Cytokines and brain excitability

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology - Tập 33 - Trang 116-125 - 2012
Michael A. Galic1, Kiarash Riazi1, Quentin J. Pittman1
1Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Centre, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1

Tài liệu tham khảo

Akin, 2011, IL-1beta is induced in reactive astrocytes in the somatosensory cortex of rats with genetic absence epilepsy at the onset of spike-and-wave discharges, and contributes to their occurrence, Neurobiol. Dis., 44, 259, 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.05.015 Albensi, 2000, Evidence for the involvement of TNF and NF-kappaB in hippocampal synaptic plasticity, Synapse, 35, 151, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(200002)35:2<151::AID-SYN8>3.0.CO;2-P Allan, 2005, Interleukin-1 and neuronal injury, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 5, 629, 10.1038/nri1664 Aronica, 2011, Inflammation in epilepsy: clinical observations, Epilepsia, 52, 26, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03033.x Auvin, 2010, Inflammation enhances epileptogenesis in the developing rat brain, Neurobiol. Dis., 40, 303, 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.06.004 Auvin, 2007, Inflammation exacerbates seizure-induced injury in the immature brain, Epilepsia, 48, 27, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01286.x Auvin, 2010, Inflammation induced by LPS enhances epileptogenesis in immature rat and may be partially reversed by IL1RA, Epilepsia, 51, 34, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02606.x Bajova, 2008, Chronic CXCL10 alters the level of activated ERK1/2 and transcriptional factors CREB and NF-kappaB in hippocampal neuronal cell culture, J. Neuroimmunol., 195, 36, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.01.003 Balosso, 2008, A novel non-transcriptional pathway mediates the proconvulsive effects of interleukin-1beta, Brain, 131, 3256, 10.1093/brain/awn271 Beattie, 2002, Control of synaptic strength by glial TNFalpha, Science, 295, 2282, 10.1126/science.1067859 Beattie, 2010, AMPA-receptor trafficking and injury-induced cell death, Eur. J. Neurosci., 32, 290, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07343.x Bellinger, 1993, Interleukin 1 beta inhibits synaptic strength and long-term potentiation in the rat CA1 hippocampus, Brain Res., 628, 227, 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90959-Q Blatteis, 2007, The onset of fever: new insights into its mechanism, 3 Bluthe, 1994, Synergy between tumor necrosis factor a and interleukin-1 in the induction of sickness behaviour in mice, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 19, 197, 10.1016/0306-4530(94)90009-4 Boer, 2010, Gene expression analysis of tuberous sclerosis complex cortical tubers reveals increased expression of adhesion and inflammatory factors, Brain Pathol., 20, 704, 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00341.x Boer, 2008, Inflammatory processes in cortical tubers and subependymal giant cell tumors of tuberous sclerosis complex, Epilepsy Res., 78, 7, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2007.10.002 Boulanger, 2009, Immune proteins in brain development and synaptic plasticity, Neuron, 64, 93, 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.001 Breder, 1994, Regional induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in the mouse brain after systemic lipopolysaccharide administration, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 11393, 10.1073/pnas.91.24.11393 Brewster, 2005, Formation of heteromeric hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in the hippocampus is regulated by developmental seizures, Neurobiol. Dis., 19, 200, 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.12.015 Butterworth, 2011, Neuroinflammation in acute liver failure: mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets, Neurochem. Int., 59, 830, 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.07.014 Buttini, 1995, Peripheral lipopolysaccharide stimulation induces interleukin-1 beta messenger RNA in rat brain microglial cells, Neuroscience, 65, 523, 10.1016/0306-4522(94)00525-A Campbell, 1998, Transgenic models to study the actions of cytokines in the central nervous system, Neuroimmunomodulation, 5, 126, 10.1159/000026329 Campbell, 1998, Biphasic modulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration by interleukin-1beta in cortical synaptosomes: involvement of a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein and mitogen-activated protein kinase, NeuroReport, 9, 1923, 10.1097/00001756-199806220-00002 Cartmell, 2003, Endogenous interleukin-10 is required for the defervescence of fever evoked by local lipopolysaccharide-induced and Staphylococcus aureus-induced inflammation in rats, J. Physiol., 549, 653, 