Đánh giá Chuyên sâu về Sự Phơi nhiễm và Tác động: Ý nghĩa cho Việc Đặt Tiêu chí Y tế Quản lý cho Đồng Được Tiêu thụ
Tóm tắt
Các nghiên cứu trong nhiều thập kỷ cho thấy phơi nhiễm đồng qua đường miệng thường không phải là mối quan tâm về sức khỏe con người. Việc tiêu thụ nồng độ cao các muối đồng hòa tan có thể gây ra các triệu chứng tiêu hóa cấp tính và, trong trường hợp hiếm gặp, ngộ độc gan ở những cá nhân nhạy cảm khi tiếp xúc lặp lại. Bài đánh giá độc tính có trọng tâm này đã xem xét tài liệu hiện có kể từ các đánh giá toàn diện trước đó (2007–2010). Đánh giá của chúng tôi đã xác định các hạn chế trong hướng dẫn hiện tại của Hoa Kỳ và quốc tế về việc xác định liều tham chiếu đường miệng (RfD) cho các kim loại thiết yếu như đồng. Thay vào đó, một phương pháp thay thế sử dụng phân tích hồi quy phân loại để phát triển liều tối ưu, xem xét sự thiếu hụt, độc tính và tích hợp thông tin từ các nghiên cứu trên người và động vật, đã được đánh giá nhằm giải thích liều RfD đường miệng cho đồng. Chúng tôi cũng xem xét độc tính dưới mức mãn tính hoặc mãn tính do nhạy cảm di truyền với việc rối loạn đồng, dẫn đến các trường hợp hiếm gặp về độc tính gan và độc tính các cơ quan khác khi phơi nhiễm với đồng tăng cao. Dựa trên phương pháp này, một liều RfD đường miệng là 0,04 mg Cu/kg/ngày sẽ bảo vệ chống lại độc tính cấp tính hoặc mãn tính ở người lớn và trẻ em. Liều RfD này cũng bảo vệ cho khả năng nhạy cảm di truyền với việc phơi nhiễm đồng tăng cao và cho phép tính đến lượng đồng có sẵn trong chế độ ăn uống. Liều này không nhằm bảo vệ cho những bệnh nhân có các rối loạn di truyền hiếm gặp liên quan đến độ nhạy cảm với đồng trong các khoảng tiếp nhận dinh dưỡng điển hình, cũng như không bảo vệ cho những người có lượng bổ sung quá mức. Các dạng khoáng đồng ít hòa tan trong đất có tính sinh khả dụng thấp hơn so với đồng hòa tan hơn trong nước và chế độ ăn, điều này cũng nên được xem xét khi sử dụng liều RfD này cho các đánh giá rủi ro về đồng.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ackerman CM, Chang CJ (2018) Copper signaling in the brain and beyond. J Biol Chem 293(13):4628–4635
Araya M, McGoldrick MC, Klevay LM, Strain JJ, Robson P, Nielsen F, Olivares M, Pizarro F, Johnson L, Poirier KA (2001) Determination of an acute no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for copper in water. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 34:137–145
Araya M, Chen B, Klevay LM, Strain JJ, Johnson L, Robson P, Shi W, Nielsen F, Zhu H, Olivares M, Pizarro F, Haber LT (2003a) Confirmation of an acute no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and low-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) for copper in bottled drinking water in a multi-site international study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 38:389–399
Araya M, Olivares M, Pizarro F, González M, Speisky H, Uauy R (2003b) Gastrointestinal symptoms and blood indicators of copper load in apparently healthy adults undergoing controlled copper exposure. Am J Clin Nutr 77(3):646–650
Araya M, Kelleher SL, Arredondo MA, Sierralta W, Vial MT, Uauy R, Lönnerdal B (2005) Effects of chronic copper exposure during early life in rhesus monkeys. Am J Clin Nutr 81(5):1065–1071
Aschengrau A, Zierler S, Cohen A (1989) Quality of community drinking water and the occurrence of spontaneous abortion. Environ Health 44(5):283–290
Aschengrau A, Zierler S, Cohen A (1993) Quality of community drinking water and the occurrence of late adverse pregnancy outcomes. Environ Health 48(2):105–113
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2004) Toxicological profile for copper. ATSDR. Atlanta, Georgia. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp132.pdf
Atwood CS, Huang X, Moir RD, Tanzi RE, Bush AI (2018) Role of free radicals and metals ions in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. In Metal ions in biological systems. Routledge, New York, p 209–364
Bagheri S, Squitti R, Haertlé T, Siotto M, Saboury AA (2018) Role of copper in the onset of Alzheimer’s disease compared to other metals. Front Aging Neuroscience 9:446
