Critical period effects in second language learning: The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language

Cognitive Psychology - Tập 21 Số 1 - Trang 60-99 - 1989
Jacqueline S. Johnson1, Elissa L. Newport1
1#N# University of Illinois, U.S.A.

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Asher, 1969, The optimal age to learn a foreign language, Modern Language Journal, 53, 334, 10.1111/j.1540-4781.1969.tb04603.x

Asher, 1967, The learning strategy of total physical response: Some age differences, Child Development, 38, 1219, 10.2307/1127119

Chomsky, 1981

Curtiss, 1977

Dulay, 1982

Freed, 1980, Talking to foreigners versus talking to children: Similarities and differences

Goldin-Meadow, 1978, A study in human capacities, Science, 200, 649, 10.1126/science.200.4342.649

Gleitman, 1984, The current status of the motherese hypothesis, Journal of Child Language, 11, 43, 10.1017/S0305000900005584

Hakuta, 1977, Trends in second language acquisition research, Harvard Educational Review, 47, 294, 10.17763/haer.47.3.e03v062m64745872

Hess, 1973

Hubel, 1963, Receptive fields of cells in striate cortex of very young, visually inexperienced kittens, Journal of Neurophysiology, 26, 994, 10.1152/jn.1963.26.6.994

Immelmann, 1981, Sensitive phases in development

Krashen, 1975, The development of cerebral dominance and language learning: More new evidence

Krashen, 1982, Accounting for child-adult differences in second language rate and attainment

Krashen, 1982, Age, rate, and eventual attainment in second language acquisition

Kroodsma, 1981, Ontogeny of bird song

Lenneberg, 1967

Linebarger, 1983, Sensitivity to grammatical structure in so-called a grammatic aphasies, Cognition, 13, 361, 10.1016/0010-0277(83)90015-X

Newport, 1984, Constraints on learning: Studies in the acquisition of American Sign Language, Papers and Reports on Child Language Development, 23, 1

Newport, 1977, Mother, I'd rather do it myself: Some effects and non-effects of maternal speech style

Newport, 1987

Olson, 1973, The relationship between age and accuracy of foreign language pronunciation, Journal of Educational Research, 66, 263, 10.1080/00220671.1973.10884476

Oyama, 1976, A sensitive period for the acquisition of a nonnative phonological system, Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 5, 261, 10.1007/BF01067377

Oyama, 1978, The sensitive period and comprehension of speech, Working Papers on Bilingualism, 16, 1

Patkowski, 1980, The sensitive period for the acquisition of syntax in a second language, Language Learning, 30, 449, 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1980.tb00328.x

Schumann, 1975, Affective factors and the problem of age in second language acquisition, Language Learning, 2, 209, 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1975.tb00242.x

Scott, 1978, Critical periods for the development of social behavior in dogs

Scott, 1980, The domestic dog: A case of multiple identities

Seliger, 1975, Maturational constraints in the acquisition of a native-like accent in second language learning, Language Sciences, 36, 20

Snow, 1983, Age differences in second language acquisition: Research findings and folk psychology

Snow, 1977, Age differences in pronunciation of foreign sounds, Language and Speech, 20, 357, 10.1177/002383097702000407

Snow, 1978, The critical period for language acquisition: Evidence from second language learning, Child Development, 49, 1114, 10.2307/1128751

Tanner, 1970, Physical growth

Wexler, 1980

Zehler, 1982