Critical infrastructure, panarchies and the vulnerability paths of cascading disasters

Alexander DE (2000) Confronting catastrophe. Oxford University Press, New York

Alexander DE (2013a) Volcanic ash in the atmosphere and risks for civil aviation: a study in European crisis management. Int J Disaster Risk Sci 4(1):9–19

Alexander DE (2013b) Critical infrastructure. In: Penuel KB, Statler M, Hagen R (eds) Encyclopedia of crisis management. Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp 208–211

Amin M (2002) Toward secure and resilient interdependent infrastructures. J Infrastruct Syst 8(3):67–75

Ansell C, Boin A, Keller A (2010) Managing transboundary crises: identifying the building blocks of an effective response system. J Conting Crisis Manag 18(4):195–207

Bacher R, Näf U (2003) Report on the blackout in Italy on 28 September 2003. Swiss Federal Office of Energy, Berne, 25 pp

Bijker W, Huges TP, Pinch T (1987) The social construction of technological systems: new directions in the history of sociology of technology. MIT Press, Cambridge

Birkmann J (2007) Risk vulnerability indicators at different scales: applicability, usefulness and policy implications. Environ Hazards 7(1):20–31

Blake ES, Kimberlain TB, Berg RJ, Cangialosi JP, Beven JL (2013) Tropical cyclone report hurricane sandy (AL182012), 11–29 October 2012. National Hurricane Centre, Miami, Florida. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov . Accessed 3 Sep 2015

Boin A, Mc Connell A (2007) Preparing for critical infrastructure breakdowns: the limits of crisis management and the need for resilience. J Conting Crisis Manag 15(1):50–59

Bouchon S (2006) The vulnerability of interdependent critical infrastructures systems: epistemological and conceptual state of the art. European Commission, Brussels. Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, EC Joint Research Centre, Ispra. Bookshop.europa.eu. Accessed 26 Sep 2015

Buldyrev SV, Parshani R, Paul G, Stanley HE, Havlin S (2010) Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks. Nature 464:1025–1028

Chongvilaivan A (2012) Thailand’s 2011 flooding: its impact on direct exports and global supply chains. ARTNeT Working Paper Series 113, Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade, Bangkok, 33 pp

Comes T, Van de Walle B (2014) Measuring disaster resilience: the impact of Hurricane Sandy on critical infrastructure systems. In: Proceedings of the eleventh international ISCRAM conference, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA, May 2014, pp 195–204. http://iscram2014.ist.psu.edu . Accessed 11 July 2015

Cruz AM (2012) Protection of infrastructures. In: Wisner B, Gaillard JC, Kelman I  (eds) Handbook of hazards and disaster risk reduction. Routledge, Oxford, pp 676–686

D’Ercole R, Metzger P (2009) Territorial vulnerability: a new approach of risks in urban areas. Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography. Dossiers, Vulnérabilités urbaines au sud, 447. http://cybergeo.revues.org . Accessed 11 July 2015

Dien Y, Duval C (2014) Near misses and influence effects: indirect factors of cascading in critical infrastructures. In: Pescaroli G, Alexander D, Sammonds P (eds) Pathogenic vulnerabilities and resilient factors in systems and populations experiencing a cascading disaster—deliverable 2.1. FORTRESS Project, 57–69. http://fortress-project.eu

Egan MJ (2007) Anticipating future vulnerability: defining characteristics of increasingly critical infrastructure—like systems. J Conting Crisis Manag 15(1):1–17

European Commission (2008) Council directive 2008/114/EC of 8 December 2008 on the identification and designation of European critical infrastructures and the assessment of the need to improve their protection. http://europa.eu . Accessed 31 July 2015

FEMA (2007) Design guide for improving critical facility safety from flooding and high winds. US Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC

Galaz V, Moberg F, Olsson EK, Paglia E, Parker C (2011) Institutional and political leadership dimensions of cascading ecological crisis. Public Adm 89(2):361–380

Graham S (2010) Disrupted cities. Routledge, New York

Green P (2005) Corruption, construction and catastrophe. Br J Criminol 45:528–546

Helbing D (2013) Globally networked risks and how to respond. Nature 497:51–59

Hellström T (2007) Critical infrastructure and systemic vulnerability: towards a planning framework. Saf Sci 45:415–430

Hillsborough County (2009) Hillsborough county local mitigation strategy. Appendix K-1 Critical Facilities, Hillsborough County, Florida. http://www.hillsboroughcounty.org . Accessed 11 July 2015

Holling CS (2001) Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems. Ecosystems 4(5):390–405

Instituto Nacional de Defencia Civil, Programa de les Naciones Unides Para el Des Arollo, Cooperazione Internazional – Coopi, Institute de Reserche pour le Developpment (2011) Estudio Sirad – Sistema de Informacion Geografico y analisis de recursos esenciales para la respuesta y recuperacion temprana ante la ocurrencia de un sismo y/o tsunami en el area metropolitana de Lima y Callao. Instituto Nacional de Defencia Civil, Lima

Jha AK, Miner TW, Stanton-Geddes Z (2013) Building urban resilience principles. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, World Bank, Washington DC. http://elibrary.worldbank.org . Accessed 11 July 2015

Johnson C (2012) Urban and regional planning and disasters. In: Wisner B, Gaillard JC, Kelman I (eds) The Routledge handbook of hazards and disaster risk reduction. Routledge, Oxon, pp 641–675