Bandmann O, Weiss KH, Kaler SG (2015) Wilson’s disease and other neurological copper disorders. Lancet Neurol 14(1):103–113
Bauerly KA, Kelleher SL, Lonnerdal B (2005) Effects of copper supplementation on copper absorption, tissue distribution, and copper transporter expression in an infant rat model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 288(5):G1007–G1014
Bayer TA, Schäfer S, Simons A, Kemmling A, Kamer T, Tepests R, Eckert A, Schüssel K, Eikenberg O, Sturchler-Pierrat C, Abramowski D (2003) Dietary Cu stabilizes brain superoxide dismutase 1 activity and reduces amyloid Aβ production in APP23 transgenic mice. PNAS 100(24):14187–14192
Beinhardt S, Leiss W, Stattermayer AF, Graziadei I, Zoller H, Stauber R, Maieron A, Datz C, Steindl-Munda P, Hofer H, Vogel W, Trauner M, Ferenci P (2014) Long-term outcomes of patients with Wilson disease in a large Austrian cohort. Clin Gastroeneterol Hetapol 12:683–689
Bost M, Houdart S, Oberli M, Kalonji E, Huneau JF, Margaritis I (2016) Dietary copper and human health: current evidence and unresolved issues. J Trace Elem Med Biol 35:107–115
Brewer GJ, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Dick R, Wang Y, Johnson V (1993) Does a vegetarian diet control Wilson’s disease? J Am Coll Nutr 12(5):527–530
Brewer GJ (2000) Is heterozygosity for a Wilson’s disease gene defect an important underlying cause of infantile and childhood copper toxicosis syndromes? J Trace Elem Exp Med 13:249–254
Brewer GJ (2010a) Letter to the editor: toxicity of copper in drinking water. J Toxicol Environ Health Part B 13:449–459
Brewer GJ, Kanzer SH, Zimmerman EA, Celmins DF, Heckman SM, Dick R (2010b) Copper and ceruloplasmin abnormalities in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Alzheimer’s Dis Other Dement 25(6):490–497
Brewer GJ (2019) The scourge of our time, Alzheimer’s disease, can be prevented by two simple steps. Acta Sci Nutritional Health 3.2:54–60
Bulcke F, Dringen R, Scheiber IF (2017) Neurotoxicity of Copper. In: Aschner M, Costa LG (eds) Neurotoxicity of metals. Springer International Publishing, Cham, p 313–343
Bush AI, Pettingell WH, Multhaup G, Paradis MD, Vonsattel JP, Gusella JF, Beyreuther K, Masters CL, Tanzi RE (1994) Rapid induction of Alzheimer A beta amyloid formation by zinc. Science 265(5177):1464–1467
Buyssens N, Kocky MM, Herman AG, Lazou JM, Van Den Berg K, Wisse E, Geerts A (1996) Centrolobular liver fibrosis in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit. Hepatology 24(4):939–946
Cabrera-Muñoz MDL, Marrufo JDG, Pantaleón OM, Santos PB (2010) Idiopathic copper toxicosis in an infant. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 67:359–368
Carney EW, Kimmel CA (2007) Interpretation of skeletal variations for human risk assessment: delayed ossification and wavy ribs. Birth Defects Res Part B 80(6):473–496
Copper Development Association, Inc. (CDA) (2016) Who is choosing copper now? https://www.copper.org/applications/plumbing/water_service/resources/A4118_Service_Line_WhoIsChoosing_Fact_Sheet.pdf. Accessed 1 Feb 2019
CDA. Personal communication. Percent of copper used in newly constructed households
Ceko MJ, Aitken JB, Harris HH (2014) Speciation of copper in a range of food types by x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Food Chem 164:50–54
Chambers A, Krewski D, Birkett N, Plunkett L, Hertzberg R, Danzeisen R, Aggett PJ, Starr TB, Baker S, Dourson M, Jones P, Keen CL, Meek B, Schoeny R, Slob W (2010) An exposure-response curve for copper excess and deficiency. J Toxicol Environ Health, Part B 13(7–8):546–578
Cheignon C, Tomas M, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Faller P, Hureau C, Collin F (2018) Oxidative stress and the amyloid beta peptide in Alzheimer’s disease. Redox Biology 14:450–464
Cherny RA, Atwood CS, Xilinas ME, Gray DN, Jones WD, McLean CA, Barnham KJ, Volitakis I, Fraser FW, Kim YS, Huang X (2001) Treatment with a Copper-Zinc chelator markedly and rapidly inhibits β-amyloid accumulation in Alzheimer’s disease transgenic mice. Neuron 30(3):665–676