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.037291 Centonze, 2010, The link between inflammation, synaptic transmission and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis, Cell Death. Differ., 17, 1083, 10.1038/cdd.2009.179 Chakravarty, 2005, Toll-like receptor 4 on nonhematopoietic cells sustains CNS inflammation during endotoxemia, independent of systemic cytokines, J. Neurosci., 25, 1788, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4268-04.2005 Chen, 2010, Correlated memory defects and hippocampal dendritic spine loss after acute stress involve corticotropin-releasing hormone signaling, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 13123, 10.1073/pnas.1003825107 Cho, 2008, The chemokine CCL2 activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in cultured rat hippocampal cells, J. Neuroimmunol., 199, 94, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.05.011 Choi, 2009, Cellular injury and neuroinflammation in children with chronic intractable epilepsy, J. Neuroinflammation, 6, 38, 10.1186/1742-2094-6-38 Conti, 2004, Cytokines and fever, Front Biosci., 9, 1433, 10.2741/1341 D’Mello, 2009, Cerebral microglia recruit monocytes into the brain in response to tumor necrosis factoralpha signaling during peripheral organ inflammation, J. Neurosci., 29, 2089, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3567-08.2009 De Simoni, 2000, Inflammatory cytokines and related genes are induced in the rat hippocampus by limbic status epilepticus, Eur. J. Neurosci., 12, 2623, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00140.x Denes, 2010, Inflammation and brain injury: acute cerebral ischaemia, peripheral and central inflammation, Brain Behav. Immun., 24, 708, 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.09.010 Desson, 2003, Interleukin 1beta modulates rat subfornical organ neurons as a result of activation of a non-selective cationic conductance, J. Physiol., 550, 113, 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.041210 Dhote, 2007, Prolonged inflammatory gene response following soman-induced seizures in mice, Toxicology, 238, 166, 10.1016/j.tox.2007.05.032 Downes, 2010, Neural injury following stroke: are Toll-like receptors the link between the immune system and the CNS?, Br. J. Pharmacol., 160, 1872, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00864.x Dube, 2006, Temporal lobe epilepsy after experimental prolonged febrile seizures: prospective analysis, Brain, 129, 911, 10.1093/brain/awl018 Dube, 2005, Interleukin-1 beta contributes to the generation of experimental febrile seizures, Ann. Neurol., 57, 152, 10.1002/ana.20358 Dube, 2007, Fever, febrile seizures and epilepsy, Trends Neurosci., 30, 490, 10.1016/j.tins.2007.07.006 Dube, 2010, Epileptogenesis provoked by prolonged experimental febrile seizures: mechanisms and biomarkers, J. Neurosci., 30, 7484, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0551-10.2010 Eikelenboom, 2011, The early involvement of the innate immunity in the pathogenesis of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease: neuropathological, epidemiological and genetic evidence, Curr. Alzheimer Res., 8, 142, 10.2174/156720511795256080 Ericsson, 1995, Type 1 interleukin-1 receptor in the rat brain: Distribution, regulation, and relationship to sites of IL-1-induced cellular activation, J. Comp. Neurol., 361, 681, 10.1002/cne.903610410 Fabene, 2010, The emerging role for chemokines in epilepsy, J. Neuroimmunol., 224, 22, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.05.016 Fabry, 1993, Production of the cytokines interleukin 1 and 6 by murine brain microvessel endothelium and smooth muscle pericytes, J. Neuroimmunol., 47, 23, 10.1016/0165-5728(93)90281-3 Farber, 2005, Physiology of microglial cells, Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev., 48, 133, 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.12.003 Fernandes, 2011, Astrocyte reactivity to unconjugated bilirubin requires TNF-alpha and IL-1beta receptor signaling pathways, Glia, 59, 14, 10.1002/glia.21072 Ferri, 2003, Interleukin-1 beta depolarizes paraventricular nucleus parvocellular neurones, J. Neuroendocrinol., 15, 126, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2003.00870.x Ferri, 2005, Interleukin-1beta depolarizes magnocellular neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus through prostaglandin-mediated activation of a non selective cationic conductance, Regul. Pept., 129, 63, 10.1016/j.regpep.2005.01.004 Fine, 1996, Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits glutamate uptake by primary human astrocytes. Implications for pathogenesis of HIV-1 dementia, J. Biol. Chem., 271, 15303, 10.1074/jbc.271.26.15303 Fourgeaud, 2010, Role of immune molecules in the establishment and plasticity of glutamatergic synapses, Eur. J. Neurosci., 32, 207, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07342.x Furukawa, 1998, The transcription factor NF-kappaB mediates increases in calcium currents and decreases in, J. Neurochem., 70, 1876, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70051876.x Gadient, 1994, Identification of interleukin-6 (IL-6)-expressing neurons in the cerebellum and hippocampus of normal adult rats, Neurosci. Lett., 182, 243, 10.1016/0304-3940(94)90807-9 Gadient, 1995, Interleukin-6 and interleukin-6 receptor mRNA expression in rat central nervous system, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 762, 403, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb32348.x Galic, 2008, Postnatal inflammation increases seizure susceptibility in adult rats, J. Neurosci., 28, 6904, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1901-08.2008 Galic, 2009, Viral-like brain inflammation during development causes increased seizure susceptibility in adult rats, Neurobiol. Dis., 36, 343, 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.025 Giulian, 1988, Interleukin-1 is an astroglial growth factor in the developing brain, J. Neurosci., 8, 709, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.08-02-00709.1988 Golan, 2004, Involvement of tumor necrosis factor alpha in hippocampal development and function, Cereb. Cortex, 14, 97, 10.1093/cercor/bhg108 Gorelick, 2010, Role of inflammation in cognitive impairment: results of observational epidemiological studies and clinical trials, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 1207, 155, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05726.x Gosselin, 2008, MyD88 signaling in brain endothelial cells is essential for the neuronal activity and glucocorticoid release during systemic inflammation, Mol. Psychiatry, 13, 480, 10.1038/sj.mp.4002122 Grassi, 1994, TNF-alpha increases the frequency of spontaneous miniature synaptic currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, Brain Res., 659, 226, 10.1016/0006-8993(94)90883-4 Gruol, 2005, Purkinje neuron physiology is altered by the inflammatory factor interleukin-6, Cerebellum, 4, 198, 10.1080/14734220500199987 Harre, 2008, Neonatal inflammation produces selective behavioural deficits and alters N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit mRNA in the adult rat brain, Eur. J. Neurosci., 27, 644, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06031.x Heida, 2004, Lipopolysaccharide induced febrile convulsions in the rat: short-term sequelae, Epilepsia, 45, 1, 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.13704.x Heida, 2009, The role of interleukin-1beta in febrile seizures, Brain Dev., 31, 388, 10.1016/j.braindev.2008.11.013 Heida, 2005, Causal links between brain cytokines and experimental febrile convulsions in the rat, Epilepsia, 46, 1906, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00294.x Heida, 2005, Febrile convulsions induced by the combination of lipopolysaccharide and low-dose kainic acid enhance seizure susceptibility, not epileptogenesis, in rats, Epilepsia, 46, 1898, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00286.x Hellstrom, 2005, Chronic LPS exposure produces changes in intrinsic membrane properties and a sustained IL-beta-dependent increase in GABAergic inhibition in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, Hippocampus, 15, 656, 10.1002/hipo.20086 Hermann, 2005, TNF(alpha) modulation of visceral and spinal sensory processing, Curr. Pharm. Des, 11, 1391, 10.2174/1381612053507828 Hermann, 2008, TNFalpha: a trigger of autonomic dysfunction, Neuroscientist, 14, 53, 10.1177/1073858407305725 Hopwood, 2009, Comparison of anorexia, lethargy, and fever induced by bacterial and viral mimetics in rats, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 87, 211, 10.1139/Y09-003 Hosking, 2010, The role of chemokines during viral infection of the CNS, PLoS. Pathog., 6, e1000937, 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000937 Hu, 2000, Cytokine effects on glutamate uptake by human astrocytes, Neuroimmunomodulation, 7, 153, 10.1159/000026433 Hubschle, 2006, Pyrexia, anorexia, adipsia, and depressed motor activity in rats during systemic inflammation induced by the Toll-like receptors-2 and -6 agonists MALP-2 and FSL-1, Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 290, R180, 10.1152/ajpregu.00579.2005 Iyer, 2010, Evaluation of the innate and adaptive immunity in type I and type II focal cortical dysplasias, Epilepsia, 51, 1763, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02547.x Johnson, 2011, Increased expression of the chemokines CXCL1 and MIP-1alpha by resident brain cells precedes neutrophil infiltration in the brain following prolonged soman-induced status epilepticus in rats, J. Neuroinflammation, 8, 41, 10.1186/1742-2094-8-41 Kadhim, 2003, In situ cytokine immune responses