Cystatin C as a GFR Estimation Marker in Acute and Chronic Illness: A Systematic Review

Levey, 2020, Measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate: current status and future directions, Nat Rev Nephrol, 16, 51, 10.1038/s41581-019-0191-y Shlipak, 2022, Serum cystatin C for estimation of GFR, JAMA, 328, 883, 10.1001/jama.2022.12407 Stevens, 2009, Factors other than glomerular filtration rate affect serum cystatin C levels, Kidney Int, 75, 652, 10.1038/ki.2008.638 Inker, 2011, Cystatin C as a marker of glomerular filtration rate: prospects and limitations, Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 20, 631, 10.1097/MNH.0b013e32834b8850 Foster, 2017, Non-GFR determinants of low-molecular-weight serum protein filtration markers in the elderly: AGES-kidney and MESA-kidney, Am J Kidney Dis, 70, 406, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.03.021 Delgado, 2021, A unifying approach for GFR estimation: recommendations of the NKF-ASN task force on reassessing the inclusion of race in diagnosing kidney disease, J Am Soc Nephrol, 32, 2994, 10.1681/ASN.2021070988 Liu, 2016, Non-GFR determinants of low-molecular-weight serum protein filtration markers in CKD, Am J Kidney Dis, 68, 892, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.07.021 Knight, 2004, Factors influencing serum cystatin C levels other than renal function and the impact on renal function measurement, Kidney Int, 65, 1416, 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00517.x Chang, 2018, Kidney function in obesity-challenges in indexing and estimation, Adv Chronic Kidney Dis, 25, 31, 10.1053/j.ackd.2017.10.007 Sjöström, 2005, Determination of the production rate and non-renal clearance of cystatin C and estimation of the glomerular filtration rate from the serum concentration of cystatin C in humans, Scand J Clin Lab Investig, 65, 111, 10.1080/00365510510013523 Schei, 2016, Residual associations of inflammatory markers with eGFR after accounting for measured GFR in a community-based cohort without CKD, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 11, 280, 10.2215/CJN.07360715 Melsom, 2015, Estimated GFR is biased by non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors, Am J Nephrol, 41, 7, 10.1159/000371557 Xin, 2021, Association between serum cystatin C and thyroid diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 12, 10.3389/fendo.2021.766516 Inker, 2021, Titan S. Measurement and estimation of GFR for use in clinical practice: core curriculum 2021, Am J Kidney Dis, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.04.016 Levey, 2014, GFR estimation: from physiology to public health, Am J Kidney Dis, 63, 820, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.12.006 Inker, 2012, Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C, N Engl J Med, 367, 20, 10.1056/NEJMoa1114248 Inker, 2021, New creatinine- and cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR without race, N Engl J Med, 385, 1737, 10.1056/NEJMoa2102953 Schwartz, 2012, Improved equations estimating GFR in children with chronic kidney disease using an immunonephelometric determination of cystatin C, Kidney Int, 82, 445, 10.1038/ki.2012.169 Pierce, 2021, Age- and sex-dependent clinical equations to estimate glomerular filtration rates in children and young adults with chronic kidney disease, Kidney Int, 99, 948, 10.1016/j.kint.2020.10.047 Inker, 2018, Estimated glomerular filtration rate from a panel of filtration markers-hope for increased accuracy beyond measured glomerular filtration rate?, Adv Chronic Kidney Dis, 25, 67, 10.1053/j.ackd.2017.10.004 2013, KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease, Kidney Int Suppl, 3, 1 Grubb, 2010, First certified reference material for cystatin C in human serum ERM-DA471/IFCC, Clin Chem Lab Med, 48, 1619, 10.1515/CCLM.2010.318 Shibata, 2015, Renal function evaluation in patients with cancer who were scheduled to receive carboplatin or S-1, Clin Exp Nephrol, 19, 1107, 10.1007/s10157-015-1115-1 Hingorani, 2015, Estimating GFR in adult patients with hematopoietic cell transplant: comparison of estimating equations with an iohexol reference standard, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 10, 601, 10.2215/CJN.06470614 Matsuoka, 2020, Assessment of kidney function using inulin-based and estimated glomerular filtration rates before and after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric patients, Pediatr Blood Cancer, 67, 10.1002/pbc.28733 Costa, 2022, A prospective cross-sectional study estimated glomerular filtration rate from creatinine and cystatin C in adults with solid tumors, Kidney Int Inker, 2012, Performance of creatinine and cystatin C GFR estimating equations in an HIV-positive population on