Danks DM (1995) Disorders of copper transport. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WM, Valle D (eds) The metabolic and molecular basis of inherited disease. McGraw-Hill, New York, p 2211–2235
De Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LWJ (2007) Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes. J Med Genet 44(11):673–688
Delbeke K, Schoeters I, Gerschel T, Baker S, Dwyer B, Danzeisen R, Adams W, Gaunt R, Van Sprang P, Vangheluwe M, Vandenbroele M, Heijerick D, Verdonck F, Van Hyfte A, Cross H, Sadhra S, Wheatley A, Binetti R, Attias L, Marchini S, Pennelli B, Testai E, Di Prospero Fanghella P, Rubbiani M (2010) The EU copper risk assessment: summary and applications. In Proceedings of Copper 2010. Brussels, Belgium
DiDonato M, Sarkar B (1997) Copper transport and its alterations in Menkes and Wilson diseases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1360:3–16
Dong J, Atwood CS, Anderson VE, Siedlak SL, Smith MA, Perry G, Carey PR (2003) Metal binding and oxidation of amyloid-β within isolated senile plaque cores: raman microscopic evidence. Biochemistry 18(42):2768–2773
Donohue J (1997) New ideas after five years of the lead and copper rule: a fresh look at the MCLG for copper. In: Lagos GE, Badilla-Ohlbaum R (eds) Advances in risk assessment of copper in the environment. Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile, p 265–272
Drew SC (2017) The case for abandoning therapeutic chelation of copper ions in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Neurosci 11:317
European Copper Institute (ECI) (2008) European union risk assessment report: voluntary risk assessmeint of copper, copper II sulphate pentahydrate, copper(I)oxide, copper(II)oxide, dicopper chloride trihydroxide. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Brussels, Belgium. http://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/copper-voluntary-risk-assessment-reports
Ellingsen DG, Møller LB, Aaseth J (2015) Copper. In Handbook on the toxicology of metals, 4th edn. Elsvier/Academic Press, Amsterdam, p 765–786
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2015) Scientific opinion on the dietary reference values for copper EFSA panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies (NDA). EFSA J 13(10):4253
Fica-Contreras SM, Shuster SO, Durfee ND, Bowe GJK, Henning NJ, Hill SA, Vrla GD, Stillman DR, Suralik KM, Sandwick RK, Choi S (2017) Glycation of Lys-16 and Arg-5 in amyloid-β and the presence of Cu2+ play a major role in the oxidative stress mechanism of Alzheimer’s disease. JBIC J Biol Inorg Chem 22(8):1211–1222
Fuentealba IC, Mullins JE, Aburto EM, Lau JC, Cherian GM (2000) Effect of age and sex on liver damage due to excess dietary copper in Fischer 344 rats. Clin Toxicol 38(7):709–717
Gaetke LM, Chow-Johnson HS, Chow CK (2014) Copper: toxicological relevance and mechanisms. Arch Toxicol 88(11):1929–1938
Gollan JL, Gollan TJ (1998) Wilson disease in 1998: genetic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. J Hepatol 28:28–36
Goode CA, Linder MC (1991) Copper and disease in biochemistry of copper. Plenum Press, New York, NY, pp 331–366
Gromadzka G, Chabik G, Mendel T, Wierzchowska A, Rudnicka M, Czlonkowska A (2010) Middle-aged heterozygous carriers of Wilson’s disease do not present with significant phenotypic deviations related to copper metabolism. J Genet 89(4):463–467
Haddad DS, Al-Alousi LA, Kantarjian AH (1991) The effect of copper loading on pregnant rats and their offspring. Funct Dev Morphol 1(3):17–22
Harris M (2012) Is there a role for micronutrients in the prevention of cognitive declines associated with aging? Vitam Trace Elem 1(2):1000e105
Harris ZL, Durley AP, Man TK, Gitlin JD (1999) Targeted gene disruption reveals an essential role for ceruloplasmin in cellular iron efflux. PNAS 14(96):10812–10817
