S. Vaynman, D. Isheim, R. Prakash Kolli, S.P. Bhat, D.N. Seidman, and M.E. Fine: High-strength low-carbon ferritic steel containing Cu-Fe-Ni-Al-Mn precipitates. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 39, 363 (2008).
Z. Zhang, C. Liu, Y. Wen, A. Hirata, S. Guo, G. Chen, M. Chen, and B. Chin: Influence of aging and thermomechanical treatments on the mechanical properties of a nanocluster-strengthened ferritic steel. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 43, 351 (2012).
R.D.K. Misra, Z. Jia, R. O’Malley, and S.J. Jansto: Precipitation behavior during thin slab thermomechanical processing and isothermal aging of copper-bearing niobium-microalloyed high strength structural steels: the effect on mechanical properties. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 528, 8772 (2011).
A. Ghosh, B. Mishra, S. Das, and S. Chatterjee: An ultra low carbon Cu bearing steel: influence of thermomechanical processing and aging heat treatment on structure and properties. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 374, 43 (2004).
A. Ghosh, B. Mishra, S. Das, and S. Chatterjee: Microstructure, properties, and age hardening behavior of a thermomechanically processed ultralow-carbon Cu-bearing high-strength steel. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 36, 703 (2005).
A. Saha, J. Jung, and G. Olson: Prototype evaluation of transformation toughened blast resistant naval hull steels: Part II. J. Computer-Aided Mater. Des. 14, 201 (2007).
S. Thompson and G. Krauss: Copper precipitation during continuous cooling and isothermal aging of a710-type steels. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 27, 1573 (1996).
Q.D. Liu, W.Q. Liu, and X.Y. Xiong: Correlation of Cu precipitation with austenite–ferrite transformation in a continuously cooled multicomponent steel: an atom probe tomography study. J. Mater. Res. 27, 1060 (2012).
Q.D. Liu and S.J. Zhao: Comparative study on austenite decomposition and Cu precipitation during continuous cooling transformation. Metall. Mater. Trans. A (in press). DOI:10.1007/s11661-012-1383-2.
M. Mujahid, A.K. Lis, C.I. Garcia, and A.J. DeArdo: HSLA-100 steels: Influence of aging heat treatment on microstructure and properties. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 7, 247 (1998).
A. Deschamps, M. Militzer, and W.J. Poole: Comparison of precipitation kinetics and strengthening in an Fe-0.8% Cu alloy and a 0.8% Cu-containing low-carbon steel. ISIJ Int. 43, 1826 (2003).
A. Deschamps, M. Militzer, and W.J. Poole: Precipitation kinetics and strengthening of a Fe-0.8 wt% Cu alloy. ISIJ Int. 41, 196 (2001).
J. Takahashi, K. Kawakami, and Y. Kobayashi: Consideration of particle-strengthening mechanism of copper-precipitation-strengthened steels by atom probe tomography analysis. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 535, 144 (2012).
G.R. Speich and W.C. Leslie: Tempering of steel. Metall. Trans. 3, 1043 (1972).
H.A.H. Duparc, R.C. Doole, M.L. Jenkins, and A. Barbu: A high-resolution electron microscopy study of copper precipitation in Fe-1.5 wt% Cu under electron irradiation. Philos. Mag. Lett. 71, 325 (1995).
Y. Le Bouar: Atomistic study of the coherency loss during the b.c.c.-9R transformation of small copper precipitates in ferritic steels. Acta Mater. 49, 2661 (2001).
T.H. Lee, Y.O. Kim, and S.J. Kim: Crystallographic model for bcc-to-9R martensitic transformation of Cu precipitates in ferritic steel. Philos. Mag. 87, 209 (2007).
W. Wang, B.X. Zhou, G. Xu, D.F. Chu, and J.C. Peng: High-resolution electron microscopy characterization of 2H and 9R variant in the ferritic steels containing copper. Mater. Charact. 62, 438 (2011).
R. Monzen, M. Iguchi, and M.L. Jenkins: Structural changes of 9R copper precipitates in an aged Fe-Cu alloy. Philos. Mag. Lett. 80, 137 (2000).
R. Monzen, M.L. Jenkins, and A.P. Sutton: The bcc-to-9R martensitic transformation of Cn precipitates and the relaxation process of elastic strains in an Fe-Cu alloy. Philos. Mag. A 80, 711 (2000).
P.J. Othen, M.L. Jenkins, G.D.W. Smith, and W.J. Phythian: Transmission electron microscope investigations of the structure of copper precipitates in thermally-aged Fe-Cu and Fe-Cu-Ni. Philos. Mag. Lett. 64, 383 (1991).
