Cryptosporidium parvum: The contribution of Th1-inducing pathways to the resolution of infection in mice

Arrowood, 1996, Improved purification methods for calf-derived Cyrptosporidium parvum oocysts using discontinuous sucrose and cesium chloride gradients, Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 43, 89S, 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb05015.x Arrowood, 1995, A new method for evaluating experimental cryptosporidial parasite loads using immunofluorescent flow cytometry, Journal of Parasitology, 81, 404, 10.2307/3283822 Artis, 2004, Early IL-4 production governs the requirement for IL-27-WSX-1 signaling in the development of protective Th1 cytokine responses following Leishmania major infection, Journal of Immunology, 172, 4672, 10.4049/jimmunol.172.8.4672 Bohn, 1998, IL-18 (IFN-γ-inducing factor) regulates early cytokine production in, and promotes resolution of, bacterial infection in mice, Journal of Immunology, 160, 299, 10.4049/jimmunol.160.1.299 Cai, 2000, IL-18 enhances innate IL-12-mediated resistance to Toxoplasma gondii, Infection and Immunity, 68, 6932, 10.1128/IAI.68.12.6932-6938.2000 Campbell, 2002, Susceptibility to Cryptosporidium parvum infections in cytokine- and chemokine-receptor knockout mice, Journal of Parasitology, 88, 1014, 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[1014:STCPII]2.0.CO;2 Canals, 1998, Local ileal cytokine responses in cattle during a primary infection with Cryptosporidium parvum, Journal of Parasitology, 84, 125, 10.2307/3284541 Cooper, 1997, Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is crucial to the development of protective immunity in mice intravenously infected with Mycobacteria tuberculosis, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 186, 39, 10.1084/jem.186.1.39 Cooper, 2002, Mice lacking bioactive IL-12 can generate protective, antigen-specific cellular responses to mycobacterial infection only if the IL-12 p40 subunit is present, Journal of Immunology, 168, 1322, 10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.1322 Culshaw, 1997, Gut intraepithelial lymphocytes induce immunity against Cryptosporidium infection through a mechanism involving gamma interferon production, Infection and Immunity, 65, 3074, 10.1128/IAI.65.8.3074-3079.1997 Dann, 2005, Interleukin-15 activates human natural killer cells to clear the intestinal protozoan cryptosporidium, Journal of Infectious Disease, 192, 1294, 10.1086/444393 Decken, 1998, Interleukin-12 is essential for a protective Th1 response in mice infected with Cryptocococcus neoformans, Infection and Immunity, 66, 4994, 10.1128/IAI.66.10.4994-5000.1998 Egger, 1990, Symptoms and transmissions of intestinal cryptosporidiosis, Archives of Diseases in Childhood, 65, 45, 10.1136/adc.65.4.445 Ehigiator, 2003, IL-12 knockout C57BL/6 mice are protected from re-infection with Cryptosporidium parvum after challenge, Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 50, S539, 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00622.x Ehigiator, 2005, Mucosal cytokine and antigen-specific responses to Cryptosporidium parvum in IL-12p40 KO mice, Parasite Immunology, 50, 17, 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2005.00736.x Gavrilescu, 2003, Interleukin-12 p40- and Fas Ligand-dependent apoptotic pathways involving Stat-1 phosphorylation are triggered during infection with a virulent strain of Toxoplasma gondii, Infection and Immunity, 75, 2577, 10.1128/IAI.71.5.2577-2583.2003 Gazzinelli, 1994, Parasite-induced IL-12 stimulates early IFN-gamma synthesis and resistance during acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii, Journal of Immunology, 153, 2533, 10.4049/jimmunol.153.6.2533 Gollob, 1999, The functional synergy between IL-12 and IL-2 involves p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and is associated with the augmentation of STAT serine phosphorylation, Journal of Immunology, 162, 4472, 10.4049/jimmunol.162.8.4472 Gomez-Morales, 1999, Cytokine profile induced by Cryptosporidium antigen in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from immunocompetent and immunosuppressed persons with cryptosporidiosis, Journal of Infectious Diseases, 179, 967, 10.1086/314665 Griffiths, 1998, The gamma interferon gene knockout mouse: a highly sensitive model for evaluation of therapeutic agents against Cryptosporidium parvum, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36, 2503, 10.1128/JCM.36.9.2503-2508.1998 Grohmann, 1998, IL-12 acts directly on DC to promote nuclear localization of NF-κB and primes DC for IL-12 production, Immunity, 9, 315, 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80614-7 Guerrant, 1997, Cryptosporidiosis: an emerging, highly infectious threat, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 3, 51, 10.3201/eid0301.970106 Hook, 2005, Infection of epithelial and dendritic cells by Chlamydia trachomatis results in IL-18 and IL-12 production, leading to interferon-gamma production by human natural killer cells, FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 45, 113, 10.1016/j.femsim.2005.02.010 Hoxie, 1997, Cryptosporidiosis-associated mortality following a massive waterborne outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, American Journal of Public Health, 87, 2032, 