antiretrovirals, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 61, 302, 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31826a6c4f Bhasin, 2013, HIV viremia and T-cell activation differentially affect the performance of glomerular filtration rate equations based on creatinine and cystatin C, PloS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0082028 Gagneux-Brunon, 2013, Performance of creatinine and cystatin C-based glomerular filtration rate estimating equations in a European HIV-positive cohort, AIDS, 27, 1573, 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835fac30 Yukawa, 2018, Clinical benefits of using inulin clearance and cystatin C for determining glomerular filtration rate in HIV-1-infected individuals treated with dolutegravir, J Infect Chemother, 24, 199, 10.1016/j.jiac.2017.10.015 Lucas, 2020, Cross-sectional and longitudinal performance of creatinine- and cystatin C-based estimating equations relative to exogenously measured glomerular filtration rate in HIV-positive and HIV-negative persons, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 85, e58, 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002471 De Souza, 2014, Creatinine- versus cystatine C-based equations in assessing the renal function of candidates for liver transplantation with cirrhosis, Hepatology, 59, 1522, 10.1002/hep.26886 Torre, 2016, Creatinine versus cystatin C for estimating GFR in patients with liver cirrhosis, Am J Kidney Dis, 67, 342, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.09.022 Stämmler, 2023, Impact of race-independent equations on estimating glomerular filtration rate for the assessment of kidney dysfunction in liver disease, BMC Nephrol, 24, 83, 10.1186/s12882-023-03136-y Wagner, 2012, The assessment of GFR after orthotopic liver transplantation using cystatin C and creatinine-based equations, Transpl Int, 25, 527, 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2012.01449.x Allen, 2015, Serum cystatin C as an indicator of renal function and mortality in liver transplant recipients, Transplantation, 99, 1431, 10.1097/TP.0000000000000552 Bluhme, 2021, Comparison of cystatin C, creatinine, and iohexol clearance in pediatric liver transplantation-a retrospective cohort study, Pediatr Transplant, 25, 10.1111/petr.13993 Kervella, 2017, Cystatin C versus creatinine for GFR estimation in CKD due to heart failure, Am J Kidney Dis, 69, 321, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.09.016 Swolinsky, 2021, Serum creatinine and cystatin C-based estimates of glomerular filtration rate are misleading in acute heart failure, ESC Heart Fail, 8, 3070, 10.1002/ehf2.13404 Aldenbratt, 2022, Estimation of kidney function in patients with primary neuromuscular diseases: is serum cystatin C a better marker of kidney function than creatinine?, J Nephrol, 35, 493 Delanaye, 2014, Detection of decreased glomerular filtration rate in intensive care units: serum cystatin C versus serum creatinine, BMC Nephrol, 15, 9, 10.1186/1471-2369-15-9 Carlier, 2015, Comparison of different equations to assess glomerular filtration in critically ill patients, Intensive Care Med, 41, 427, 10.1007/s00134-014-3641-9 Ravn, 2019, Creatinine versus cystatin C based glomerular filtration rate in critically ill patients, J Crit Care, 52, 136, 10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.04.007 Sangla, 2020, Measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate in the ICU: A prospective study, Crit Care Med, 48, e1232, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004650 Haines, 2023, Comparison of cystatin C and creatinine in the assessment of measured kidney function during critical illness, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 18, 997, 10.2215/CJN.0000000000000203 Chang, 2020, Performance of glomerular filtration rate estimating equations before and after bariatric surgery, Kidney Med, 2, 699, 10.1016/j.xkme.2020.08.008 Levey, 2006, Using standardized serum creatinine values in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate, Ann Intern Med, 145, 247, 10.7326/0003-4819-145-4-200608150-00004 Levey, 2009, A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate, Ann Intern Med, 150, 604, 10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006 Matsuo, 2009, Revised equations for estimated GFR from serum creatinine in Japan, Am J Kidney Dis, 53, 982, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.12.034 Schwartz, 2009, New equations to estimate GFR in children with CKD, J Am Soc Nephrol, 20, 629, 10.1681/ASN.2008030287 Björk, 2011, Revised equations for estimating glomerular filtration rate based on the Lund-Malmo Study cohort, Scand J Clin Lab Investig, 71, 232, 10.3109/00365513.2011.557086 De Souza, 2012, Schwartz formula: is one k-coefficient adequate for all