Critical issues in sediment bioassays and toxicity testing
Tóm tắt
During the past few years there has been a tremendous increase in sediment bioassay and toxicity testing and research. The increased activity has paralleled the development of regulatory interest and realization of the role of contaminated sediments in ecosystem degradation. Many critical issues which affect test responses, data interpretation, and extrapolation to in situ conditions, have not been adequately addressed or recognized by the scientific community. Some of these issues may significantly affect contaminant fate and effects and thereby affect the accuracy of data interpretations. Examples of these interferences are disruptive sample collection, extended sample storage, designs which alter exposure routes, improper spiking conditions and sediment dilution, and inadequate validation of laboratory responses against in situ conditions. Over-simplification of complex sediment interactions may lead to erroneous conclusions concerning the significance of moderate to low levels of contamination.
Tài liệu tham khảo
American Society of Testing and Materials, 1994. Standard Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, and Manipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing, American Society for Testing and Materials. E 1391–94. Philadelphia, PA.
Ankley, G. T., V. R.Mattson, E. N.Leonard, C. W.West & J. L.Bennet, 1993. Predicting the acute toxicity of copper in freshwater sediments: evaluation of the role of acid-volatile sulfide. Environ Toxicol Chem 12: 315–320
Bascombe, A. D., J. B.Ellis, D. M.Revitt & R. B. E.Shutes, 1990. The development of ecotoxicological criteria in urban catchments. Wat Sci Tech 22: 173–179.
Burton, G. A.Jr., 1991. Assessing the toxicity of freshwater sediment. Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1587–1627
Burton, G. A.Jr. (ed.), 1992. Sediment Toxicity. Lewis Publications, Boca Raton, FL.
Burton, G. A., Jr., 1994. Assessing stormwater impacts. In: G. V. Cotroneo & R. R. Rumer (eds), Hydraulic Engineering '94. pp. 1198–1202. Proceedings of the 1994 Conference Amer Soc Civil Engineers Publ.
Burton, G. A. & C. Ingersoll, 1994. Evaluation of sediment toxicity. In: Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments Program: Assessment Guidance Document. pp. 86–130. Great Lakes National Program Office. EPA 905-B94-002.
Calabrese, E. J. & M.McCarthy, 1986. Hormesis: a new challenge to current approaches for estimating cancer risks associated with low doses. Water Res Quarterly 4: 12–15.
Carlton, R. G. & M. J.Klug, 1990. Spatial and temporal variations in microbial processes in aquatic sediments: implications for the nutrient status of lakes. In: R.Baudo, J.Giesy & H.Muntau (eds), Sediments: Chemistry and Toxicity of In-place Pollutants. pp. 107–130. Lewis Publ., Boca Raton, FL.
Carpenter, S. R., 1988. Complex Interactions in Lake Communities. Springer-Verlag, New York.
DiToro, D. M., C. S.Zarba, D. J.Hansen, W. J.Berry, R. C.Swartz, C. E.Cowan, S. P.Paviou, H. E.Allen, N. A.Thomas & P. R.Paquin, 1991. Technical basis for establishing sediment quality eriteria for nonionic organic chemicals using equilibrium partitioning. Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1541–1583.
Ecological Society of America, 1991. The sustainable biophere initiative: an ecological research agenda. Ecology 72: 371–412.
SETAC Europe, 1994. Guidance Documentation Sediment Toxicity Tests and Bioassays for Freshwater and Marine Environments. I. R.Hill, P.Matthiessen & F.Heimbach (eds). Soc Environ Toxicol and Chem, Brussels, Belgium.
Giesy, J. P., C. J.Rosieu, R. L.Graney & M. G.Henry, 1990. Benthic invertebrate bioassays with toxic sediment and porewater. Environ Toxicol Chem 9: 233–248.
Greenberg, M., 1992. Fate and Dynamics of Persistent Chemicals in Gizzard Shad Doroxoma cepedianum): Comparative Studies with Benzo[a]pyrene and Hexachlorobenzene. M.S. Thesis, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 136 pp.
Howard, D. E. & R. D.Evans, 1993. Acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) in a seasonally anoxic mesotrophic lake: seasonal and spatial changes in sediment AVS. Environ Toxicol Chem 12: 1051–1057.
Ireland, D. S., 1994. Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Toxicity Using In situ Testing. M.S. Thesis, Wright State University, Dayton, OH.
Jacher, K., 1994. Toxicity Assessment of Nonpoint Source Run-off; In situ Field Validation Using Hyalella azteca. M.S. Thesis, Wright State University, Dayton, OH.
Jeanne, E. A. & J. M.Zachara, 1984. Factors influencing the sorption of metals. In: K. L.Dickson, A. W.Maki & W. A.Brungs (eds), Fate and Effects of Sediment-bound Chemicals in Aquatic Systems. pp. 83–98. Pergamon Press, New York, NY.
Landrum, P. F., H.LeeII & M. J.Lydy, 1992. Toxicokineties in aquatic systems: model comparisons and use in hazard assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 11: 1709–1726.
Minshall, G. W., 1988. Stream ecosystem theory: a global perspective. J N Am Benthol Soc 7: 263–288.
Oris, J. T. & J. P.GiesyJr., 1986. Photoinduced toxicity of anthracene to juvenile bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus Rafineaque): photoperiod effects and predictive hazard evaluation. Environ Toxicol Chem 5: 761–768.
Sarda, N., 1994. Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity in Sediments with respect to Pore Water Ammonia and Toxicity of Ammonia to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca. M.S. Thesis, Wright State University, Dayton, OH.
Skalski, C., 1991. Laboratory and In situ Sediment Toxicity Evaluations with Early Life Stages of Pimephales promelas. M.S. Thesis, Wright State University, Dayton, OH.
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1993. SETAC New Science Initiatives, Meeting. November, 1993, SETAC, Pensacola, FL.
Spehar, R. L., R. L.Anderson & J. T.Flandt, 1978. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead in aquatic invertebrates. Environ Pollut 15: 195–208.
Stemmer, B. L., G. A.BurtonJr. & G.Sasson-Brickson, 1990. Effect of sediment spatial variance and collection method on cladoceran toxicity and indigenous microbial activity determinations. Environ Toxicol Chem 9: 1035–1044.
U.S. Environmental Protection Ageney; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1994. Draft Ecological Evaluation of Proposed Discharge of Dredged Material into Ocean Waters. Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection. Washington, DC. EPA-503–8–90/002.
Winks, K., 1990. Effects of Metal Mixtures in Pimephales promelas Larval Growth in Water and Sediment Exposures. M.S. Thesis. Wright State University, Dayton, OH.