J.J. Blackstock and G.J. Ackland: Phase transitions of copper precipitates in Fe-Cu alloys. Philos. Mag. A 81, 2127 (2001).
D. Isheim, R.P. Kolli, M.E. Fine, and D.N. Seidman: An atom-probe tomographic study of the temporal evolution of the nanostructure of Fe-Cu based high-strength low-carbon steels. Scripta Mater. 55, 35 (2006).
S.R. Goodman, S.S. Brenner, and J.R. Low: An FIM-atom probe study of the precipitation of copper from lron-1.4 at. pct copper. Part II: atom probe analyses. Metall. Mater. Trans. B 4, 2371 (1973).
M. Schober, E. Eidenberger, P. Staron, and H. Leitner: Critical consideration of precipitate analysis of Fe-1 at.% Cu using atom probe and small-angle neutron scattering. Micros. Microanal. 17, 26 (2011).
D. Isheim, M.S. Gagliano, M.E. Fine, and D.N. Seidman: Interfacial segregation at Cu-rich precipitates in a high-strength low-carbon steel studied on a sub-nanometer scale. Acta Mater. 54, 841 (2006).
M.D. Mulholland and D.N. Seidman: Multiple dispersed phases in a high-strength low-carbon steel: an atom-probe tomographic and synchrotron x-ray diffraction study. Scripta Mater. 60, 992 (2009).
H. Nakamichi, K. Yamada, K. Sato: Sub-nanometre elemental analysis of Cu cluster in Fe–Cu–Ni alloy using aberration corrected STEM-EDS. J. Micros. 242, 55 (2011).
R.P. Kolli and D.N. Seidman: The temporal evolution of the decomposition of a concentrated multicomponent Fe-Cu-based steel. Acta Mater. 56, 2073 (2008).
M. Schober, E. Eidenberger, H. Leitner, P. Staron, D. Reith, and R. Podloucky: A critical consideration of magnetism and composition of (bcc) Cu precipitates in (bcc) Fe. Appl. Phys. A 99, 697 (2010).
A.B. Edwards, K.J. Roberts, S. Pizzini, and W.J. Phythian: The local atomic environment of Cu and Ni in Fe-Cu-Ni alloys following thermal ageing and neutron irradiation: a study using fluorescence mode x-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy. Philos. Mag. A 79, 1295 (1999).
M.K. Miller: APT characterization of solute segregation to individual dislocations. TMS Lett. 1, 19 (2004).
M.K. Miller: Atom probe tomography characterization of solute segregation to dislocations. Micros. Res. Tech. 69, 359 (2006).
M. Miller: Atom probe tomography characterization of solute segregation to dislocations and interfaces. J. Mater. Sci. 41, 7808 (2006).
M.K. Miller: Interface analysis with the three-dimensional atom probe. Surf. Interface Anal. 31, 593 (2001).
D. Blavette, E. Cadel, A. Fraczkiewicz, and A. Menand: Three-dimensional atomic-scale imaging of impurity segregation to line defects. Science 286, 2317 (1999).
M.K. Miller: Atom Probe Tomography: Analysis at the Atomic Level (Kluwer Publishing/Plenum Press, New York, NY, 2000).
A.J. Ardell: Precipitation hardening. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 16, 2131 (1985).
Q.D. Liu, W.Q. Liu, Z.M. Wang, and B.X. Zhou: 3D atom probe characterization of alloy carbides in tempering martenite I. Nucleation. Acta Metall. Sin. 45, 1281 (2009).
Q.D. Liu, W.Q. Liu, and S.J. Zhao: Solute behavior in the initial nucleation of V- and Nb-containing carbide. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 42, 3952 (2011).
B. Hutchinson, J. Hagstrom, O. Karlsson, D. Lindell, M. Tornberg, F. Lindberg, and M. Thuvander: Microstructures and hardness of as-quenched martensites (0.1–0.5%C). Acta Mater. 59, 5845 (2011).
R. Kirchheim: Grain coarsening inhibited by solute segregation. Acta Mater. 50, 413 (2002).
R. Kirchheim: Reducing grain boundary, dislocation line and vacancy formation energies by solute segregation: II. Experimental evidence and consequences. Acta Mater. 55, 5139 (2007).
R. Kirchheim: Reducing grain boundary, dislocation line and vacancy formation energies by solute segregation. I. Theoretical background. Acta Mater. 55, 5129 (2007).