children?, PLoS One, 7, 10.1371/journal.pone.0053439 Uemura, 2014, Creatinine-based equation to estimate the glomerular filtration rate in Japanese children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease, Clin Exp Nephrol, 18, 626, 10.1007/s10157-013-0856-y Pottel, 2016, An estimated glomerular filtration rate equation for the full age spectrum, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 31, 798, 10.1093/ndt/gfv454 Horio, 2013, Collaboraors Developing the Japanese Equation for Estimated GFR. GFR estimation using standardized serum cystatin C in Japan, Am J Kidney Dis, 61, 197, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.07.007 Uemura, 2014, Cystatin C-based equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate in Japanese children and adolescents, Clin Exp Nephrol, 18, 718, 10.1007/s10157-013-0910-9 Grubb, 2014, Generation of a new cystatin C-based estimating equation for glomerular filtration rate by use of 7 assays standardized to the international calibrator, Clin Chem, 60, 974, 10.1373/clinchem.2013.220707 Torres, 2022, Utilization of cystatin C in the outpatient setting, Am J Nephrol, 53, 534, 10.1159/000524850 Eckfeldt, 2015, Performance in measurement of serum cystatin C by laboratories participating in the College of American Pathologists 2014 CYS survey, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 139, 888, 10.5858/arpa.2014-0427-CP Karger, 2022, College of American Pathologists Accuracy Based Committee and Chemistry Resource Committee. Improved performance in measurement of serum cystatin C by laboratories participating in the College of American Pathologists 2019 CYS survey, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 146, 1218, 10.5858/arpa.2021-0306-CP Inker, 2021, A new panel estimated GFR, including beta2-microglobulin and beta-trace protein and not including race, developed in a diverse population, Am J Kidney Dis, 77, 673, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.11.005 Pottel, 2017, Estimating glomerular filtration rate for the full age spectrum from serum creatinine and cystatin C, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 32, 497 Pottel, 2021, Development and validation of a modified full age spectrum creatinine-based equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate: A cross-sectional analysis of pooled data, Ann Intern Med, 174, 183, 10.7326/M20-4366 Soveri, 2014, Measuring GFR: a systematic review, Am J Kidney Dis, 64, 411, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.04.010 Delanaye, 2016, Iohexol plasma clearance for measuring glomerular filtration rate in clinical practice and research: a review. Part 1: How to measure glomerular filtration rate with iohexol?, Clin Kidney J, 9, 682, 10.1093/ckj/sfw070 Thurlow, 2014, SCr and SCysC concentrations before and after traumatic amputation in male soldiers: a case-control study, Am J Kidney Dis, 63, 167, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.07.014 Delanaye, 2008, Cystatin C or creatinine for detection of stage 3 chronic kidney disease in anorexia nervosa, Nephron Clin Pract, 110, c158, 10.1159/000166607 Wang Y, Adingwupu OM, Shlipak MG, et al. Discordance between creatinine and cystatin C-based eGFR: interpretation according to performance compared to measured GFR. Kidney Med. Published online August 8, 2023. doi:10.1016/j.xkme.2023.100710 Kalantar-Zadeh, 2020, Plant-dominant low-protein Diet for conservative management of chronic kidney disease, Nutrients, 12, 10.3390/nu12071931 Tangri, 2011, Changes in dietary protein intake has no effect on serum cystatin C levels independent of the glomerular filtration rate, Kidney Int, 79, 471, 10.1038/ki.2010.431 Inker LA, Perrone RD. Drugs that elevate the serum creatinine concentration. In: Sterns RH, Forman PJ, eds. UpToDate2023. Fu, 2023, Accuracy of GFR estimating equations in patients with discordances between creatinine and cystatin C-based estimations, J Am Soc Nephrol, 34, 1241, 10.1681/ASN.0000000000000128 Potok, 2020, The difference between cystatin C- and creatinine-based estimated GFR and associations with frailty and adverse outcomes: A cohort analysis of the systolic blood pressure intervention trial (Sprint), Am J Kidney Dis, 76, 765, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.05.017 Potok, 2020, The difference between cystatin C- and creatinine-based estimated GFR and incident frailty: an analysis of the cardiovascular health study (CHS), Am J Kidney Dis, 76, 896, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.05.018 Miller, 2021, National Kidney Foundation laboratory engagement working group recommendations for implementing the CKD-EPI 2021 race-free equations for estimated glomerular filtration rate: practical guidance for clinical laboratories, Clin Chem