Hayashi H, Shinohara T, Goto K, Fujita Y, Murakami Y, Hattori A, Tatsumi Y, Shimizu A, Ichiki T (2012) Liver structures of a patient with idiopathic copper toxicosis. Med Mol Morpho 45(2):105–109
Health Canada (2010) Federal contaminated site risk assessment in Canada, Part II: Health Canada Toxicological Reference Values (TRVs) and Chemical-Specific Factors, Version 2.0. Revised 2012. Health Canada. Ottawa, Canada
Health Canada (2018) Copper in drinking water, guideline technical document for public consultation. Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Drinking Water. Ottawa, Canada
Hébert CD (1993) NTP Technical Report on toxicity studies of cupric sulphate (CAS N°7758-99-8) administered in drinking water and feed to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. National Toxicology Program, Toxicity Report Series No. 29, United States Department of Health and Human Services (NIH Publication 93-3352)
Hébert CD, Elwell MR, Travlos GS, Fitz CJ, Bucher JR (1993) Subchronic toxicity of cupric sulfate administered in drinking water and feed to rats and mice. Toxicol Sci 21(4):461–475
Hill GM, Brewer GJ, Juni JE, Prasad AS, Dick RD (1986) Treatment of Wilson’s disease with zinc II. Validation of oral 64-copper with copper balance. Am J Med Sci 292(6):344–349
Hunt JR, Gallagher SK, Johnson LK, Lykken GI (1995) High-versus low-meat diets: effects on zinc absorption, iron status, and calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nitrogen, phosphorus, and zinc balance in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 62(3):621–632
Hunt JR (2003) Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets. Am J Clin Nutr 78(3):633S–639S
Intawongse M, Dean JR (2006) In-vitro testing for assessing oral bioaccessibility of trace metals in soil and food samples. Trends Anal Chem 25(9):876–886
IOM (2001) Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium and zinc, ed. Board on Food and Nutrition. US Institute of Medicine. National Academy Press, National Research Council, Washington, DC
IOM (2004) Dietary reference values. Recommended intakes and tolerable upper intake levels. US Institute of Medicine. National Academy Press, National Research Council, Washington, DC
IPCS (1998) Environmental Health Criteria 200. International Programme on Chemical Safety. World Health Organization, Geneva
IRIS (2017) EPA database for the Integrated Risk Information System. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. https://www.epa.gov/iris
Ishida S, Andreux P, Poitry-Yamate C, Auwerx J, Hanahan D (2013) Bioavailable copper modulates oxidative phosphorylation and growth of tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110(48):19507–19512
Johnson PE (1988) Effect of various dietary carbohydrates on absorption and excretion of copper in the rat as measured by isotope dilution. J Trace Elem Exp Med 1:143–155
Johnson PW, Lee DY (1988) Copper absorption and excretion measured by two methods in rats fed varying concentrations of dietary copper. J Trace Elem Exp Med 1:129–41
Kaden D. Bush AI, Danzeisen R, Bayer TA, Multhaup G (2011) Disturbed copper bioavailability in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Alzheimer’s Dis 2011:1–5
Kardos J, Heja L, Simon A, Jablonkai I, Kovacs R, Jemnitz K (2018) Copper signalling: causes and consequences. Cell Commun Signal 16:71
Kessler H, Pajonk FG, Meisser P, Schneider-Axmann T, Hoffmann KH, Supprian T, Herrmann W, Obeid R, Multhaup G, Falkai P, Bayer TA (2006) Cerebrospinal fluid diagnostic markers correlate with lower plasma copper and ceruloplasmin in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm 113(11):1763–9
Kessler H, Bayer TA, Bach D, Schneider-Axmann T, Supprian T, Herrmann W, Haber M, Multhaup G, Falkai P, Pajonk FG (2008) Intake of copper has no effect on cognition in patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease: a pilot phase 2 clinical trial. J Neural Transm 115(8):1181
Kimmel CA, Garry MR, DeSesso JM (2014) Relationship between bent long bones, bent scapulae, and wavy ribs: malformations or variations? Birth Defects Res Part B 101(5):379–392
