Cure in metastatic breast cancer

Eng LG, Dawood S, Sopik V, Haaland B, Tan PS, Bhoo-Pathy N, Warner E, Iqbal J, Narod SA, Dent R. Ten-year survival in women with primary stage IV breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016;160(1):145–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-016-3974-x .

Pagani O, Senkus E, Wood W, Colleoni M, Cufer T, Kyriakides S, Costa A, Winer EP, Cardoso F, Force E‑MT. International guidelines for management of metastatic breast cancer: can metastatic breast cancer be cured? J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102(7):456–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djq029 .

Cardoso F, Costa A, Senkus E, Aapro M, Andre F, Barrios CH, Bergh J, Bhattacharyya G, Biganzoli L, Cardoso MJ, Carey L, Corneliussen-James D, Curigliano G, Dieras V, El Saghir N, Eniu A, Fallowfield L, Fenech D, Francis P, Gelmon K, Gennari A, Harbeck N, Hudis C, Kaufman B, Krop I, Mayer M, Meijer H, Mertz S, Ohno S, Pagani O, Papadopoulos E, Peccatori F, Penault-Llorca F, Piccart MJ, Pierga JY, Rugo H, Shockney L, Sledge G, Swain S, Thomssen C, Tutt A, Vorobiof D, Xu B, Norton L, Winer E. 3rd ESO-ESMO international consensus guidelines for Advanced Breast Cancer (ABC 3). Ann Oncol. 2017;28(1):16–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdw544 .

Van Cutsem E, Cervantes A, Nordlinger B, Arnold D, Group EGW. Metastatic colorectal cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(Suppl 3):iii1–iii9. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu260 .

Huang F, Wu G, Yang K. Oligometastasis and oligo-recurrence: more than a mirage. Radiat Oncol. 2014;9:230. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13014-014-0230-6 .

Raab R, Nussbaum KT, Behrend M, Weimann A. Liver metastases of breast cancer: results of liver resection. Anticancer Res. 1998;18(3C):2231–3.

Pocard M, Pouillart P, Asselain B, Salmon R. Hepatic resection in metastatic breast cancer: results and prognostic factors. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2000;26(2):155–9. https://doi.org/10.1053/ejso.1999.0761 .

Yoshimoto M, Tada T, Saito M, Takahashi K, Makita M, Uchida Y, Kasumi F. Surgical treatment of hepatic metastases from breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2000;59(2):177–84. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1006398401352 .

Pocard M, Pouillart P, Asselain B, Falcou MC, Salmon RJ. Hepatic resection for breast cancer metastases: results and prognosis (65 cases). Ann Chir. 2001;126(5):413–20.

Ercolani G, Zanello M, Serenari M, Cescon M, Cucchetti A, Ravaioli M, Del Gaudio M, D’Errico A, Brandi G, Pinna AD. Ten-year survival after liver resection for breast metastases: a single-center experience. Dig Surg. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1159/000486523 .

Elias D, Maisonnette F, Druet-Cabanac M, Ouellet JF, Guinebretiere JM, Spielmann M, Delaloge S. An attempt to clarify indications for hepatectomy for liver metastases from breast cancer. Am J Surg. 2003;185(2):158–64.

Weinrich M, Weiss C, Schuld J, Rau BM. Liver resections of isolated liver metastasis in breast cancer: results and possible prognostic factors. HPB Surg. 2014;2014:893829. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/893829 .

Ercolani G, Grazi GL, Ravaioli M, Ramacciato G, Cescon M, Varotti G, Del Gaudio M, Vetrone G, Pinna AD. The role of liver resections for noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine metastases: experience with 142 observed cases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2005;12(6):459–66. https://doi.org/10.1245/ASO.2005.06.034 .

Vlastos G, Smith DL, Singletary SE, Mirza NQ, Tuttle TM, Popat RJ, Curley SA, Ellis LM, Roh MS, Vauthey JN. Long-term survival after an aggressive surgical approach in patients with breast cancer hepatic metastases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004;11(9):869–74. https://doi.org/10.1245/ASO.2004.01.007 .

Sakamoto Y, Yamamoto J, Yoshimoto M, Kasumi F, Kosuge T, Kokudo N, Makuuchi M. Hepatic resection for metastatic breast cancer: prognostic analysis of 34 patients. World J Surg. 2005;29(4):524–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-004-7688-6 .

