Cross-section restoration of salt-related deformation: Best practices and potential pitfalls

Journal of Structural Geology - Tập 41 - Trang 24-37 - 2012
Mark G. Rowan1, Robert A. Ratliff2
1Rowan Consulting, Inc., 850 8th St., Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
2Halliburton, Landmark Software and Services, 1805 Shea Center Drive, Suite 400, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, 80129, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Bally, 1966, Structure, seismic data and orogenic evolution of Southern Canadian Rocky Mountains, Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 14, 337 Banks, 1986, ‘Passive-roof’ duplex geometry in the frontal structures of the Kirthar and Sulaiman mountain belts, Pakistan, Journal of Structural Geology, 8, 229, 10.1016/0191-8141(86)90045-3 Bishop, 1995, Gravity-driven thin-skinned extension above Zechstein Group evaporites in the Western Central North Sea: and application of computer-aided section restoration techniques, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 12, 115, 10.1016/0264-8172(95)92834-J Bitterli, 1990, The kinematic evolution of a classical Jura fold: a reinterpretation based on 3-dimensional balancing techniques (Weissenstein Anticline, Jura Mountains, Switzerland), Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 83, 493 Buchanan, 1996, Development of salt-related structures in the Central North Sea: results from section balancing, 111 Butler, 2010, Evaluating lateral compaction in deepwater fold and thrust belts: how much are we missing from “nature’s sandbox”?, GSA Today, 20, 4, 10.1130/GSATG77A.1 Buxtorf, 1916, Prognosen und Befunde beim Hauensteinbasis- und Grenchenbergtunnel und die Bedeutung der letzteren für die Geologie des Juragebirges, Verhandlungen der Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Basel, 27, 184 Canérot, 2005, Mesozoic diapirism in the Pyrenean orogen: salt tectonics on a transform plate boundary, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 89, 211, 10.1306/09170404007 Chamberlin, 1910, The Appalachian folds of central Pennsylvania, Journal of Geology, 18, 228, 10.1086/621722 Cobbold, 1991, Radial gravitational gliding on passive margins, Tectonophysics, 187, 249, 10.1016/0040-1951(91)90459-6 Cobbold, 1995, Seismic and experimental evidence for thin-skinned horizontal shortening by convergent radial gliding on evaporites, deep-water Santos Basin, Brazil, 305 Dahlstrom, 1969, Balanced cross sections, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 6, 743, 10.1139/e69-069 Dahlstrom, 1990, Geometric constraints derived from the law of conservation of volume and applied to evolutionary models of detachment folding, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 74, 336 Demercian, 1993, Style and pattern of salt diapirs due to thin-skinned gravitational gliding, Campos and Santos basins, offshore Brazil, Tectonophysics, 228, 393, 10.1016/0040-1951(93)90351-J Diegel, 1995, Cenozoic structural evolution and tectono-stratigraphic framework of the northern Gulf Coast continental margin, 109 Dooley, 2008, Modeling of strain partitioning during gravity-driven deformation of multilayered evaporites and overburden [abs], American Association of Petroleum Geologists Annual Convention and Exhibition Abstracts, 17, 46 Dooley, 2009, Inflation and deflation of deeply buried salt stocks during lateral shortening, Journal of Structural Geology, 31, 582, 10.1016/j.jsg.2009.03.013 Duval, 1992, Raft tectonics in the Kwanza Basin, Angola, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 9, 389, 10.1016/0264-8172(92)90050-O Elliott, 1983, The construction of balanced cross sections, Journal of Structural Geology, 5, 101, 10.1016/0191-8141(83)90035-4 Fiduk, 2012, Analysis of folding and deformation within layered evaporites in Blocks BM-S-8 & -9, Santos Basin, Brazil, 471 Fletcher, 1995, Salt glacier and composite salt-sediment models for the emplacement and early burial of allochthonous salt sheets, 77 Ge, 1997, Kinematics and dynamics of salt tectonics driven by progradation, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 81, 398 Gibbs, 1983, Balanced cross-section construction from seismic sections in areas