1996, The role of neurotrophins in development of neural-crest cells that become sensory ganglia., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 351, 375, 10.1098/rstb.1996.0031 Lindsay, 1996, Role of neurotrophins and trk receptors in the development and maintenance of sensory neurons: An overview., Proc. R Soc. London, Ser. B, 351, 365, 10.1098/rstb.1996.0030 Barde, 1994, Neurotrophins: A family of proteins supporting the survival of neurons., Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 390, 45 Kessler, 1993, Cytokine-induced programmed death of cultured sympathetic neurons., Neuron, 11, 1123, 10.1016/0896-6273(93)90225-G Chang, 1990, Interferon suppresses sympathetic neuronal cell death caused by nerve growth factor deprivation., J. Neuro-chem., 55, 436 Rao, 1993, Leukemia inhibitory factor mediates an injury response but not a target-directed developmental transmitter switch in sympathetic neurons., Neuron, 11, 1175, 10.1016/0896-6273(93)90229-K Patterson, 1995, 619 Fann, 1994, Neuropoietic cytokines and activin A differentially regulate the phenotype of cultured sympathetic neurons., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 91, 43, 10.1073/pnas.91.1.43 Olsson, 1992, Cytokines in neuroinflammatory disease: Role of myelin autoreactive T cell production of interferon gamma., J. Neuroimmunol., 40, 211, 10.1016/0165-5728(92)90135-8 Taga, 1996, GP130, a shared signal transducing receptor componentfor hematopoietic and neuropoietic cytokines., J. Neurochem., 67, 1, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67010001.x Baumann, 1996, The full-length leptin receptor has signaling capabilities of interleukin 6-type cytokine receptors., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 93, 8374, 10.1073/pnas.93.16.8374 Ip, 1993, The a component of the CNTF receptor is required for signaling and defines potential CNTF targets in the adult and during development., Neuron, 10, 89, 10.1016/0896-6273(93)90245-M Stahl, 1993, The alphas, betas and kinases of cytokine receptor complexes., Cell (Cambridge, Mass., 7, 587, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90506-L DeChiara, 1995, Mice lacking the CNTF receptor, unlike mice lacking CNTF, exhibit profound motor neuron deficits at birth., Cell (Cambridge, Mass., 83, 313, 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90172-8 Kahn, 1995, CNTF regulation of astrogliosis and the activation of microglia in the developing rat central nervous system., Brain Res., 685, 55, 10.1016/0006-8993(95)00411-I Hughes, 1988, Ciliary neurotrophic factor induces type-2 astrocyte differentiation in culture., Nature (London, 335, 70, 10.1038/335070a0 Kilpatrick, 1995, The regulation of neural precursor cells within the mammalian brain., Mol. Cell. Neurosci., 6, 2, 10.1006/mcne.1995.1002 Neuhaus, 1994, Etl2, a novel putative type-I cytokine receptor expressed during mouse embryogenesis at high levels in skin and cells with skeletogenic potential., Dev. Biol., 166, 531, 10.1006/dbio.1994.1335 Kahn, 1994, Regulation of an oligodendrocyte progenitor cell line by the interleukin-6 family of cytokines., Glia, 12, 87, 10.1002/glia.440120202 Aebischer, 1996, Intrathecal delivery of CNTF using encapsulated genetically modified xenogeneic cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients., Nat. Med., 2, 696, 10.1038/nm0696-696 Hefti, 1994, Neurotrophic factor therapy for nervous system degenerative diseases., J. Neurobiol., 25, 1418, 10.1002/neu.480251109 Anonymous, 1995, A phase I study of recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor (rHCNTF) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The ALS CNTF Treatment Study (ACTS) Phase I-II Study Group., Clin. Neuropharmacol., 18, 515, 10.1097/00002826-199512000-00004 Ludlam, 1993, Leukemia inhibitory factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor regulate expression of muscarinic receptors in cultured sympathetic neurons., Dev. Biol., 155, 497, 10.1006/dbio.1993.1047 Kotzbauer, 1994, Postnatal development of survival responsiveness in rat sympathetic neurons to leukemia inhibitory factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor., Neuron, 12, 763, 10.1016/0896-6273(94)90329-8 Stoop, 1995, Potentiation of transmitter release by ciliary neurotrophic factor requires somatic signalling., Science, 267, 695, 10.1126/science.7839148 Murphy, 1991, Generation of sensory neurons is stimulated by leukemia inhibitory factor., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 99, 3498, 10.1073/pnas.88.8.3498 Bamber, 1994, Leukemia inhibitory factor induces neurotransmitter switching in transgenic mice., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 91, 7839, 10.1073/pnas.91.17.7839 