in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: insights into pathophysiologic mechanisms, Hum. Pathol., 34, 293, 10.1053/hupa.2003.34 Kadhim, 2008, Cytokines and brain injury: invited review, J. Inten. Care Med., 23, 236, 10.1177/0885066608318458 Katafuchi, 2006, Brain cytokines and the 5-HT system during poly I:C-induced fatigue, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 1088, 230, 10.1196/annals.1366.020 Kentner, 2010, Minireview: early-life programming by inflammation of the neuroendocrine system, Endocrinology, 151, 4602, 10.1210/en.2010-0583 Kerfoot, 2006, TNF-alpha-secreting monocytes are recruited into the brain of cholestatic mice, Hepatology, 43, 154, 10.1002/hep.21003 Koller, 1997, Immunologically induced electrophysiological dysfunction: implications for inflammatory diseases of the CNS and PNS, Prog. Neurobiol., 52, 1, 10.1016/S0301-0082(96)00065-2 Konsman, 2002, Cytokine-induced sickness behaviour: mechanisms and implications, Trends Neurosci., 25, 154, 10.1016/S0166-2236(00)02088-9 Konsman, 2008, Central nervous action of interleukin-1 mediates activation of limbic structures and behavioural depression in response to peripheral administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, Eur. J. Neurosci., 28, 2499, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06549.x Krueger, 1998, Sleep. A physiologic role for IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 856, 148, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08323.x Kuijpers, 2010, Chronic exposure to the chemokine CCL3 enhances neuronal network activity in rat hippocampal cultures, J. Neuroimmunol., 229, 73, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.07.004 Laflamme, 2001, Toll-like receptor 4: the missing link of the cerebral innate immune response triggered by circulating gram-negative bacterial cell wall components, FASEB J., 15, 155, 10.1096/fj.00-0339com Lai, 2006, Interleukin-1 beta modulates AMPA receptor expression and phosphorylation in hippocampal neurons, J. Neuroimmunol., 175, 97, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.03.001 Lane, 2010, The pathogenesis of murine coronavirus infection of the central nervous system, Crit. Rev. Immunol., 30, 119, 10.1615/CritRevImmunol.v30.i2.20 Laye, 1994, Peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide induces the expression of cytokine transcripts in the brain and pituitary of mice, Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 27, 157, 10.1016/0169-328X(94)90197-X Lazarus, 2007, EP3 prostaglandin receptors in the median preoptic nucleus are critical for fever responses, Nat. Neurosci., 10, 1131, 10.1038/nn1949 Lehtimaki, 2010, Levels of IL-1beta and IL-1ra in cerebrospinal fluid of human patients after single and prolonged seizures, Neuroimmunomodulation, 17, 19, 10.1159/000243081 Lehtimaki, 2011, The serum level of interleukin-6 in patients with intellectual disability and refractory epilepsy, Epilepsy Res., 95, 184, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.03.004 Leonoudakis, 2008, Rapid tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced exocytosis of glutamate receptor 2-lacking AMPA receptors to extrasynaptic plasma membrane potentiates excitotoxicity, J. Neurosci., 28, 2119, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5159-07.2008 Letiembre, 2007, Innate immune receptor expression in normal brain aging, Neuroscience, 146, 248, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.01.004 Libbey, 2011, Interleukin-6, produced by resident cells of the central nervous system and infiltrating cells, contributes to the development of seizures following viral infection, J. Virol., 85, 6913, 10.1128/JVI.00458-11 Louboutin, 2011, Role of CCR5 and its ligands in the control of vascular inflammation and leukocyte recruitment required for acute excitotoxic seizure induction and neural damage, FASEB J., 25, 737, 10.1096/fj.10-161851 Lundborg, 2011, Ifenprodil restores GDNF-evoked Ca(2+) signalling and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase expression in inflammation-pretreated astrocytes, J. Neurochem., 119, 686, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07465.x Maroso, 2011, Interleukin-1beta biosynthesis inhibition reduces acute seizures and drug resistant chronic epileptic activity in mice, Neurotherapeutics, 8, 304, 10.1007/s13311-011-0039-z Maroso, 2010, Toll-like receptor 4 and high-mobility group box-1 are involved in ictogenesis and can be targeted to reduce seizures, Nat. Med., 16, 413, 10.1038/nm.2127 Marshall-Clarke, 2007, Polyinosinic acid is a ligand for toll-like receptor 3, J. Biol. Chem., 282, 24759, 10.1074/jbc.M700188200 Melik-Parsadaniantz, 2008, Chemokines and neuromodulation, J. Neuroimmunol., 198, 62, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.04.022 Miller, 2008, Chemokine action in the nervous