Kitazawa M, Cheng D, LaFerla FM (2009) Chronic copper exposure exacerbates both amyloid and tau pathology and selectively dysregulates cdk5 in a mouse model of AD. J Neurochemistry 108(6):1550–1560
Kitazawa M, Hsu HW, Medeiros R (2016) Copper exposure perturbs brain inflammatory responses and impairs clearance of amyloid-beta. Toxicological Sci 152(1):194–204
Krajčovičová-Kudláčková M, Šimončič R, Babinska K, Bederova A, Brtkova A, Magalova T, Grančičová E (1995) Selected vitamins and trace elements in blood of vegetarians. Ann Nutr Metab 39(6):334–339
Krewski D, Chambers A, Stern BR, Aggett PJ, Plunkett L, Rudenko L (2010a) Development of a copper database for exposure-response analysis. J Toxicol Environ Health, Part A 73(2–3):208–216
Krewski D, Chambers A, Birkett N (2010b) The use of categorical regression in modeling copper exposure-response relationships. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 73(2–3):187–207
Lee J, Prohaska JR, Thiele DJ (2001) Essential role for mammalian copper transporter Ctr1 in copper homoestasis and embryonic development. PNAS 98(12):6842–6847
Lee J, Petris MJ, Thiele DJ (2002) Characterization of mouse embryonic cells deficient in the Ctr1 high affinity copper transporter. J Biol Chem 277(43):40253–40259
Lecyk M (1980) Toxicity of CuSO4 in mice embryonic development. Zool Pol 28:101–105
Li D-D, Zhang W, Wang Z-Y, Zhao P (2017) Serum copper, zinc, and iron levels in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Front Aging NeuroSci 9:300. 13 pp
Linder MC (2016) Ceruloplasmin and other copper binding components of blood plasma and their functions: an update. Metallomics 8:887–905
Llanos RM, Mercer JF (2002) The molecular basis of copper homeostasis copper-related disorders. DNA Cell Biol 21(4):259–270
Lönnerdalm B (2008) Intestinal regulation of copper homeostasis: a developmental perspective. Am J Clin Nutr 2008 88(suppl):846S–850S
Lovell MA, Robertson JD, Teesdale WJ, Campbell JL, Markesbery WR (1998) Copper, iron and zinc in Alzheimer’s disease senile plaques. J Neurological Sci 158(1):47–52
Massie HR, Aiello VR (1984) Excessive intake of copper: Influence on longevity and cadmium accumulation in mice. Mech Ageing Dev 26(2–3):195–203
Maynard CJ, Cappai R, Volitakis I, Cherny RA, White AR, Beyreuther K, Masters CL, Bush AI, Li QX (2002) Overexpression of Alzheimer’s disease amyloid-β opposes the age-dependent elevations of brain copper and iron. J Biol Chem 277(47):44670–44676
MDEQ (2013) Cleanup criteria requirements for response activity. Table 4. Toxicological and chemical-physical data. Part 201 generic cleanup criteria and screening levels/Part 213 risk-based screening levels. Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. https://ars.apps.lara.state.mi.us/AdminCode/DeptBureauAdminCode?Department=Environment%2C%20Great%20Lakes%20and%20Energy&Bureau=Remediation%20and%20Redevelopment%20Division. https://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/deq-rrd-Rules-Table4ToxicologicalChemicalPhysicalData_447077_7.pdf
MDEQ (2015) Chemical update worksheet: copper. Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. Lansing, Michigan. https://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/deq-rrd-chem-CopperDatasheet_527899_7.pdf
Milton B, Farrell PJ, Birkett N, Krewski D (2017a) Modeling U-shaped exposure-response relationships for agents that demonstrate toxicity due to both excess and deficiency. Risk Anal 37:265–279
Milton B, Krewski D, Mattison DR, Karyakina NA, Ramoju S, Shilnikova N, Birkett N, Farrell PJ, McGough D (2017b) Modeling U-shaped dose-response curves for manganese using categorical regression. Neurotoxicology 58:217–225
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2004) Revision of drinking water quality standards in Japan. Office of Drinking Water Quality Management, Water Supply Division, Health Service Bureau. Tokyo, Japan