Adam R, Aloia T, Krissat J, Bralet MP, Paule B, Giacchetti S, Delvart V, Azoulay D, Bismuth H, Castaing D. Is liver resection justified for patients with hepatic metastases from breast cancer? Ann Surg. 2006;244(6):897–907. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000246847.02058.1b . discussion 907–898.

Margonis GA, Buettner S, Sasaki K, Kim Y, Ratti F, Russolillo N, Ferrero A, Berger N, Gamblin TC, Poultsides G, Tran T, Postlewait LM, Maithel S, Michaels AD, Bauer TW, Marques H, Barroso E, Aldrighetti L, Pawlik TM. The role of liver-directed surgery in patients with hepatic metastasis from primary breast cancer: a multi-institutional analysis. HPB (Oxford). 2016;18(8):700–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpb.2016.05.014 .

Ye T, Yang B, Tong H, Zhang Y, Xia J. Long-term outcomes of surgical resection for liver metastasis from breast cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 2015;62(139):688–92.

Kobryn E, Kobryn K, Wroblewski T, Kobryn K, Pietrzak R, Rykowski P, Ziarkiewicz-Wroblewska B, Lamparski K, Zieniewicz K, Patkowski W, Krawczyk M, Paluszkiewicz R. Is there a rationale for aggressive breast cancer liver metastases resections in Polish female patients? Analysis of overall survival following hepatic resection at a single centre in Poland. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2016;23(4):683–7. https://doi.org/10.5604/12321966.1226866 .

Zegarac M, Nikolic S, Gavrilovic D, Jevric M, Kolarevic D, Nikolic-Tomasevic Z, Kocic M, Djurisic I, Inic Z, Ilic V, Santrac N. Prognostic factors for longer disease free survival and overall survival after surgical resection of isolated liver metastasis from breast cancer. J Buon. 2013;18(4):859–65.

D’Angelica M. Hepatic resection for metastatic breast cancer: an exercise in selection bias. HPB (Oxford). 2016;18(8):631–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpb.2016.07.003 .

Hoffmann K, Franz C, Hinz U, Schirmacher P, Herfarth C, Eichbaum M, Buchler MW, Schemmer P. Liver resection for multimodal treatment of breast cancer metastases: identification of prognostic factors. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17(6):1546–54. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-010-0931-5 .

Friedel G, Pastorino U, Ginsberg RJ, Goldstraw P, Johnston M, Pass H, Putnam JB, Toomes H, International Registry of Lung Metastases L. Results of lung metastasectomy from breast cancer: prognostic criteria on the basis of 467 cases of the International Registry of Lung Metastases. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002;22(3):335–44.

Livartowski A, Chapelier A, Beuzeboc P, Dierick A, Asselain B, Dartevelle P, Pouillart P. Surgical excision of pulmonary metastasis of cancer of the breast: apropos of 40 patients. Bull Cancer. 1998;85(9):799–802.

Murabito M, Salat A, Mueller MR. Complete resection of isolated lung metastasis from breast carcinoma results in a strong increase in survival. Minerva Chir. 2000;55(3):121–7.

Ludwig C, Stoelben E, Hasse J. Disease-free survival after resection of lung metastases in patients with breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2003;29(6):532–5.

Planchard D, Soria JC, Michiels S, Grunenwald D, Validire P, Caliandro R, Girard P, Le Chevalier T. Uncertain benefit from surgery in patients with lung metastases from breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;100(1):28–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11881 .

Tanaka F, Li M, Hanaoka N, Bando T, Fukuse T, Hasegawa S, Wada H. Surgery for pulmonary nodules in breast cancer patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79(5):1711–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.10.033 . discussion 1714–1715.

Rena O, Papalia E, Ruffini E, Filosso PL, Oliaro A, Maggi G, Casadio C. The role of surgery in the management of solitary pulmonary nodule in breast cancer patients. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007;33(5):546–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2006.12.015 .

Welter S, Jacobs J, Krbek T, Totsch M, Stamatis G. Pulmonary metastases of breast cancer. When is resection indicated? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;34(6):1228–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.07.063 .

Chen F, Fujinaga T, Sato K, Sonobe M, Shoji T, Sakai H, Miyahara R, Bando T, Okubo K, Hirata T, Toi M, Date H. Clinical features of surgical resection for pulmonary metastasis from breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2009;35(4):393–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2008.05.005 .

