Current knowledge onChlamydia pneumoniae, strain TWAR, an important cause of pneumonia and other acute respiratory diseases

Grayston, J. T., Kuo, C. C., Wang, S. P., Altman, J. A newChlamydia psittaci strain called TWAR from acute respiratory tract infections. New England Journal of Medicine 1986, 315: 161–168.

Saikku, P., Wang, S. P., Kleemola, M., Brander, E., Rusanen, E., Grayston, J. T. An epidemic of mild pneumonia due to an unusualChlamydia psittaci strain. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1985, 151: 832–839.

Moulder, J. W., Hatch, T. P., Kuo, C. C., Schachter, J., Storz, J. Chlamydia Jones, Rake andStearns 1945; 55, p. 729–739. In: N. R. Krieg (ed.), Bergey's manual of systemic bacteriology. Volume 1. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1984.

Kuo, C. C., Chen, H. H., Wang, S. P., Grayston, J. T. Identification of a new group ofChlamydia psittaci strains called TWAR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1986, 24: 1034–1037.

Chi, E. Y., Kuo, C. C., Grayston, J. T. Unique ultrastructure in the elementary body ofChlamydia sp. strain TWAR. Journal of Bacteriology 1987, 169: 3757–3763.

Campbell, L. A., Kuo, C. C., Grayston, J. T. Characterization of the newChlamydia agent, TWAR, as a unique organism by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA: DNA hybridization. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1987, 25: 1911–1916.

Cox, R. L., Kuo, C. C., Grayston, J. T., Campbell, L. A. Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness ofChlamydia sp. strain TWAR toChlamydia trachomatis andChlamydia psittaci. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1988, 38: 265–268.

Grayston, J. T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A., Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp. nov. forChlamydia strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1989, 39: 88–90.

Kuo, C. C., Grayston, J. T. Factors affecting the viability and the growth in HeLa 229 cells of the TWAR strain ofChlamydia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1988, 26: 812–815.

Wang, S. P., Grayston, J. T. Microimmunofluorescence serological studies with the TWAR organism. In: Oriel, J. D., Ridway, G., Schachter, J., Taylor-Robinson, D., Ward, M. (ed.): Chlamydial infections. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986, p. 329–332.

Meyer, K. F., Eddie, B., Schachter, J. Psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum agents. In: Lennette, E. H., Schmidt, N. J. (ed.): Diagnostic procedures for viral and rickettsial infections. American Public Health Association, New York, 1965, p. 869–903.

Grayston, J. T., Kuo, C. C., Wang, S. P., Cooney, M. K., Altman, J., Marrie, T. J., Marshall, J. G., Mordhorst, C. H. Clinical findings in TWAR respiratory tract infections. In: Oriel, J. D., Ridway, G., Schachter, J., Taylor-Robinson, D., Ward, M. (ed.): Chlamydial infections. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986, p. 337–340.

Marrie, T. J., Grayston, J. T., Wang, S. P., Kuo, C. C. Pneumonia associated with the TWAR strain ofChlamydia. Annals of Internal Medicine 1987, 106: 507–511.

Grayston, J. T., Diwan, V. K., Cooney, M., Wang, S. P. Community and hospital acquired pneumonia associated withChlamydia TWAR infection demonstrated serologically. Archives of Internal Medicine 1988, 149: 169–173.

Foy, H. M., Kenny, G. E., Cooney, M. K., Allan, I. D. Long-term epidemiology of infections withMycoplasma pneumoniae. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1979, 139: 681–687.

Mordhorst, C. H., Wang, S. P., Grayston, J. T. Epidemic ‘ornithosis’ and TWAR infection, Denmark 1976–1985. In: Oriel, J. D., Ridway, G., Schachter, J., Taylor-Robinson, D., Ward, M. (ed.) Chlamydial infections. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986, p. 325–328.

