Cumulative Effects of Childhood Traumas: Polytraumatization, Dissociation, and Schizophrenia

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 51 - Trang 54-62 - 2014
María-José Álvarez1, Helga Masramon1, Carlos Peña1, Marina Pont2, Caroline Gourdier1, Pere Roura-Poch2, Francesc Arrufat1
1Mental Health Department, Vic Hospital Consortium, Vic, Spain
2Clinical epidemiology and Research Department, Vic Hospital Consortium, Vic, Spain

Tóm tắt

The study objective was to measure and compare the presence of childhood trauma and dissociative symptoms in a convenience sample of healthy controls and a probabilistic sample of outpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Patients reported more childhood trauma and more polytraumatization than the controls, and had a higher average dissociation score. In both cases and controls, the presence of childhood trauma was related to the intensity of the dissociation observed. Childhood trauma, clinical dissociation and schizophrenia are closely related, particularly when the patient has been the victim of more than one type of abuse.

Tài liệu tham khảo

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4 Test Revision ed.). Washington: APA. Bebbington, P. E., Bhugra, D., Brugha, T., Singleton, N., Farrell, M., Jenkins, R., et al. (2004). Psychosis, victimisation and childhood disadvantage: evidence from the second British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 220–226. Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., et al. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1132–1136. Brunner, R., Parzer, P., Schmitt, R., & Resch, F. (2004). Dissociative symptoms in schizophrenia: a comparative analysis of patients with borderline personality disorder and healthy controls. Psychopathology, 37, 281–284. Carlson, E. B., & Putnam, F. W. (1993). An update on the dissociative experiences Scale. Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 6, 16–27. Clemmons, J. C., Walsh, K., DiLillo, D., & Messman-Moore, T. L. (2007). Unique and combined contributions of multiple child abuse types and abuse severity to adult trauma symptomatology. Child Maltreatment, 12, 172–181. Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R. K., & Turner, H. A. (2007). Polyvictimization and trauma in a national longitudinal cohort. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 149–166. Fisher, H. L., Craig, T. K., Fearon, P., Morgan, K., Dazzan, P., Lappin, J., et al. (2011). Reliability and comparability of psychosis patients’ retrospective reports of childhood abuse. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(3), 546–553. Guidelines for Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder in Adults. (2011). Third Revision. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 12, 115–187. Hernandez, A., Gallardo-Pujol, D., Pereda, N., Arntz, A., Bernstein, D. P., Gaviria, A. M., et al. (2013). Initial validation of the Spanish childhood trauma Questionnaire-short form: factor structure, reliability and association with parenting. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(7), 1498–1518. Holowka, D. W., King, S., Saheb, D., Pukall, M., & Brunet, A. (2003). Childhood abuse and dissociative symptoms in adult schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 60, 87–90. Icarán, E., Colom, R., & Orengo-García, F. (1996). Validation study of the dissociative experiences scale in Spanish population sample. Actas Luso Esp Neurol Psiquiatr Cienc Afines, 24, 7–10. Janssen, I., Krabbendam, L., Bak, M., Hanssen, M., Vollebergh, W., de Graaf, R., et al. (2004). Childhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109, 38–45. Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., et al. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 197, 378–385. Moskowitz, A., & Corstens, D. (2007). Auditory Hallucinations: Psychotic symptoms in dissociative experience. Journal of Psychological Trauma, 6, 35–63. Perona-Garcelán, S., Carrascoso-López, F., García-Montes, J. M., Ductor-Recuerda, M. J., Jiménez, A., Vallina-Fernández, O., et al. (2012). Dissociative experiences as mediators between childhood trauma and auditory hallucinations. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 323–329. Plattner, B., Silvermann, M. A., Redlich, A. D., Carrion, V. G., Feucht, M., Friedrich, M. H., et al. (2003). Pathways to dissociation: intrafamilial versus extrafamilial trauma in juvenile delinquents. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191, 781–788. Putnam, F. W., Carlson, E. B., Ross, C. A., Anderson, G., Clark, P., Torem, M., et al. (1996). Patterns of dissociation in clinical and nonclinical samples. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184, 673–679. Read, J., Perry, B. D., Moskowitz, A., & Connolly, J. (2001). The contribution of early traumatic events to schizophrenia in some patients: a traumagenic neurodevelopmental model. Psychiatry, 64, 319–345. Read, J., Van Os, J., Morrison, A. P., & Ross, C. A. (2005). Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112, 330–350. Ross, C. A., & Keyes, B. (2004). Dissociation and Schizophrenia. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 5, 69–83. Ross, C., Miller, S., Reagor, P., & Bjornson, L. (1990). Schneiderian symptoms in multiple personality disorder and schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31, 111–118. Şar, V., Akyüz, G., & Doğan, O. (2007). Prevalence of dissociative disorders among women in the general population. Psychiatry Research, 149, 169–176. Sar, V., Taycan, O., Bolat, N., Özmen, M., Duran, A., Öztürk, E., et al. (2010). Childhood trauma and dissociation in schizophrenia. Psychopathology, 43, 33–40. Schafer, I., Fisher, H. L., Aderhold, V., Huber, B., Hoffmann-Langer, L., Golks, D., et al. (2012). Dissociative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: Relationships with childhood trauma and psychotic symptoms. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53, 364–371. Schafer, I., Harfst, T., Aderhold, V., Briken, P., Lehmann, M., Moritz, S., et al. (2006). Childhood trauma and dissociation in female patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: An exploratory study. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194, 135–138. Schilling, E. A., Aseltine, R. H., & Gore, S. (2008). The impact of cumulative childhood adversity on young adult mental health: Measures, models, and interpretations. Social Science and Medicine, 66, 1140–1151. Shevlin, M., Houston, J. E., Dorahy, M. J., & Adamson, G. (2008). Cumulative traumas and psychosis: An analysis of the national comorbidity survey and the British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 193–199. Tanskanen, A., Hintikka, J., Honkalampi, K., Haatainen, K., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., & Viinamaki, H. (2004). Impact of multiple traumatic experiences on the persistence of depressive symptoms—a population-based study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 58, 459–464. Turner, H. A., Finkelhor, D., & Ormrod, R. (2006). The effect of lifetime victimization on the mental health of children and adolescents. Social Science and Medicine, 62, 13–27. Van der Hart, O., Nijenshuis, E. R. S., & Steele, K. (2011). The haunted self. Structural dissociation and the treatment of chronic traumatization. London: WW Norton and Company Ltd. Varese, F., Barkus, E., & Bentall, R. P. (2012). Dissociation mediates the relationship between childhood trauma and hallucination-proneness. Psychological Medicine, 42, 1025–1036. Vogel, M., Spitzer, C., Kuwert, P., Moller, B., Freyberger, H. J., & Grabe, H. J. (2009). Association of childhood neglect with adult dissociation in schizophrenic inpatients. Psychopathology, 42, 124–130. Zanarini, M. C., Ruser, T., Frankenburg, F. R., & Hennen, J. (2000). The dissociative experiences of borderline patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 223–227.