of extensional tectonics, Journal of Structural Geology, 5, 153, 10.1016/0191-8141(83)90040-8 Giles, K.A., Rowan, M.G. Concepts in halokinetic-sequence deformation and stratigraphy. In: Alsop, I.A., Archer, S.G., Hartley, A.J., Grant, N.T., Hodgkinson, R. (Eds.), Salt Tectonics, Sediments and Prospectivity. Geological Society London Special Publication 363, in press. Gottschalk, 2004, Modes of contractional salt tectonics in Angola Block 33, Lower Congo Basin, West Africa Grando, 2004, Structural evolution of the Frampton growth fold system, Atwater Valley-Southern Green Canyon area, deep water Gulf of Mexico, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 21, 889, 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2003.12.005 Heaton, 1995, Superposed Neogene extension, contraction, and salt canopy emplacement in the Yemeni Red Sea, 333 Heybroek, 1975, On the structure of the Dutch part of Central North Sea Graben, vol. 1, 339 Homza, 1995, Geometric and kinematic models for detachment folds with fixed and variable detachment depths, Journal of Structural Geology, 17, 475, 10.1016/0191-8141(94)00077-D Hossack, 1979, The use of balanced cross sections in the calculation of orogenic contraction: a review, Journal of the Geological Society, London, 136, 705, 10.1144/gsjgs.136.6.0705 Hossack, 1995, Geometrical rules of section balancing of salt structures, 29 Hudec, 1995, The Onion Creek salt diapir: an exposed diapir fall structure in the Paradox Basin, Utah, 125 Hudec, 2002, Structural segmentation, inversion, and salt tectonics on a passive margin: evolution of the Inner Kwanza Basin, Angola, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 114, 1222, 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1222:SSIAST>2.0.CO;2 Hudec, 2004, Regional restoration across the Kwanza Basin, Angola: salt tectonics triggered by repeated uplift of a metastable passive margin, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 88, 971, 10.1306/02050403061 Hudec, 2006, Advance of allochthonous salt sheets in passive margins and orogens, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 90, 1535, 10.1306/05080605143 Hudec, 2007, Terra infirma: understanding salt tectonics, Earth Science Reviews, 82, 1, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.01.001 Jackson, 2005, Stratigraphic record of translation down ramps in a passive-margin salt detachment, Journal of Structural Geology, 27, 889, 10.1016/j.jsg.2005.01.010 Jackson, 2008, Evolution of the Cretaceous Astrid thrust belt in the ultradeep-water Lower Congo Basin, Gabon, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 92, 487, 10.1306/12030707074 Jaswal, 1997, Structure and evolution of the northern Potwar deformed zone, Pakistan, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 81, 308 Jenyon, 1984, Seismic response to collapse structures in the Southern North Sea, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1, 27, 10.1016/0264-8172(84)90118-1 Jordan, 1990, The evaporite shear zone of the Jura Boundary Thrust – new evidence from Wisen well (Switzerland), Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 83, 525 King, 2010, A balanced 2D structural model of the Hammerhead Delta-Deepwater Fold-Thrust Belt, Bight Basin, Australia, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 57, 1005, 10.1080/08120099.2010.509409 Koyi, 2004, The significance of penetrative strain in the restoration of shortened layers – insights from sand models and the Spanish Pyrenees, 207 Kusznir, 1991, A flexural-cantilever simple-shear/pure-shear model of continental lithosphere extension: application to the Jeanne d’Arc Basin, Grand Banks and Viking Graben, North Sea, 41 Laubscher, 1961, Die Fernschubhypothese der Jurafaltung, Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 54, 221 Lohmann, 1972, Salt solution in subsurface of the British North Sea as interpreted from seismograms, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 56, 472 Maerten, 2006, Chronologic modeling of faulted and fractured reservoirs using geomechanically based restoration: technique and industry applications, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 90, 1201, 10.1306/02240605116 Marton, 2000, Evolution