system, J. Neurosci., 28, 11792, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3588-08.2008 Minami, 1990, Convulsants induce interleukin-1 beta messenger RNA in rat brain, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 171, 832, 10.1016/0006-291X(90)91221-D Mitchell, 2009, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the choroid plexus: a potential link between vascular pro-inflammatory mediators and the CNS during peripheral tissue inflammation, Neuroscience, 158, 885, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.10.047 Mogensen, 2001, Molecular pathways in virus-induced cytokine production, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 65, 131, 10.1128/MMBR.65.1.131-150.2001 Nadeau, 1999, Regulation of the gene encoding tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the rat brain and pituitary in response in different models of systemic immune challenge, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 58, 61, 10.1097/00005072-199901000-00008 Nelson, 2004, The chemokine CXCL10 modulates excitatory activity and intracellular calcium signaling in cultured hippocampal neurons, J. Neuroimmunol., 156, 74, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.07.009 Nguyen, 2002, Innate immunity: the missing link in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration?, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 3, 216, 10.1038/nrn752 Ogoshi, 2005, Tumor necrosis-factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induces rapid insertion of Ca2+-permeable alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA)/kainate (Ca-A/K) channels in a subset of hippocampal pyramidal neurons, Exp. Neurol., 193, 384, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.12.026 Pedrazzi, 2007, Selective proinflammatory activation of astrocytes by high-mobility group box 1 protein signaling, J. Immunol., 179, 8525, 10.4049/jimmunol.179.12.8525 Peltola, 2000, Interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with recent tonic–clonic seizures, Epilepsy Res., 41, 205, 10.1016/S0920-1211(00)00140-6 Pickering, 2005, Actions of TNF-alpha on glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the central nervous system, Exp. Physiol., 90, 663, 10.1113/expphysiol.2005.030734 Pickering, 2007, Pro-inflammatory cytokines and their effects in the dentate gyrus, Prog. Brain Res., 163, 339, 10.1016/S0079-6123(07)63020-9 Plata-Salaman, 1994, Interleukin-1b inhibits Ca2+ channel currents in hippocampal neurons through protein kinase C, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 266, 1, 10.1016/0922-4106(94)90202-X Plata-Salaman, 2000, Kindling modulates the IL-1beta system, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1, and neuropeptide mRNAs in specific brain regions, Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 75, 248, 10.1016/S0169-328X(99)00306-X Probert, 1997, TNF-alpha transgenic and knockout models of CNS inflammation and degeneration, J. Neuroimmunol., 72, 137, 10.1016/S0165-5728(96)00184-1 Pyter, 2009, Peripheral tumors induce depressive-like behaviors and cytokine production and alter hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis regulation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 9069, 10.1073/pnas.0811949106 Qin, 2007, Systemic LPS causes chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration, Glia, 55, 453, 10.1002/glia.20467 Quan, 1999, Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs in the brain after peripheral injection of subseptic doses of lipopolysaccharide in the rat, J. Neuroimmunol., 93, 72, 10.1016/S0165-5728(98)00193-3 Ransohoff, 2003, Three or more routes for leukocyte migration into the central nervous system, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 3, 569, 10.1038/nri1130 Ravizza, 2006, The IL-1beta system in epilepsy-associated malformations of cortical development, Neurobiol. Dis., 24, 128, 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.06.003 Ravizza, 2008, Innate and adaptive immunity during epileptogenesis and spontaneous seizures: evidence from experimental models and human temporal lobe epilepsy, Neurobiol. Dis., 29, 142, 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.08.012 Ravizza, 2006, Inactivation of caspase-1 in rodent brain: a novel anticonvulsive strategy, Epilepsia, 47, 1160, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00590.x Ravizza, 2006, Status epilepticus induces time-dependent neuronal and astrocytic expression of interleukin-1 receptor type I in the rat limbic system, Neuroscience, 137, 301, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.07.063 Reid, 2009, Febrile seizures: current views and investigations, Can. J. Neurol. Sci., 36, 679, 10.1017/S0317167100008246 Reyes, 1999, Brain endothelial cell production of a neuroprotective cytokine, interleukin-6, in response to noxious stimuli, Brain