Cross-Wavelet Analysis: a Tool for Detection of Relationships between Paleoclimate Proxy Records
Tóm tắt
Cross-wavelet transform (XWT) is proposed as a data analysis technique for geological time-series. XWT permits the detection of cross-magnitude, phase differences (= lag time), nonstationarity, and coherency between signals from different paleoclimate records that may exhibit large stratigraphic uncertainties and noise levels. The approach presented herein utilizes a continuous XWT technique with Morlet wavelet as the mother function, allows for variable scaling factors for time and scale sampling, and the automatic extraction of the most significant periodic signals. XWT and cross-spectral analysis is applied on computer generated time-series as well as two independently sampled proxy records (CO2 content approximated from plant cuticles and paleotemperature derived from δ
18O from marine fossil carbonate) of the last 290 Ma. The influence of nonstationarities in the paleoclimate records that are introduced by stratigraphic uncertainties were a particular focus of this study. The XWT outputs of the computer-models indicate that a potential causal relationship can be distorted if different geological time-scale and/or large stratigraphic uncertainties have been used. XWT detect strong cross-amplitudes (∼200 ppm ‰) between the CO2 and δ
18O record in the 20–50 Myr waveband, however, fluctuating phase differences prevent a statistical conclusion on causal relationship at this waveband.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Agterberg FP (1994) Estimation of the geological time scale. Math Geol 26:857–876
Appenzeller C, Stocker TF, Anklin M (1998) North Atlantic oscillation dynamics recorded in Greenland ice cores. Science 282:446–449
Bolton EW, Maasch KA, Lilly JM (1995) A wavelet analysis of Plio-Pleistocene climate indicators: a new view of periodicity evolution. Geophys Res Lett 22:2753–2756
Chao BF, Naito I (1995) Wavelet analysis provides a new tool for studying Earth’s rotation. EOS 76:161, 164–165
Crowley TJ, Berner RA (2001) CO2 and climate change. Science 292:870–872
Davis JC (2002). Statistics and data analysis in geology, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York
Faure G (1998) Principles and applications of geochemistry. Prentice Hall, New Jersey
Gradstein F, Ogg J, Smith A (2004) A geologic time scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Grinsted A, Moore JC, Jevrejeva S (2004) Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series. Nonlinear Proc Geophys 11:561–566
Jevrejeva S, Moore JC, Grinsted A (2003) Influence of the Arctic oscillation and El Niño–Southern oscillation (ENSO) on ice conditions in the Baltic Sea: the wavelet approach. J Geophys Res 108(D21):4677–4687
Jury MR, Enfield DB, Mélice J (2002) Tropical monsoons around Africa: stability of El Niño–Southern oscillation associations and links with continental climate. J Geophys Res 107(C10):3151–3167
Kaiser G (1993). A friendly guide to wavelet. Birkenhaeuser, Basel
Mann ME, Lees JM (1996) Robust estimation of background noise and signal detection in climatic time-series. Clim Change 33:409–445
Maraun D, Kurths J (2004) Cross-wavelet analysis: significance testing and pitfalls. Nonlinear Proc Geophys 11:505–514
Morlet J, Arehs G, Fourgeau I, Giard D (1982) Wave propagation and sampling theory. Geophysics 47:203
Prokoph A, Agterberg FP (1999) Detection of sedimentary cyclicity and stratigraphic completeness by wavelet analysis: an application to late Albian cyclostratigraphy of the Western Canada sedimentary basin. J Sed Res 69:862–875
Prokoph A, Barthelmes F (1996) Detection of nonstationarities in geological time series: wavelet transform of chaotic and cyclic sequences. Comput Geosci 10:1097–1108
Prokoph A, Patterson RT (2004) From depth-scale to time-scale. Transforming of sediment image color data into high-resolution time-series. In: Francus P (ed) Image analysis, sediments and paleoenvironments. Dev in paleoenviron res series, vol 7. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 143–164
Prokoph A, Rampino MR, El Bilali H (2004) Periodic components in the diversity of calcareous plankton and geological events over the past 230 Myr. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 207:105–125
Prokoph A, Schields G, Veizer J (2008) Compilation and time-series analysis of a marine carbonate δ 18O, δ 13C, 87Sr/86Sr and δ 34S database through Earth history. Earth Sci Rev 87(3–4):113–134
Retallack GJ (2002) Carbon dioxide and climate over the past 300 million years. In: Gröcke DR, Kucera M (eds) Understanding climate change. proxies, chronology and ocean–atmosphere interactions. Phil Trans Royal Soc London Series A, vol 360, pp 659–674
Rioul O, Vetterli M (1991) Wavelets and signal processing. IEEE Spec Mag 14–38
Rigozo NR, Nordemann DJR, Echer E, Vieira LEA (2004) ENSO influence on tree ring data from Chile and Brazil. Geofis Int 43:87–294
Royer DL, Berner RA, Montanez IP, Tabor NJ, Beerling DJ (2004) CO2 as a primary driver of Phanerozoic climate. GSA Today 14(3):4–10
Royer DL (2006) CO2-forced climate thresholds during the Phanerozoic. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 70:5665–5675
Shaviv NJ, Veizer J (2003) Celestial driver of Phanerozoic climate? GSA Today 13:4–10
Torrence C, Compo GP (1998) A practical guide to wavelet analysis. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 79:61–78
Torrence C, Webster PG (1999) Interdecadal changes in the ENSO-Monsoon System. J Clim 12:2679–2690
Valet J-P (2003) Time variation in the geomagnetic intensity. Rev Geophys 41:1–48
Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GAF, Diener A, Ebneth S, Goddéris Y, Jasper T, Korte C, Pawellek F, Podlaha OG, Strauss H (1999) 87Sr/86Sr, δ 13C and δ 18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chem Geol 161:59–88
Zeebe RE (2001) Seawater pH and isotopic paleotemperatures of Cretaceous oceans. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 170:49–57