Meimarakis G, Ruttinger D, Stemmler J, Crispin A, Weidenhagen R, Angele M, Fertmann J, Hatz RA, Winter H. Prolonged overall survival after pulmonary metastasectomy in patients with breast cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;95(4):1170–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.11.043 .

Kycler W, Laski P. Surgical approach to pulmonary metastases from breast cancer. Breast J. 2012;18(1):52–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4741.2011.01176.x .

Yoshimoto M, Tada K, Nishimura S, Makita M, Iwase T, Kasumi F, Okumura S, Sato Y, Nakagawa K. Favourable long-term results after surgical removal of lung metastases of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008;110(3):485–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-007-9747-9 .

Fan J, Chen D, Du H, Shen C, Che G. Prognostic factors for resection of isolated pulmonary metastases in breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis. 2015;7(8):1441–51. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.08.10 .

Tomiak E, Piccart M, Mignolet F, Sahmoud T, Paridaens R, Nooy M, Beex L, Fentiman IS, Muller A, van der Schueren E, Rubens RD. Characterisation of complete responders to combination chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer: a retrospective EORTC Breast Group study. Eur J Cancer. 1996;32A(11):1876–87.

Greenberg PA, Hortobagyi GN, Smith TL, Ziegler LD, Frye DK, Buzdar AU. Long-term follow-up of patients with complete remission following combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(8):2197–205. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1996.14.8.2197 .

Hanrahan EO, Broglio KR, Buzdar AU, Theriault RL, Valero V, Cristofanilli M, Yin G, Kau SW, Hortobagyi GN, Rivera E. Combined-modality treatment for isolated recurrences of breast carcinoma: update on 30 years of experience at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and assessment of prognostic factors. Cancer. 2005;104(6):1158–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.21305 .

Kobayashi T, Ichiba T, Sakuyama T, Arakawa Y, Nagasaki E, Aiba K, Nogi H, Kawase K, Takeyama H, Toriumi Y, Uchida K, Kobayashi M, Kanehira C, Suzuki M, Ando N, Natori K, Kuraishi Y. Possible clinical cure of metastatic breast cancer: lessons from our 30-year experience with oligometastatic breast cancer patients and literature review. Breast Cancer. 2012;19(3):218–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12282-012-0347-0 .

Swain SM, Baselga J, Kim SB, Ro J, Semiglazov V, Campone M, Ciruelos E, Ferrero JM, Schneeweiss A, Heeson S, Clark E, Ross G, Benyunes MC, Cortes J, Group CS. Pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(8):724–34. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1413513 .

Finn RS, Martin M, Rugo HS, Jones S, Im SA, Gelmon K, Harbeck N, Lipatov ON, Walshe JM, Moulder S, Gauthier E, Lu DR, Randolph S, Dieras V, Slamon DJ. Palbociclib and Letrozole in advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(20):1925–36. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1607303 .

Cristofanilli M, Turner NC, Bondarenko I, Ro J, Im S‑A, Masuda N, Colleoni M, DeMichele A, Loi S, Verma S, Iwata H, Harbeck N, Zhang K, Theall KP, Jiang Y, Bartlett CH, Koehler M, Slamon D. Fulvestrant plus palbociclib versus fulvestrant plus placebo for treatment of hormone-receptor-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer that progressed on previous endocrine therapy (PALOMA-3). Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(4):425–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00613-0 . final analysis of the multicentre, double-blind, phase 3 randomised controlled trial.

Hortobagyi GN, Stemmer SM, Burris HA, Yap YS, Sonke GS, Paluch-Shimon S, Campone M, Blackwell KL, Andre F, Winer EP, Janni W, Verma S, Conte P, Arteaga CL, Cameron DA, Petrakova K, Hart LL, Villanueva C, Chan A, Jakobsen E, Nusch A, Burdaeva O, Grischke EM, Alba E, Wist E, Marschner N, Favret AM, Yardley D, Bachelot T, Tseng LM, Blau S, Xuan F, Souami F, Miller M, Germa C, Hirawat S, O’Shaughnessy J. Ribociclib as first-line therapy for HR-positive, advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(18):1738–48. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1609709 .