10.2105/AJPH.87.12.2032 Hsieh, 1993, Development of TH1 CD4+ T cells through IL-12 produced by Listeria-induced macrophages, Science, 260, 547, 10.1126/science.8097338 Kaplan, 1996, Impaired IL-12 responses and enhanced development of Th2 cells in Stat4-deficient mice, Nature, 382, 174, 10.1038/382174a0 Kawakami, 2002, Interleukin-18 and host defense against infectious pathogens, Journal of Immunotherapy, 25, S12, 10.1097/00002371-200203001-00003 Kawakami, 1997, IL-18 protects mice against pulmonary and disseminated infection with Cryptococcus neoformans by inducing IFN-gamma production, Journal of Immunology, 159, 5528, 10.4049/jimmunol.159.11.5528 Kawakami, 2000, IL-18 contributes to host resistance against infection with Cryptocococcus neoformans in mice with defective IL-12 synthesis through induction of IFN-γ production by NK cells, Journal of Immunology, 165, 941, 10.4049/jimmunol.165.2.941 Lieberman, 2004, IL-23 provides a limited mechanism of resistance to acute toxoplasmosis in the absence of IL-12, Journal of Immunology, 173, 1887, 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1887 Lieberman, 2004, Stat1 plays a critical role in the regulation of antimicrobial effector mechanisms, but not in the development of Th1-type responses during Toxoplasmosis, Journal of Immunology, 172, 457, 10.4049/jimmunol.172.1.457 McDonald, 2004, Protection against the early acute phase of Cryptosporidium parvum infection conferred by interleukin-4-induced expression of T helper 1 cytokines, Journal of Infectious Diseases, 190, 1019, 10.1086/422761 Mead, 1998, Susceptibility differences to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in two strains of gamma interferon knockout mice, Journal of Parasitology, 84, 1045, 10.2307/3284643 Meraz, 1996, Targeted disruption in the Stat1 gene in mice reveals unexpected physiologic specificity in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, Cell, 84, 431, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81288-X Okazawa, 2004, Human intestinal epithelial cell-derived interleukin (IL)-18, along with IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15, is a potent synergistic factor for the proliferation of intraepithelial lymphocytes, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 136, 269, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02431.x Oxenius, 1999, IL-12 is not required for induction of type 1-cytokine responses in viral infections, Journal of Immunology, 162, 965, 10.4049/jimmunol.162.2.965 Qureshi, 1999, Combined effects of IL-12 and IL-18 on the clinical course and local cytokine production in murine pulmonary infection with Cryptocococcus neoformans, European Journal of Immunology, 29, 643, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199902)29:02<643::AID-IMMU643>3.0.CO;2-E Riggs, 2002, Recent advances in cryptosporidiosis: the immune response, Microbes and Infection, 4, 1067, 10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01631-3 Robinson, 2000, Transforming growth factor beta1 is expressed in the jejunum after experimental Cryptosporidium parvum infection in humans, Infection and Immunity, 68, 5405, 10.1128/IAI.68.9.5405-5407.2000 Robinson, 2001, Expression of IL-15 and IL-4 in IFN-gamma-independent control of experimental human Cryptosporidium parvum infection, Cytokine, 15, 39, 10.1006/cyto.2001.0888 Singh, 2005, Toll-like receptor-mediated responses of primary intestinal epithelial cells during the development of colitis, American Journal of Physiology – Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 288, 514, 10.1152/ajpgi.00377.2004 Smith, 2000, Cytokine expression and specific lymphocyte proliferation in two strains of Cryptosporidium parvum-infected gamma-interferon knockout mice, Journal of Parasitology, 86, 300, 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0300:CEASLP]2.0.CO;2 Smith, 2001, Exogenous Interleukin-12 (IL-12) exacerbates Cryptosporidium parvum infection in gamma interferon knockout mice, Experimental Parasitology, 98, 123, 10.1006/expr.2001.4627 Takeda, 2003, Role of IL-27/WSX-1 signaling for induction of T-bet through activation of STAT1 during initial Th1 commitment, Journal of Immunology, 170, 4886, 10.4049/jimmunol.170.10.4886 Theodos, 1997, Profiles of healing and nonhealing Cryptosporidium parvum infection in C57BL/6 mice with functional B and T lymphocytes: the extent of gamma interferon modulation determines the outcome of infection, Infection and Immunity, 65, 4761, 10.1128/IAI.65.11.4761-4769.1997 Thierfelder, 1996, Requirement for Stat4 in interleukin-12-mediated responses of natural killer and T cells, Nature, 382, 171, 10.1038/382171a0 Tilley, 1995, Resolution of cryptosporidial infection in mice correlates with parasite-specific lymphocyte proliferation associated with both Th1 and Th2 cytokine secretion, Parasite Immunology, 17, 459, 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1995.tb00915.x Urban, 1996, IL-12 protects immunocompetent and immunodeficient neonatal mice against infection with Cryptosporidium parvum, Journal of Immunology, 156, 263, 10.4049/jimmunol.156.1.263 Wei, 1999, Altered immune responses and susceptibility to Leishmania major and Staphylococcus aureus infection in IL-18-deficient mice, Journal of Immunology, 163, 2821, 10.4049/jimmunol.163.5.2821