Res., 851, 215, 10.1016/S0006-8993(99)02189-7 Riazi, 2008, Microglial activation and TNFalpha production mediate altered CNS excitability following peripheral inflammation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 17151, 10.1073/pnas.0806682105 Riazi, 2010, Contributions of peripheral inflammation to seizure susceptibility: cytokines and brain excitability, Epilepsy Res., 89, 34, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.09.004 Ringheim, 1995, Interleukin-6 mRNA expression by cortical neurons in culture: evidence for neuronal sources of interleukin-6 production in the brain, J. Neuroimmunol., 63, 113, 10.1016/0165-5728(95)00134-4 Rivest, 2003, Molecular insights on the cerebral innate immune system, Brain Behav. Immun., 17, 13, 10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00055-7 Rodgers, 2009, The cortical innate immune response increases local neuronal excitability leading to seizures, Brain, 132, 2478, 10.1093/brain/awp177 Rostene, 2011, Chemokines and chemokine receptors: new actors in neuroendocrine regulations, Front Neuroendocrinol., 32, 10, 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.07.001 Rostene, 2007, Chemokines: a new class of neuromodulator?, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 8, 895, 10.1038/nrn2255 Roth, 2009, Molecular aspects of fever and hyperthermia, Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am., 29, 229, 10.1016/j.iac.2009.02.005 Rothwell, 1996, Cytokines and their receptors in the central nervous system: physiology, pharmacology, and pathology, Pharmacol. Ther., 69, 85, 10.1016/0163-7258(95)02033-0 Sanchez-Alavez, 2006, Ceramide mediates the rapid phase of febrile response to IL-1beta, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 2904, 10.1073/pnas.0510960103 Santello, 2011, TNFalpha controls glutamatergic gliotransmission in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, Neuron, 69, 988, 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.003 Saper, 2010, The dance of the perivascular and endothelial cells: mechanisms of brain response to immune signaling, Neuron, 65, 4, 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.12.029 Sayyah, 2003, The bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide enhances seizure susceptibility in mice: involvement of proinflammatory factors: nitric oxide and prostaglandins, Neuroscience, 122, 1073, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.08.043 Schafers, 2008, Effect of cytokines on neuronal excitability, Neurosci. Lett., 437, 188, 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.03.052 Schilling, 2001, Astrocyte-released cytokines induce ramification and outward K+ channel expression in microglia via distinct signalling pathways, Eur. J. Neurosci., 14, 463, 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01661.x Schobitz, 1993, Cellular localization of interleukin 6 mRNA and interleukin 6 receptor mRNA in rat brain, Eur. J. Neurosci., 5, 1426, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00210.x Sebire, 1993, In vitro production of IL-6, IL-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by human embryonic microglial and neural cells, J. Immunol., 150, 1517, 10.4049/jimmunol.150.4.1517 Serrats, 2010, Dual roles for perivascular macrophages in immune-to-brain signaling, Neuron, 65, 94, 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.11.032 Somera-Molina, 2007, Glial activation links early-life seizures and long-term neurologic dysfunction: evidence using a small molecule inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokine upregulation, Epilepsia, 48, 1785, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01135.x Spencer, 2007, Peripheral inflammation exacerbates damage after global ischemia independently of temperature and acute brain inflammation, Stroke, 38, 1570, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.106.476507 Srinivasan, 2004, Cell type-specific interleukin-1beta signaling in the CNS, J. Neurosci., 24, 6482, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5712-03.2004 Steinmetz, 2010, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling maintains the ability of cortical synapses to express synaptic scaling, J. Neurosci., 30, 14685, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2210-10.2010 Stellwagen, 2005, Differential regulation of AMPA receptor and GABA receptor trafficking by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, J. Neurosci., 25, 3219, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4486-04.2005 Stellwagen, 2006, Synaptic scaling mediated by glial TNF-alpha, Nature, 440, 1054, 10.1038/nature04671 Tabarean, 2006, Interleukin-1beta induces hyperpolarization and modulates synaptic inhibition in preoptic and anterior hypothalamic neurons, Neuroscience, 141, 1685, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.05.007 