Bruu, A.-L., Aasen, S., Tjaland, S., Birkeland Flugsrud, L. An outbreak of ornithosis in Norway in 1981. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 1984, 16: 145–152.

Kleemola, M., Saikku, P., Visakorpi, R., Wang, S. P., Grayston, J. T. Pneumonia epidemics in military trainees in Finland caused by TWAR, a newChlamydia organism. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1988, 157: 230–236.

Meyer, K. F., Eddie, B. The Influence of tetracycline compounds on the development of antibodies in psittacosis. American Review of Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases 1956, 74: 566–571.

Saikku, P. Chlamydia TWAR and its epidemiology. In: Proceedings of the First Conference of the European Society for Chlamydia Research. Societa Editrice Esculapio, Bologna, 1988, p. 7–10.

Ekman, M. R., Saikku, P., Kleemola, M., Visakorpi, R., Kuo, C. C., Grayston, J. T. Mild and symptomatic respiratory infections withChlamydia TWAR during a military pneumonia epidemic. In: Proceedings of the First Conference of the European Society for Chlamydia Research, Societa Editrice Esculapio, Bologna, 1988, p. 56.

Grayston, J. T., Wang, S. P., Yeh, L. J., Kuo, C. C. The importance of reinfection in the pathogenesis of trachoma. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1985, 7: 717–725.

Patton, D. L., Kuo, C. C., Wang, S. P., Halbert, S. A. Distal tubal obstruction induced by repeatedChlamydia trachomatis salpingeal infections in pigtailed macques. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1987, 155: 1292–1299.

Pether, J. V. S., Noah, N. D., Lau, Y. K., Taylor, J. A., Bowie, J. C. An outbreak of psittacosis in a boy's boarding school. Journal of Hygiene 1984, 92: 337–343.

Eng, J., Flottorp, A. Para-ornithose. An epidemi av akutt luftveisinfeksjon med positiy Lygranum-KBR. Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening 1957, 77: 51–56.

Huseklepp, H., Oeding, P. Ornithose. Nordisk Mediein 1957, 57: 370–373.

Orstavik, I., Loe, K. G., Davidsen, F. S. Adenovirus-infeksjoner och ornithose blant militaere rekrutter. Nordisk Medicin 1969, 82: 1073–1077.

Andersson, E., Kjerulf-Jensen, K. Ornithosis. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1957, 119: 1171–1174.

Loffler, H., Spengler, G. A., Riva, G., Stucki, P., Mangold, R. Über gehäuftes Vorkommen von Lungeninfiltraten in Rekrutenschulen. Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift 1956, 86: 967–975.

Fraser, P. K., Hatch, L. A., Shell, G. H., LeClerq, L. G. H., Pratt, D. W. Minor respiratory illness caused by an agent of the psittacosis (lymphogranuloma-venereum group). Lancet 1964, ii: 306–308.

Sundstrom, S., Bruu, A.-L., Jenum, P. A., Anestad, G. Ornitoseepidemi. Garrisonen i Porsanger i 1982. Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening 1986, 106: 820–823.

Sutton, G. C., Demakis, J. A., Anderson, T. O., Morrissey, R. A. Serologic evidence of a sporadic outbreak in Illinois of infection byChlamydia (psittacosis-LVG agent) in patients with primary myocardial disease and respiratory disease. American Heart Journal 1971, 81: 597–607.

Kuo, C. C., Grayston, J. T. In vitro drug susceptibility ofChlamydia TWAR. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1988, 32: 257–258.

Dwyer, R. S. T. C., Treharne, J. D., Jones, B. R., Herring, J. Chlamydia infection: results of microimmunofluorescence tests for the detection of type-specific antibody in certain chlamydial infections. British Journal of Venereal Diseases 1972, 48: 452–459.

Forsey, T., Darouger, S., Treharne, J. D. Prevalence in human beings of antibodies toChlamydia IOL-207, an atyptical strain of chlamydia. Journal of Infection 1986, 12: 145–152.