of the Angolan passive margin, West Africa, with emphasis on post-salt structural styles, 129 Masson, 1972, L’exploration pétrolière en Angola, Revue de l’Association Française des Techniciens du Pétrole, 212, 21 McBride, 1998, The evolution of allochthonous salt along a megaregional profile across the northern Gulf of Mexico Basin, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 82, 1037 McBride, 1998, The evolution of allochthonous salt systems, northern Green Canyon and Ewing Bank (offshore Louisiana), northern Gulf of Mexico, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 82, 1013 McBride, 1998, The effect of allochthonous salt on the petroleum systems of northern Green Canyon and Ewing Bank (offshore Louisiana), northern Gulf of Mexico, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 82, 1083 McGuinness, 1993, The development of allochthonous salt sheets as controlled by the rates of extension, sedimentation, and salt supply, 127 McKenzie, 1978, Some remarks on the development of sedimentary basins, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 40, 25, 10.1016/0012-821X(78)90071-7 Mitra, 2002, Structural models of faulted detachment folds, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 86, 1673 Mitra, 2006, Structural geometry and evolution of the Ku, Zaap, and Maloob structures, Campeche Bay, Mexico, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 90, 1565, 10.1306/04240605101 Mohr, 2004, New insights to the evolution and mechanisms of salt tectonics in the Central European Basin system: an integrated modeling study from northwest Germany Mohriak, 1995, Salt tectonics and structural styles in the deep-water province of the Cabo Frio region, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 273 Mohriak, 2008, Tectônica de sal, 90 Molinaro, 2005, The structure and kinematics of the southeastern Zagros fold-thrust belt, Iran: from thin-skinned to thick-skinned tectonics, Tectonics, 24, 19, 10.1029/2004TC001633 Moretti, 1990, Computerized balanced cross section LOCACE to reconstruct an allochthonous salt sheet, offshore Louisiana, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 7, 371, 10.1016/0264-8172(90)90015-9 Mount, 2007, Structural style and evolution of traps in the Paleogene play, deepwater Gulf of Mexico, 54 Mount, 2006, Petroleum system observations and interpretation in the vicinity of the K2/K2-North, Genghis Khan, and Marco Polo fields, Green Canyon, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, 56, 613 Nunns, 1991, Structural restoration of seismic and geologic sections in extensional regimes, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 75, 278 Peel, 1995, Genetic structural provinces and salt tectonics of the Cenozoic offshore U.S. Gulf of Mexico: a preliminary analysis, 153 Pilcher, 2011, Primary basins and their boundaries in the deep-water northern Gulf of Mexico: origin, trap styles, and petroleum system implications, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 95, 219, 10.1306/06301010004 Poblet, 1996, Geometry and kinematics of single-layer detachment folds, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 80, 1085 Rowan, 1993, A systematic technique for the sequential restoration of salt structures, Tectonophysics, 228, 331, 10.1016/0040-1951(93)90347-M Rowan, 1995, Structural styles and evolution of allochthonous salt, central Louisiana outer shelf and upper slope, 199 Rowan, 1996, Benefits and limitations of section restoration in areas of extensional salt tectonics: an example from offshore Louisiana, 147 Rowan, 1997, Three-dimensional geometry and evolution of a segmented detachment fold, Mississippi Fan foldbelt, Gulf of Mexico, Journal of Structural Geology, 19, 463, 10.1016/S0191-8141(96)00098-3 Rowan, M.G., Inman, K.F. Salt-related deformation recorded by allochthonous salt rather than growth strata. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, in press. Rowan, 1989, Cross section restoration and balancing as an aid to seismic interpretation in extensional terranes, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 73, 955 Rowan, 2006, Foldbelts with early salt withdrawal and diapirism: physical model and examples from the northern Gulf of Mexico and the Flinders Ranges, Australia, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 23, 871, 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2006.08.003 Rowan, 1993, Processes and rates of deformation: preliminary results from the Mississippi Fan foldbelt, deep Gulf of Mexico, 209 Rowan, 2012, Anatomy of an exposed vertical salt weld and flanking strata, La Popa Basin, Mexico, 33 Rowan, 2003, Near-salt deformation in La Popa basin, Mexico, and the northern Gulf of Mexico: a general model for passive diapirism, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 87, 733, 10.1306/01150302012 Rowan, 2004, Gravity-driven foldbelts on passive margins, 157 Rowan, 2000, Deep-water, salt-cored foldbelts: lessons from the Mississippi Fan and Perdido foldbelts, northern Gulf of Mexico, 173 Rowan, 1996, Use of cross-section restoration to determine paleobathymetry and sea-floor paleotopography in the Gulf of Mexico basin, Geology, 24, 299, 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0299:UOCSRT>2.3.CO;2 Sans, 1996, Triangle zone and thrust wedge geometries related to evaporitic horizons (southern Pyrenees), Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 44, 375 Sans, 2003, Layer parallel shortening in salt-detachment folds: constraint on cross-section restoration, Tectonophysics, 372, 85, 10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00233-6 Schönborn, 1992, Kinematics of a transverse zone in the Southern Alps, Italy, 299 Schultz-Ela, 1992, Restorations of cross sections to constrain deformation processes of extensional terranes, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 9, 372, 10.1016/0264-8172(92)90049-K Schuster, 1995, Deformation of allochthonous salt and evolution of related salt-structural systems, eastern Louisiana Gulf Coast, 177 Seni, 1992, Evolution of salt structures during burial of salt sheets on the slope, northern Gulf of Mexico, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 9, 452, 10.1016/0264-8172(92)90054-I Smart, 2010, Geomechanical modeling of an extensional fault-propagation fold: Big Brushy Canyon monocline, Sierra Del Carmen, Texas, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 94, 221, 10.1306/08050908169 Stewart, 1999, Geometry of thin-skinned tectonic systems in relation to detachment layer thickness in sedimentary basins, Tectonics, 18, 719, 10.1029/1999TC900018 Stewart, 2012, Interpretation validation on vertically exaggerated reflection seismic sections, Journal of Structural Geology, 41C, 38, 10.1016/j.jsg.2012.02.021 Stude, 1978, Depositional environments of the Gulf of Mexico South Timbalier Block 54 salt dome and salt dome growth models, Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, 28, 627 Szatmari, 1996, Genesis of a large counter-regional normal fault by flow of Cretaceous salt in the South Atlantic Santos Basin, 259 Trudgill, 2011, Evolution of salt structures in the northern Paradox Basin: controls on evaporite deposition, salt wall growth and supra-salt stratigraphic architecture, Basin Research, 23, 208, 10.1111/j.1365-2117.2010.00478.x Trudgill, 2004, Integrating 3D seismic data with structural restorations to elucidate the evolution of a stepped counter-regional salt system, Eastern Louisiana Shelf, Northern Gulf of Mexico, 165 Trudgill, 1999, The Perdido fold belt, northwestern deep Gulf of Mexico. Part 1. Structural geometry, evolution and regional implications, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 83, 88 Vendeville, 1992, The rise of diapirs during thin-skinned extension, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 9, 331, 10.1016/0264-8172(92)90047-I Vendeville, 1995, Episodic growth of salt diapirs driven by horizontal shortening, 285 Wiltschko, 1977, Flow of weak rocks in Appalachian Plateau folds, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 61, 653 Woodward, 1985 Worrall, 1989, Evolution of the northern Gulf of Mexico, with emphasis on Cenozoic growth faulting and the role of salt, 97 Wu, 1990, Allochthonous salt, structure and stratigraphy of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Part II. Structure, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 7, 334, 10.1016/0264-8172(90)90014-8