Fasching PA, Jerusalem GHM, Pivot X, Martin M, Laurentiis MD, Blackwell KL, Esteva FJ, Chia SKL, Germa C, Tang Z, Dhuria SV, Slamon DJ. Phase III study of ribociclib (LEE011) plus fulvestrant for the treatment of postmenopausal patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2‑negative (HER2−) advanced breast cancer (aBC). J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(15 suppl):TPS624–TPS624. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.34.15_suppl.TPS624 . who have received no or only one line of prior endocrine treatment (ET): MONALEESA-3.

Sledge GW Jr., Toi M, Neven P, Sohn J, Inoue K, Pivot X, Burdaeva O, Okera M, Masuda N, Kaufman PA, Koh H, Grischke EM, Frenzel M, Lin Y, Barriga S, Smith IC, Bourayou N, Llombart-Cussac A. MONARCH 2: Abemaciclib in combination with Fulvestrant in women with HR+/HER2− advanced breast cancer who had progressed while receiving endocrine therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(25):2875–84. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.73.7585 .

Goetz MP, Toi M, Campone M, Sohn J, Paluch-Shimon S, Huober J, Park IH, Tredan O, Chen SC, Manso L, Freedman OC, Garnica Jaliffe G, Forrester T, Frenzel M, Barriga S, Smith IC, Bourayou N, Di Leo A. MONARCH 3: Abemaciclib as initial therapy for advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(32):3638–46. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.75.6155 .

Finn RS, Crow JP, Lang I, Boer K, Bondarenko I, Kulyk SO, Ettl J, Patel R, Pinter T, Schmidt M, Shparyk YV, Thummala A, Voytko NL, Fowst C, Huang X, Kim S, Slamon DJ. Overall survival results from the randomized phase II study of palbociclib (P) in combination with letrozole (L) vs letrozole alone for frontline treatment of ER+/HER2− advanced breast cancer (PALOMA-1; TRIO-18). J Clin Oncol. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.35.15_suppl.1001 .

Schadendorf D, Hodi FS, Robert C, Weber JS, Margolin K, Hamid O, Patt D, Chen TT, Berman DM, Wolchok JD. Pooled analysis of long-term survival data from phase II and phase III trials of ipilimumab in unresectable or metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(17):1889–94. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.56.2736 .

Larkin J, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, Rutkowski P, Grob J‑J, Cowey CL, Lao CD, Schadendorf D, Ferrucci PF, Smylie M, Dummer R, Hill A, Haanen J, Maio M, McArthur G, Walker D, Rollin L, Horak C, Hodi FS, Wolchok JD. Abstract CT075: overall survival (OS) results from a phase III trial of nivolumab (NIVO) combined with ipilimumab (IPI) in treatment-naïve patients with advanced melanoma (CheckMate 067). Cancer Res. 2017;77(13 Suppl):CT75–CT75. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538–7445.am2017-ct075.

Robert C, Long GV, Schachter J, Arance A, Grob JJ, Mortier L, Daud A, Carlino MS, McNeil CM, Lotem M, Larkin JMG, Lorigan P, Neyns B, Blank CU, Petrella TM, Hamid O, Zhou H, Moreno BH, Ibrahim N, Ribas A. Long-term outcomes in patients (pts) with ipilimumab (ipi)-naive advanced melanoma in the phase 3 KEYNOTE-006 study who completed pembrolizumab (pembro) treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(15 suppl):9504–9504. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.35.15_suppl.9504 .

Robert C, Schachter J, Long GV, Arance A, Grob JJ, Mortier L, Daud A, Carlino MS, McNeil C, Lotem M, Larkin J, Lorigan P, Neyns B, Blank CU, Hamid O, Mateus C, Shapira-Frommer R, Kosh M, Zhou H, Ibrahim N, Ebbinghaus S, Ribas A, investigators K‑. Pembrolizumab versus Ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(26):2521–32. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1503093 .

Brahmer J, Reckamp KL, Baas P, Crino L, Eberhardt WE, Poddubskaya E, Antonia S, Pluzanski A, Vokes EE, Holgado E, Waterhouse D, Ready N, Gainor J, Frontera AO, Havel L, Steins M, Garassino MC, Aerts JG, Domine M, Paz-Ares L, Reck M, Baudelet C, Harbison CT, Lestini B, Spigel DR. Nivolumab versus Docetaxel in advanced squamous-cell non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(2):123–35. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1504627 .