Johnston D, Becker J, Cusins J (2006) Lifelines and urban resilience. In: Paton D, Auld T (eds) Disaster resilience an integrated approach. Thomas Publisher LTD, Springfield, pp 3–18

Kadri F, Birregah B, Châtelet E (2014) The impact of natural disasters on critical infrastructures: a domino effect-based study. J Homel Secur Emerg Manage 11(2):217–242

Khan FI, Abbasi SA (2000) Studies on the probabilities and likely impacts of chains of accident (domino effect) in a fertilizer industry. Process Saf Prog 19(1):40–56

Kinzig AP, Ryan P, Etienne M, Llison H, Elmqvist T, Walker BH (2006) Resilience and regime shifts: assessing cascading effects. Ecol Soc 11(1):20

Krausmann E, Renni EM, Campedel M, Cozzani V (2011) Industrial accidents triggered by earthquakes, floods and lightning: lessons learned from a database analysis. Nat Hazards 59:285–300

Kunz MB, Mühr T, Kunz-Plapp JE, Daniell JE et al (2013) Investigation of Superstorm Sandy 2012 in a multi-disciplinary approach. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 13:2579–2598

Lewis TG (2006) Critical infrastructure protection in homeland security. Wiley, Hoboken

Little RG (2002) Controlling cascading failure: understanding the vulnerabilities of interconnected infrastructures. J Urban Technol 9(1):109–123

Luiijf E, Nieuwenhuijs A, Klaver M, Van Eeten M, Cruz E (2009) Empirical findings on critical infrastructure dependencies in Europe. In: Setola R, Geretshuber S (eds) CRITIS 2008, LNCS 5508, pp 302–310

McGee S, Frittman J, Ahn S, Murray S (2014) Risk relationships and cascading effects in critical infrastructures: implications for the Hyogo framework. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. http://www.preventionweb.net . Accessed 27 Sep 2015

Metzger P, D’Ercole R (2011) Les risques en milieu urbain: éléments de reflexion. EchoGéo 18:2–13

NARUC (2005) Technical assistance brief on critical infrastructure protection-utility and network interdependencies: what state regulators need to know. National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners, Washington, DC. www.naruc.org . Accessed 27 Sep 2015

National Diet of Japan (2012) The official report of the Fukushima nuclear accident independent investigation commission, executive summary. The National Diet of Japan, Tokio. www.reliefweb.int . Accessed 10 Feb 2016

NATO (2007) 162 CDS 07 E REV 1—the protection of critical infrastructures. Parliamentary Assembly of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, Brussels. http://www.nato-pa.int . Accessed 09 March 2015

OECD (2008) Protection of “critical infrastructure” and the role of investment policies relating to national security. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 2008. http://www.oecd.org . Accessed 15 July 2015

OECD (2011) OECD reviews of risk management policies, future global shocks, improving risk governance. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Paris. http://www.oecd.org . Accessed 11 July 2015

Parker C (2014) Complex negative events and the diffusion of crisis: lessons from the 2010 and 2011 Icelandic volcanic ash cloud. Swed Soc Anthropol Geogr 97(1):97–108

Pelzer R, Hempel L (2014) Resilience within a social perspective. In: Pescaroli G, Alexander D, Sammonds P (eds) Pathogenic vulnerabilities and resilient factors in systems and populations experiencing a cascading disaster—deliverable 2.1. FORTRESS Project, 39-43. http://fortress-project.eu . Accessed 27 Sep 2015

Perrow C (1999) Normal accidents: living with high risk technology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey

Pescaroli G, Alexander DE (2015) A definition of cascading disasters and cascading effects: going beyond the “toppling dominos” metaphor. Planet@Risk Glob Forum Davos 3(1):58–67

Rinaldi SM, Peerenboom JP, Kell TK (2001) Identifying, understanding, and analysing critical infrastructure interdependency. IEEE Control Syst Mag 21(6):11–25

Schulman P, Roe E, van Eeten M, De Bruijne M (2004) High reliability and the management of critical infrastructures. J Conting Crisis Manag 12(1):14–28

Smith K, Petley D (2009) Environmental hazards. Assessing risk and reducing disaster, 5th edn. Routledge, New York

Stallings RA (2006) Causality and “natural” disasters. Contemp Sociol 35(3):223–227

Synolakis C, Kânoðlu U (2015) The Fukushima accident was preventable. Philos Trans R Soc A 373:1–23

UK Cabinet Office (2010) Strategic framework and policy statement on improving the resilience of critical infrastructure to disruption from natural hazards. Cabinet Office, Whitehall, London. https://www.gov.uk . Accessed 14 July 2015

UK Cabinet Office (2011) Keeping the country running: natural hazards and infrastructure. Cabinet Office, Whitehall, London. https://www.gov.uk . Accessed 11 July 2015

UNISDR (2009) UNISDR terminology on disaster risk reduction. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.unisdr.org . Accessed 11 July 2015

Van Eeten M, Nieuwenhuijs A, Luiijf E, Klaver K, Cruz E (2011) The state and the threat of cascading failure across critical infrastructures: the implications of empirical evidence from media incident reports. Public Adm 89(2):381–400

Walker B, Holling C, Carpenter S, Kinzig A (2004) Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems. Ecol Soc 9(2):5

White House (2013) Presidential policy directive. Critical infrastructure security and resilience. Directive/PPD-21. White House, Washington DC. http://www.whitehouse.gov . Accessed 11 July 2015

Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I (2003) At risk-natural hazards, people’s vulnerability and disasters. Routledge, New York