Monnot AD, Behl M, Ho S, Zheng W (2011) Regulation of brain copper homeostasis by the brain barrier systems: effects of Fe-overload and Fe-deficiency. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 256(3):249–257
Monnot AD, Zheng G, Zheng W (2012) Mechanism of copper transport at the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier: influence of iron deficiency in an in vitro model. Exp Biol Med 237(3):327–333
Morris MC, Evans DA, Tangney CC, Bienias JL, Schneider JA, Wilson RS, Scherr PA (2006) Dietary copper and high saturated and trans fat intakes associated with cognitive decline. Arch Neurol 63(8):1085–1088
Müller T, Feichtinger H, Berger H, Müller W (1996) Endemic Tyrolean infantile cirrhosis: an ecogenetic disorder. Lancet 347(9005):877–880
Musuru J, Robien K, Harnack LJ, Park K, Jacobs Jr. DR (2011) Dietary supplements and mortality in older women: the Iowa women’s health study. Arch Intern Med 171(18):1625–1633
Nayak NC, Chitale AR (2013) Indian childhood cirrhosis (ICC) & ICC-like diseases: the changing scenario of facts versus notions. Indian J Med Res 137(6):1029
NHMRC (2011) Australian drinking water guidelines national water quality management strategy. National Health and Medical Research Council, National Resource Management Ministerial Council, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra
NRC (2000) Copper in drinking water. National Research Council. National Academies Press. Washington, DC
O’Connor JM, Bonham MP, Turley E, McKeown A, McKelvey-Martin VJ, Gilmore WS, Strain JJ (2003) Copper supplementation has no effect on markers of DNA damage and liver function in health adults (FOODCUE Project). Ann Nutr Metab 47:201–206
O’Donohue J, Reid MA, Varghese A, Portmann B, Williams R (1993) Micronodular cirrhosis and acute liver failure due to chronic copper self-intoxication. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 5:561–562
OEHHA (2008) Public health goal for copper in drinking water. California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, OEHHA
Ohgami RS, Campagna DR, McDonald A, Fleming MD (2006) The Steap proteins are metalloreductases. Blood 108(4):1388–1394
Olivares M, Pizarro F, Speisky H, Lönnerdal B, Uauy R (1998) Copper in infant nutrition: safety of World Health Organization provisional guideline value for copper content of drinking water. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 26(3):251–257
Olivares M, Araya M, Pizarro F, Uauy R (2001) Nausea threshold in apparently healthy individuals who drink fluids containing graded concentrations of copper. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 33(3):271–275
O’Neill NC, Tanner MS (1989) Uptake of copper from brass vessels by bovine milk and its relevance to Indian childhood cirrhosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 9(2):167–172
Phinney ALB, Drisaldi SD, Schmidt S, Lugowski V, Coronado Y, Liang P, Horne J, Yang J, Sekoulidis J, Coomaraswamy, Chishti MA (2003) In vivo reduction of amyloid-β by a mutant copper transporter. PNAS 100(24):14193–14198
Pizarro F, Olivares M, Uauy R, Contreras P, Rebelo A, Gidi V (1999) Acute gastrointestinal effects of graded levels of copper in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect 107(2):117
Pizarro F, Olivares M, Araya M, Gidi V, Uauy R (2001) Gastrointestinal effects associated with soluble and insoluble copper in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect 109(9):949
Pratt WB, Omdahl JL, Sorenson JRJ (1985) Lack of effects of copper gluconate supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 42:681–682
Reinstein NH, Lonnerdal B, Keen CL, Hurley LS (1984) Zinc-copper interactions in the pregnant rat: fetal outcome and maternal and fetal zinc, copper and iron. J Nutr 114(7):1266–79
Russo AJ, deVito R (2011) Analysis of copper and zinc plasma concentration and the efficacy of zinc therapy in individuals with Asperger’s syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) and autism. Biomark Insights 6:127–133