Herbst RS, Baas P, Kim DW, Felip E, Perez-Gracia JL, Han JY, Molina J, Kim JH, Arvis CD, Ahn MJ, Majem M, Fidler MJ, de Castro G Jr., Garrido M, Lubiniecki GM, Shentu Y, Im E, Dolled-Filhart M, Garon EB. Pembrolizumab versus docetaxel for previously treated, PD-L1-positive, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-010): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10027):1540–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01281-7 .

Rittmeyer A, Barlesi F, Waterkamp D, Park K, Ciardiello F, von Pawel J, Gadgeel SM, Hida T, Kowalski DM, Dols MC, Cortinovis DL, Leach J, Polikoff J, Barrios C, Kabbinavar F, Frontera OA, De Marinis F, Turna H, Lee JS, Ballinger M, Kowanetz M, He P, Chen DS, Sandler A, Gandara DR, Group OAKS. Atezolizumab versus docetaxel in patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (OAK): a phase 3, open-label, multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;389(10066):255–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32517-X .

Motzer RJ, Tannir NM, McDermott DF, Frontera AO, Melichar B, Choueiri TK, Plimack ER, Barthelemy P, Porta C, George S, Powles T, Donskov F, Neiman V, Kollmannsberger CK, Salman P, Gurney H, Hawkins R, Ravaud A, Grimm MO, Bracarda S, Barrios CH, Tomita Y, Castellano D, Rini BI, Chen AC, Mekan S, McHenry MB, Wind-Rotolo M, Doan J, Sharma P, Hammers HJ, Escudier B, CheckMate I. Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab versus Sunitinib in advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(14):1277–90. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1712126 .

Rosenberg JE, Hoffman-Censits J, Powles T, van der Heijden MS, Balar AV, Necchi A, Dawson N, O’Donnell PH, Balmanoukian A, Loriot Y, Srinivas S, Retz MM, Grivas P, Joseph RW, Galsky MD, Fleming MT, Petrylak DP, Perez-Gracia JL, Burris HA, Castellano D, Canil C, Bellmunt J, Bajorin D, Nickles D, Bourgon R, Frampton GM, Cui N, Mariathasan S, Abidoye O, Fine GD, Dreicer R. Atezolizumab in patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma who have progressed following treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10031):1909–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00561-4 .

Sharma P, Retz M, Siefker-Radtke A, Baron A, Necchi A, Bedke J, Plimack ER, Vaena D, Grimm M‑O, Bracarda S, Arranz JÁ, Pal S, Ohyama C, Saci A, Qu X, Lambert A, Krishnan S, Azrilevich A, Galsky MD. Nivolumab in metastatic urothelial carcinoma after platinum therapy (CheckMate 275): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(3):312–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30065-7 .

Nanda R, Specht J, Dees EC, Berger R, Gupta S, Geva R, Pusztai L, Pathiraja K, Ray A, Karantza V, Buisseret L. Pembrolizumab for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC): long-lasting responses in the phase Ib KEYNOTE-012 study. Eur J Cancer. 2017;72:S38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(17)30206-X .

Adams S, Loi S, Toppmeyer D, Cescon DW, Laurentiis MD, Nanda R, Winer EP, Mukai H, Tamura K, Armstrong A, Liu MC, Iwata H, Ryvo L, Wimberger P, Card D, Ding Y, Karantza V, Schmid P. Phase 2 study of pembrolizumab as first-line therapy for PD-L1—positive metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC): preliminary data from KEYNOTE-086 cohort B. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(15 suppl):1088–1088. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.35.15_suppl.1088 .

Adams S, Schmid P, Rugo HS, Winer EP, Loirat D, Awada A, Cescon DW, Iwata H, Campone M, Nanda R, Hui R, Curigliano G, Toppmeyer D, O’Shaughnessy J, Loi S, Paluch-Shimon S, Card D, Zhao J, Karantza V, Cortes J. Phase 2 study of pembrolizumab (pembro) monotherapy for previously treated metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC): KEYNOTE-086 cohort A. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(15 suppl):1008–1008. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.35.15_suppl.1008 .

Rugo HS, Delord JP, Im SA, Ott PA, Piha-Paul SA, Bedard PL, Sachev J, Le Tourneau C, van Brummelen EMJ, Varga A, Salgado R, Loi S, Saraf S, Pietrangelo D, Karantza V, Tan AR. Safety and antitumor activity of Pembrolizumab in patients with estrogen receptorpositive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2negative advanced breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-3452 .