Rao, 1992, Oncostatin M regulates VIP expression in a human neuroblastoma cell line., NeuroReport, 3, 865, 10.1097/00001756-199210000-00011 Pousset, 1994, Developmental expression of cytokine genes in the cortex and hippocampus of the rat central nervous system., Dev. Brain Res., 81, 143, 10.1016/0165-3806(94)90078-7 Van Meir, 1995, Cytokines and tumors of the central nervous system., Glia, 15, 264, 10.1002/glia.440150308 Burns, 1993, Developmental regulation of cytokine expression in the mouse brain., Growth Factors, 9, 253, 10.3109/08977199308991585 Hama, 1989, Interleukin 6 as a neurotrophic factor for promoting the survival of cultured forebrain cholinergic neurons from postnatal rats., Neurosci. Lett., 104, 340, 10.1016/0304-3940(89)90600-9 Hama, 1991, Interleukin-6 improves the survival of mesencephalic catecholaminergic and septal cholinergic neurons from postnatal, two-week-old rats in culture., Neuroscience, 40, 445, 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90132-8 Vaisse, 1996, Leptin activation of Stat3 in the hypothalamus of wild-type and ob/ob mice but not db/db mice., Nat. Genet., 14, 95, 10.1038/ng0996-95 Mercer, 1996, Localization of leptin receptor mRNA and the long form splice variant (Ob-Rb) in mouse hypothalamus and adjacent brain regions by in situ hybridization., FEBS Lett., 387, 113, 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00473-5 Tartaglia, 1995, Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R., Cell (Cambridge, Mass., 83, 1263, 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90151-5 Campfield, 1995, Recombinant mouse OB protein: Evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks., Science, 269, 546, 10.1126/science.7624778 Wang, 1996, A novel leptin receptor isoform in rat., FEBS Lett., 392, 87, 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00790-9 Gainsford, 1996, Leptin can induce proliferation, differentiation, and functional activation of hemopoietic cells., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 93, 14564, 10.1073/pnas.93.25.14564 Freidin, 1992, Cultured sympathetic neurons synthesize and release the cytokine interleukin 1β., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 89, 10440, 10.1073/pnas.89.21.10440 Brenneman, 1992, Cytokine regulation of neuronal survival., J. Neurochem., 58, 454, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09743.x Lennard, 1995, Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist., Crit. Rev. Immunol., 15, 77, 10.1615/CritRevImmunol.v15.i1.30 Nistico, 1991, Is interleukin 2 a neuromodulator in the brain?, Trends Neurosci., 14, 146, 10.1016/0166-2236(91)90086-A Marmur, 1995, Characterization of pre-02A progenitor cultures from mouse embryonic subventricular zone progenitor cells: Effects of neurotrophin 3., Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 21, 287 Awatsuji, 1993, Interleukin-4 and -5 as modulators of nerve growth factor synthesis/secretion in astrocytes., J. Neurosci. Res., 34, 539, 10.1002/jnr.490340506 Rozental, 1995, Differentiation of hippocampal progenitor cells in vitro: Temporal expression of intercellular coupling and voltage- and ligand-gated responses., Dev. Biol., 167, 350, 10.1006/dbio.1995.1029 Araujo, 1993, Trophic effects of interleukin-4, -7 and -8 on hippocampal neuronal cultures: Potential involvement of glial-derived factors., Brain Res., 600, 49, 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90400-H Yao, 1995, Human IL17: A novel cytokine derived from T cells., J. Immunol., 155, 5483 Cruikshank, 1994, Molecular and functional analysis of a lymphocyte chemoat-tractant factor: Association of biologic function with CD4 expression., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 91, 5109, 10.1073/pnas.91.11.5109 Ford, 1995, Identification of B-cell growth factors (interleukin 14; high molecular weight-B-cell growth factors) in effusion fluids from patients with aggressive B-cell lymphomas., Blood, 86, 283, 10.1182/blood.V86.1.283.bloodjournal861283 Dafny, 1985, Does the immune system communicate with the central nervous system?, J. Neuroimmunol., 9, 1, 10.1016/S0165-5728(85)80002-3 Rothwell, 1995, Cytokines and nervous system II: Actions and mechanisms of action., Trends Neurosci., 18, 130, 10.1016/0166-2236(95)93890-A Hopkins, 1995, Cytokines and the nervous system I: Expression and recognition., Trends Neurosci., 18, 83, 10.1016/0166-2236(95)93881-W Masuda, 1993, Functional erythropoietin receptor of the cells with neural characteristics., J. Biol. Chem., 268, 11208, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)82112-3 Jelkmann, 1992, Erythropoietin: Structure, control of production, and function., Physiol. Rev., 72, 449, 