Crop 15N recovery course affected by spatial distribution of animal slurries in soils
Tóm tắt
Crop response to applied nitrogen in animal slurry as affected by distribution pattern and slurry type was examined in spring barley using two slurries enriched with isotopic nitrogen (15N). The slurries differing in immobilisation potential were either fully incorporated in the soil or injected in concentrated bands in two fields of low and high fertility caused by the preceding crop. Band-injection of slurry was combined with furrow type formed by different injector tines as well as the distance between the slurry band and seed row. Spring barley was sampled nine times during the season for determination of dry matter (DM) accumulation, total nitrogen (N) uptake and crop recovery of applied nitrogen (15N recovery). A sigmoid growth function was fitted to the recorded crop 15N recovery. A slurry band to crop row (SB-CR) distance of 4 cm clearly promoted crop 15N recovery by 6–12 days and increased total N-uptake and DM accumulation compared with a SB-CR distance of 12 cm. In contrast, the furrow type neither affected the crop 15N recovery course, total N-uptake, nor DM accumulation. An elevated immobilisation potential in the slurry slowed the 15N recovery course. In contrast, crop 15N crop recovery was unaffected by the residual effect of the preceding crop. The elevated immobilisation potential of the slurry also reduced the DM accumulation, but the mineralisation potential of the preceding crop clearly increased total N-uptake and DM accumulation. As the SB-CR distance had a significant effect, this should be taken into account in agroecological systems using application of animal slurry in bands by direct injection.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Carter M.R., Rennie D.A. (1984). Crop utilization of placed and broadcast 15N-urea fertilizer under zero and conventional tillage. Can. J. Soil Sci. 64:563–570
Christensen B.T. (2004). Tightening the Nitrogen Cycle. In: Schønning P., Elmholt S., Christensen B.T. (eds) Managing Soil Quality – Challenges in Modem Agriculture. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 47–67
Bennie A.T.P. (1996). Growth and mechanical impedance. In: Waisel Y., Eshel A., Kafkafi U. (eds) Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 453–470
Hartman M.D., Nyborg M. (1989). Effect of early growing season moisture stress on barley utilization of broadcast-incorporated and deep-banded urea. Can. J. Soil Sci. 69:381–389
Huhtapalo Å. 1982. Scandinavian principles for fertilizer placement. Utilization of fertilizer-N. The 9th Conference of the International Soil Tillage Research Organization, ISTRO, Socialistic Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Osijek 1982. pp. 669–674.
IAEA (1976). Tracer manual on crops and soils. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
Iqbal M., Marley S.J., Erbach D.C., Kaspar T.C. (1998). An evaluation of seed furrow smearing. Trans. ASAE 41: 1243–1248
Jensen E.S. (1991). Evaluation of automated analysis of 15N and total N in plant material and soil. Plant Soil 133:83–92
Kirchmann H., Lundvall A. (1993). Relationship between N immobilization and volatile fatty acids in soil after application of pig slurry and cattle slurry. Biol. Fertil. Soils 15:161–164
Lancashire P.D., Bleiholder H., Boom T. van den, Langelüddeke P., Stauss R., Weber E., Witzenberger A. (1991). A uniform decimal code for growth stages of crops and weeds. Ann. Apple Biol. 119: 561–601
Lyngstad L. 1977. Radgjødsling til korn. Forsøk i perioden 1966–1975. Norges landbrukshøgskole, Institutt for jord-kultur, Melding nr. 89. Forskning og forsøg i landbruket 28: 159–177. (In Norwegian only)
Malhi S.S., Nyborg M. (1991). Recovery of 15N-labelled urea: influence of zero tillage, and time and method of application. Fert. Res. 28:263–269
Malhi S.S., Nyborg M., Solberg E.D. (1989). Recovery of 15N-labelled urea as influenced by straw addition and method of placement. Can. J. Soil Sci. 69:543–550
Malhi S.S., Nyborg M., Solberg E.D. (1996). Influence of source, method of placement and simulated rainfall on the recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer under zero tillage. Can. J. Soil Sci. 76:93–100
Olsen H.J. (1988). Electronic penetrometer for field tests. J. Terramech. 25: 287–293
Petersen J. (2001). Recovery of 15N-ammonium−15N-nitrate in spring wheat as affected by placement geometry of the fertilizer band. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 61:215–221
Petersen J. (2005a). Inter-row crop competition for band-injected ammonium nitrate. Plant Soil 270: 83–90
Petersen J. (2005b). Competition between weeds and spring wheat for 15N-labelled nitrogen applied in pig slurry. Weed Res. 45: 103–113
Petersen S.O., Nissen H.H., Lund I., Ambus P. (2003). Redistribution of Slurry Components as Influenced by Injection Method, Soil, and Slurry Properties. J. Environ. Qual. 32: 2399–2409
Rasmussen K., Rasmussen J., Petersen J. (1996). Effects of fertilizer placement on weeds in weed harrowed in spring barley. Acta Agric. Scand. Sec. B, Soil Plant Sci. 46: 192–196
Sommer S.G., Husted S. (1995). The chemical buffer system in raw and digested animal slurry. J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 124: 45–53
Sommer S.G., Hutchings N.J. and Carton O.T. 2001. Ammonia losses from field applied animal manure. Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Report no. 60, 2001.
Søgaard H.T., Sommer S.G., Hutchings N.J., Huijsmans J.F.M., Bussink D.W., Nicholson F. (2002). Ammonia volatilization from field-applied animal slurry – the ALFAM model. Atmos. Environ. 36: 3309–3319
Sørensen P. (1998). Carbon mineralization, nitrogen immobilization and pH change in soil after adding volatile fatty acids. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 49: 457–462
Sørensen P., Jensen E.S. (1995). Mineralization-immobilization and plant uptake of nitrogen as influenced by the spatial distribution of cattle slurry in soils of different texture. Plant Soil 173: 283–291
Sørensen P., Jensen E.S. (1998). The use of 15N labelling to study the turnover and utilization of ruminant manure N. Biol. Fert. Soils 28: 56–63
Tomar J.S., Soper R.J. (1981). Fate of Tagged Urea N in the Field with Different Methods of N and Organic Matter Placement. Agron. J. 73: 991–995
Tomar J.S., Soper R.J. (1987). Fate of 15N-labeled urea in the growth chamber as affected by added organic matter and N placement. Can. J. Soil Sci. 67: 639–646
Williams A.G. (1983). Organic Acids, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand in the Soluble Fraction of Piggery Slurry. J. Sci. Food Agric. 34: 212–220
Yin X., Goudriaan J., Lantinga E.A., Vos J., Spiertz H.J. (2003). A flexible sigmoid function of determinate growth. Ann. Bot. 91: 361–371