Tancredi, 1992, Tumor necrosis factor alters synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal slices, Neurosci. Lett., 146, 176, 10.1016/0304-3940(92)90071-E Tellez-Zenteno, 2007, Psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy: a population-based analysis, Epilepsia, 48, 2336 Turrigiano, 2006, More than a sidekick: glia and homeostatic synaptic plasticity, Trends Mol. Med., 12, 458, 10.1016/j.molmed.2006.08.002 Turrigiano, 1998, Activity-dependent scaling of quantal amplitude in neocortical neurons, Nature, 391, 892, 10.1038/36103 Turrin, 2001, Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA induction in the periphery and brain following intraperitoneal administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, Brain Res. Bull., 54, 443, 10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00445-2 Turrin, 2004, Innate immune reaction in response to seizures: implications for the neuropathology associated with epilepsy, Neurobiol. Dis., 16, 321, 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.03.010 Van Dam, 1995, Endotoxin-induced appearance of immunoreactive interleukin-1b in ramified microglia in rat brain: a light and electron microscopic study, Neuroscience, 65, 815, 10.1016/0306-4522(94)00549-K Van Dam, 2000, Vagotomy does not inhibit high dose lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-1beta immunoreactivity in rat brain and pituitary gland, Neurosci. Lett., 285, 169, 10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01031-4 Vereyken, 2007, Chronic interleukin-6 alters the level of synaptic proteins in hippocampus in culture and in vivo, Eur. J. Neurosci., 25, 3605, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05615.x Vezzani, 1999, Interleukin-1beta immunoreactivity and microglia are enhanced in the rat hippocampus by focal kainate application: functional evidence for enhancement of electrographic seizures, J. Neurosci., 19, 5054, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-12-05054.1999 Vezzani, 2011, The role of inflammation in epilepsy, Nat. Rev. Neurol., 7, 31, 10.1038/nrneurol.2010.178 Vezzani, 2000, Powerful anticonvulsant action of IL-1 receptor antagonist on intracerebral injection and astrocytic overexpression in mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 11534, 10.1073/pnas.190206797 Vezzani, 2002, Functional role of inflammatory cytokines and antiinflammatory molecules in seizures and epileptogenesis, Epilepsia, 43, 30, 10.1046/j.1528-1157.43.s.5.14.x Viviani, 2003, Interleukin-1beta enhances NMDA receptor-mediated intracellular calcium increase through activation of the Src family of kinases, J. Neurosci., 23, 8692, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-25-08692.2003 Voutsinos-Porche, 2004, Temporal patterns of the cerebral inflammatory response in the rat lithium–pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy, Neurobiol. Dis., 17, 385, 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.07.023 Wang, 2000, Interleukin-1beta inhibits gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor current in cultured hippocampal neurons, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 292, 497 Wheeler, 2009, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced neutral sphingomyelinase-2 modulates synaptic plasticity by controlling the membrane insertion of NMDA receptors, J. Neurochem., 109, 1237, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06038.x Wilkinson, 1993, Interleukin-IB has excitatory effects on neurons of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, Brain Res., 625, 342, 10.1016/0006-8993(93)91079-8 Wittchen, 2009, Posttraumatic stress disorder: diagnostic and epidemiological perspectives, CNS Spectrosc., 14, 5 Wong, 1995, Localization of interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme mRNA in rat brain vasculature: evidence that the genes encoding the interleukin-1 system are constitutively expressed in brain blood vessels. Pathophysiological implications, Neuroimmunomodulation, 2, 141, 10.1159/000096884 Yang, 2007, Peripheral inflammation increases Scya2 expression in sensory ganglia and cytokine and endothelial related gene expression in inflamed tissue, J. Neurochem., 103, 1628, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04874.x Ye, 1996, Cytokine modulation of glial glutamate uptake: a possible involvement of nitric oxide, NeuroReport, 7, 2181, 10.1097/00001756-199609020-00025 Zhou, 2011, Chemokine CCL2 modulation of neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal slices, J. Neurochem., 116, 406, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07121.x Zhu, 2006, Effects of interleukin-1beta on hippocampal glutamate and GABA releases associated with Ca2+-induced Ca2+ releasing systems, Epilepsy Res., 71, 107, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2006.05.017