10.1152/physrev.1992.72.2.449 Andrea, 1989, Expression cloning of the murine erythropoietin receptor., Cell (Cambridge, Mass., 57, 277, 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90965-3 Alexander, 1996, Deficiencies in progenitor cells of multiple hematopoietic lineages and defective megakaryocytopoiesis in mice lacking the thrombopoietic receptor, c-Mpl., Blood, 87, 2162, 10.1182/blood.V87.6.2162.bloodjournal8762162 Sawada, 1993, Expression of cytokine receptors in cultured neuronal and glial cells., Neurosci. Lett., 160, 131, 10.1016/0304-3940(93)90396-3 Yan, 1992, Immunohistochemical study of c-kit receptor expression in adult primate and mouse brain., Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 18, 1329 Zhang, 1997, Cellular localization of stem cell factor and c-kit receptor in the mouse nervous system., J. Neurosci., 47, 1, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19970101)47:1<1::AID-JNR1>3.0.CO;2-N Morii, 1992, Spatial expression of genes encoding c-kit receptors and their ligands in mouse cerebellum as revealed by in situ hybridization., Dev. Brain Res., 65, 123, 10.1016/0165-3806(92)90016-P Camahan, 1994, Stem cell factor is a neurotrophic factor for neural crest-derived chick sensory neurons., J. Neurosci., 14, 1433, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-03-01433.1994 Hirata, 1993, Stem cell factor induces outgrowth of c-kit-positive neurites and supports the survival of c-kit-positive neurons in dorsal root ganglia of mouse embryos., Development (Cambridge, UK, 119, 49, 10.1242/dev.119.1.49 Carson, 1994, The c-kit ligand suppresses apoptosis of human natural killer cells through the upregulation of bcl-2., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 91, 7553, 10.1073/pnas.91.16.7553 Lowell, 1996, Knockouts of Src-family kinases: Stiff bones, wimpy T cells and bad memories., Genes Dev., 10, 1845, 10.1101/gad.10.15.1845 Grant, 1993, Impaired long-term potentiation, spatial learning, and hippocampal development in fyn mutant mice., Science, 258, 1903, 10.1126/science.1361685 Ignelzi, 1994, Impaired neurite outgrowth of src-minus cerebellar neurons on the cell adhesion molecule LI., Neuron, 12, 873, 10.1016/0896-6273(94)90339-5 Cattaneo, 1996, Members of the JAK-STAT pathway are expressed in vivo in the developing CNS and become recruited in ST14A CNS progenitor cells by activated surface receptors., Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 22, 1212 Cattaneo, 1996, Activation of JAK-STAT pathway leads to proliferation of ST14A central nervous system progenitor cells., J. Biol. Chem., 271, 23374, 10.1074/jbc.271.38.23374 Rajan, 1996, STAT proteins are activated by ciliary neurotrophic factor in cells of central nervous system origin., J. Neurosci. Res., 43, 403, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19960215)43:4<403::AID-JNR2>3.0.CO;2-J Nawa, 1990, Generation of neuronal diversity: Analogies and homologies with hematopoiesis., Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 55, 247, 10.1101/SQB.1990.055.01.027 Bazan, 1991, Neuropoietic cytokines in the hematopoietic fold., Neuron, 7, 197, 10.1016/0896-6273(91)90258-2 Ogawa, 1993, Differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells., Blood, 81, 2844, 10.1182/blood.V81.11.2844.2844 Veiby, 1996, Combined signaling through interleukin-7 receptors and fit3 but not c-kit potently and selectively promotes B-cell commitment and differentiation from uncommitted murine bone marrow progenitor cells., Blood, 88, 1256, 10.1182/blood.V88.4.1256.bloodjournal8841256 Ramsfjell, 1996, Thrombopoietin, but not erythropoietin, directly stimulates multilineage growth of primitive murine bone marrow progenitor cells in synergy with early acting cytokines: Distinct interactions with the ligands for c-kit and FLT3., Blood, 88, 4481, 10.1182/blood.V88.12.4481.bloodjournal88124481 Lukas, 1996, Convergence of mitogenic signalling cascades from diverse classes of receptors at the cyclin D-cyclin-dependent kinase-pRb-controlled G, checkpoint., Mol. Cell. Biol., 16, 6917, 10.1128/MCB.16.12.6917 Clarke, 1992, Requirement for a functional Rb-1 gene in murine development., Nature (London, 359, 328, 10.1038/359328a0 Jacks, 1992, Effects of an Rb mutation in the mouse., Nature (London, 359, 295, 10.1038/359295a0 Lee, 1992, Mice deficient for Rb are nonviable and show defects in neurogenesis and haematopoiesis., Nature (London, 359, 288, 10.1038/359288a0 Xu, 1997, Differential regulation of neurogenesis by the two Xenopus GATA-1 genes., Mol. Cell. Biol., 17, 436, 10.1128/MCB.17.1.436 Lein, 1995, Osteogenic protein-1 induces dendritic growth in rat sympathetic neurons., Neurons, 15, 597, 10.1016/0896-6273(95)90148-5