Schmid P, Cruz C, Braiteh FS. Atezolizumab in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: long-term clinical outcomes and biomarker analyses. American Association for Cancer Research (AACR Annual Meeting) 2017. 2017. Abstract 2986.

Nanda R, Chow LQ, Dees EC, Berger R, Gupta S, Geva R, Pusztai L, Pathiraja K, Aktan G, Cheng JD, Karantza V, Buisseret L. Pembrolizumab in patients with advanced triple-negative breast cancer: phase Ib KEYNOTE-012 study. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(21):2460–7. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.64.8931 .

Senkus E, Cardoso F, Pagani O. Time for more optimism in metastatic breast cancer? Cancer Treat Rev. 2014;40(2):220–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.09.015 .

Dirix LY, Takacs I, Jerusalem G, Nikolinakos P, Arkenau HT, Forero-Torres A, Boccia R, Lippman ME, Somer R, Smakal M, Emens LA, Hrinczenko B, Edenfield W, Gurtler J, von Heydebreck A, Grote HJ, Chin K, Hamilton EP. Avelumab, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, in patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer: a phase 1b JAVELIN Solid Tumor study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2018;167(3):671–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-017-4537-5 .

Di Gioia D, Stieber P, Schmidt GP, Nagel D, Heinemann V, Baur-Melnyk A. Early detection of metastatic disease in asymptomatic breast cancer patients with whole-body imaging and defined tumour marker increase. Br J Cancer. 2015;112(5):809–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2015.8 .

Rohanizadegan M. Analysis of circulating tumor DNA in breast cancer as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. Cancer Genet. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cancergen.2018.02.002 .

Garcia-Murillas I, Schiavon G, Weigelt B, Ng C, Hrebien S, Cutts RJ, Cheang M, Osin P, Nerurkar A, Kozarewa I, Garrido JA, Dowsett M, Reis-Filho JS, Smith IE, Turner NC. Mutation tracking in circulating tumor DNA predicts relapse in early breast cancer. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7(302):302ra133. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aab0021 .

Reuben JM, Krishnamurthy S, Woodward W, Cristofanilli M. The role of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer diagnosis and prediction of therapy response. Expert Opin Med Diagn. 2008;2(4):339–48. https://doi.org/10.1517/17530059.2.4.339 .

Soung YH, Ford S, Zhang V, Chung J. Exosomes in cancer diagnostics. Cancers (Basel). 2017; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers9010008 .

Armand-Labit V, Pradines A. Circulating cell-free microRNAs as clinical cancer biomarkers. Biomol Concepts. 2017;8(2):61–81. https://doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2017-0002 .

Best MG, Sol N, In’t Veld S, Vancura A, Muller M, Niemeijer AN, Fejes AV, Tjon Kon Fat LA, Huis In’t Veld AE, Leurs C, Le Large TY, Meijer LL, Kooi IE, Rustenburg F, Schellen P, Verschueren H, Post E, Wedekind LE, Bracht J, Esenkbrink M, Wils L, Favaro F, Schoonhoven JD, Tannous J, Meijers-Heijboer H, Kazemier G, Giovannetti E, Reijneveld JC, Idema S, Killestein J, Heger M, de Jager SC, Urbanus RT, Hoefer IE, Pasterkamp G, Mannhalter C, Gomez-Arroyo J, Bogaard HJ, Noske DP, Vandertop WP, van den Broek D, Ylstra B, Nilsson RJA, Wesseling P, Karachaliou N, Rosell R, Lee-Lewandrowski E, Lewandrowski KB, Tannous BA, de Langen AJ, Smit EF, van den Heuvel MM, Wurdinger T. Swarm intelligence-enhanced detection of non-small-cell lung cancer using tumor-educated platelets. Cancer Cell. 2017;32(2):238–252.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2017.07.004 .

Uppal A, Wightman SC, Mallon S, Oshima G, Pitroda SP, Zhang Q, Huang X, Darga TE, Huang L, Andrade J, Liu H, Ferguson MK, Greene GL, Posner MC, Hellman S, Khodarev NN, Weichselbaum RR. 14q32-encoded microRNAs mediate an oligometastatic phenotype. Oncotarget. 2015;6(6):3540–52. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.2920 .