Cumulative Blood Pressure in Early Adulthood and Cardiac Dysfunction in Middle Age

Hunt, 2005, J Am Coll Cardiol, 46, e1, 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.08.022 Orhan, 2010, Effects of isolated obesity on left and right ventricular function: a tissue Doppler and strain rate imaging study, Echocardiography, 27, 236, 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2009.01024.x Wong, 2004, Alterations of left ventricular myocardial characteristics associated with obesity, Circulation, 110, 3081, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000147184.13872.0F Yoneyama, 2012, Age, sex, and hypertension-related remodeling influences left ventricular torsion assessed by tagged cardiac magnetic resonance in asymptomatic individuals: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis, Circulation, 126, 2481, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.093146 Rosen, 2006, Hypertension and smoking are associated with reduced regional left ventricular function in asymptomatic: individuals the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 47, 1150, 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.08.078 Ersbøll, 2013, Prediction of all-cause mortality and heart failure admissions from global left ventricular longitudinal strain in patients with acute myocardial infarction and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, J Am Coll Cardiol, 61, 2365, 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.061 Choi, 2013, Prognostic value of myocardial circumferential strain for incident heart failure and cardiovascular events in asymptomatic individuals: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, Eur Heart J, 34, 2354, 10.1093/eurheartj/eht133 Friedman, 1988, CARDIA: study design, recruitment, and some characteristics of the examined subjects, J Clin Epidemiol, 41, 1105, 10.1016/0895-4356(88)90080-7 Jacobs, 1989, Validity and reliability of short physical activity history: Cardia and the Minnesota Heart Health Program, J Cardiopulm Rehabil, 9, 448, 10.1097/00008483-198911000-00003 Jacobs, 2012, Rate of decline of forced vital capacity predicts future arterial hypertension: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study, Hypertension, 59, 219, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.184101 Lang, 2005, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 18, 1440, 10.1016/j.echo.2005.10.005 Nagueh, 2009, Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 22, 107, 10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.023 Kishi, 2014, Association of obesity in early adulthood and middle age with incipient left ventricular dysfunction and structural remodeling: the CARDIA Study (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults), J Am Coll Cardiol HF, 2, 500 Voigt, 2015, Definitions for a common standard for 2D Speckle tracking echocardiography: consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to standardize deformation imaging, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 28, 183, 10.1016/j.echo.2014.11.003 Redfield, 2003, Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in the community: appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic, J Am Med Assoc, 289, 194, 10.1001/jama.289.2.194 Goldberg, 2006, Stage B heart failure: management of asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction, Circulation, 113, 2851, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.600437 From, 2010, The development of heart failure in patients with diabetes mellitus and pre-clinical diastolic dysfunction. a population-based study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 55, 300, 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.003 Huffman, 2013, Lifetime risk for heart failure among white and black Americans: cardiovascular lifetime risk pooling project, J Am Coll Cardiol, 61, 1510, 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.022 Lloyd-Jones, 2000, Differential control of systolic and diastolic blood pressure factors associated with lack of blood pressure control in the community, Hypertension, 36, 594, 10.1161/01.HYP.36.4.594 Lloyd-Jones, 2002, Lifetime risk for developing congestive heart failure: the Framingham Heart Study, Circulation, 106, 3068, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000039105.49749.6F Kishi, 2015, Race-ethnic and sex differences in left ventricular structure and function: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, J Am Heart Assoc, 4, e001264, 10.1161/JAHA.114.001264 Cheng, 2013, Age- and sex-based reference limits and clinical correlates of myocardial strain and synchrony: the Framingham Heart Study, Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 6, 692, 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.000627 Palmon, 1994, Intramural myocardial shortening in hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy with normal pump function, Circulation, 89, 122, 10.1161/01.CIR.89.1.122 Roman, 2000, Impact of arterial stiffening on left ventricular structure, Hypertension, 36, 489, 10.1161/01.HYP.36.4.489 Rossi, 1998, Pathologic fibrosis and connective tissue matrix in left ventricular hypertrophy due to chronic arterial hypertension in humans, J Hypertens, 16, 1031, 10.1097/00004872-199816070-00018 Rosen, 2005, Left ventricular concentric remodeling is associated with decreased global and regional systolic function: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, Circulation, 112, 984 Mewton, 2011, Assessment of myocardial fibrosis with cardiovascular magnetic resonance, J Am Coll Cardiol, 57, 891, 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.013 Jellis, 2010, Assessment of nonischemic myocardial fibrosis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 56, 89, 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.02.047 Franklin, 1997, Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure: the Framingham Heart Study, Circulation, 96, 308, 10.1161/01.CIR.96.1.308 Cheng, 2012, Blood pressure tracking over the adult life course: patterns and correlates in the Framingham Heart Study, Hypertension, 60, 1393, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.201780 Bibbins-Domingo, 2009, Racial differences in incident heart failure among young adults, N Engl J Med, 360, 1179, 10.1056/NEJMoa0807265 Pletcher, 2008, Prehypertension during young adulthood and coronary calcium later in life, Ann Intern Med, 149, 91, 10.7326/0003-4819-149-2-200807150-00005 Allen, 2014, Blood pressure trajectories in early adulthood and subclinical atherosclerosis in middle age, JAMA, 311, 490, 10.1001/jama.2013.285122 Schocken, 2008, Circulation, 117, 2544, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.188965 Levy, 1996, The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure, J Am Med Assoc, 275, 1557, 10.1001/jama.1996.03530440037034 Chobanian, 2003, The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report, J Am Med Assoc, 289, 2560, 10.1001/jama.289.19.2560 Go, 2013, Heart disease and stroke statistics-2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 127, e6 Valderrama, 2012, Vital signs: awareness and treatment of uncontrolled hypertension among adults–United States, 2003-2010, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 61, 703 Nguyen, 2011, Discordance in national estimates of hypertension among young adults, Epidemiology, 22, 532, 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31821c79d2 Sacks, 2001, Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, N Engl J Med, 344, 3, 10.1056/NEJM200101043440101 Blumenthal, 2010, Effects of the DASH diet alone and in combination with exercise and weight loss on blood pressure and cardiovascular biomarkers in men and women with high blood pressure: the ENCORE study, Arch Intern Med, 170, 126, 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.470 Carnethon, 2003, Cardiorespiratory fitness in young adulthood and the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors, J Am Med Assoc, 290, 3092, 10.1001/jama.290.23.3092 Armstrong, 2014, Quality control and reproducibility in M-mode, two-dimensional, and speckle tracking echocardiography acquisition and analysis: the CARDIA study, year 25 examination experience, Echocardiography