Schafer S, Pajonk FG, Multhaup G, Bayer TA (2007) Copper and clioquinol treatment in young APP transgenic and wild-type mice: effects on life expectancy, body weight, and metal-ion levels. J Mol Med 85(4):405–13
Scheinberg IH, Sternlieb I (1994) Is non-Indian childhood cirrhosis caused by excess dietary copper? Lancet 344(8928):1002–1004
Schreurs BG (2013) Cholesterol and copper affect learning and memory in the rabbit. Int J Alzheimer’s Dis 2013:1–12. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijad/2013/518780/abs/
Singh I, Sagare AP, Coma M, Perlmutter D, Gelein R, Bell RD, Deane RJ, Zhong E, Parisi M, Ciszewski J, Kasper RT (2013) Low levels of copper disrupt brain amyloid-β homeostasis by altering its production and clearance. PNAS 110(36):14771–14776
Sjögren M, Blennow K (2005) The link between colesterol and Alzheimer’s disease. World J Biol Psychiatry 6(2):85–97
Sparks DL, Schreurs BG (2003) Trace amounts of copper in water induce β-amyloid plaques and learning deficits in a rabbit model of Alzheimer’s disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100(19):11065–11069
Sparks DL (2004) Cholesterol, Copper, and Accumulation of Thioflavine S-Reactive Alzheimer’s-Like Amyloid β in Rabbit. Brain J Mol Neurosci 24:97–104
Sparks DL, Friedland R, Petanceska S, Schreurs BG, Shi J, Perry G, Smith MA, Sharma A, Derosa S, Ziolkowski C, Stankovic G (2006) Trace copper levels in the drinking water, but not zinc or aluminum influence CNS Alzheimer-like pathology. The. J Nutr, Health Aging 10(4):247
Squitti RD, Lupoi P, Pasqualetti G, Dal Forno F, Vernieri P, Chiovenda L, rossi M, Cortesi E, Cassetta, Rossini RM (2002) Elevation of serum copper levels in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 59(8):1153–1161
Squitti R, Mendez AJ, Simonelli I, Ricordi C (2017) Diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease: can elevated free copper predict the risk of the disease? J Alzheimer’s Dis 56:1055–1064
Squitti R, Ghidomi R, Simonelli I, Ivanova ID, Colabufo NA, Zuin M, Benussi L, Binetti G, Cassetta E, Rongioletti M, Siotto M (2018) Copper dyshomeostasis in Wilson disease and Alzheimer’s disease as shown by serum and urine copper indicators. J Trace Elem Med Biol 45:181–188
Srikumar TS, Källgård B, Ockerman PA, Akesson B (1992a) The effects of a 2-year switch from a mixed to a lactovegetarian diet on trace element status in hypertensive subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 46(9):661–669
Srikumar TS, Johansson GK, Ockerman PA, Gustafsson JA, Akesson B (1992b) Trace element status in healthy subjects switching from a mixed to a lactovegetarian diet for 12 mo. Am J Clin Nutr 55:1–6
Sriramachari S, Nayak NC (2008) Indian childhood cirrhosis: several dilemmas resolved. Indian J Med Res 128(2):93
Stern BR (2010) Essentiality and toxicity in copper health risk assessment: overview, update and regulatory considerations. J Toxicol Environ Health 73(2–3):114–127
TCEQ (2014) Toxicity factor derivation document for copper, CASRN 7440-50-8. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), Toxicology Division. Austin, Texas
Treiber CA, Simons M, Strauss M, Hafner R, Cappai TA, Bayer, Multhaup G (2004) Clioquinol mediates copper uptake and counteracts copper efflux activities of the amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer’s disease. J Biol Chem 279(50):51958–51964
Turnlund JR, Keyes WR, Anderson HL, Acord LL (1989) Copper absorption and retention in young men at three levels of dietary copper by use of the stable isotope 65Cu. Am J Clin Nutr 49:870–878
Turnlund JR, Jacob RA, Keen CL, Strain JJ, Kelley DS, Domek JM, Keyes WR, Ensunsa JL, Lykkesfeldt J, Coulter J (2004) Long-term high copper intake: effects on indexes of copper status, antioxidant status, and immune function in young men. Am J Clin Nutr 79:1037–1344
Turnlund JR, Keyes WR, Kim SK, Domek JM (2005) Long-term high copper intake: effects on copper absorption, retention, and homeostasis in men. Am J Clin Nutr 81(4):822–828
Uauy R, Maass A, Araya M (2008) Estimating risk from copper excess in human populations. Am J Clin Nutr 88(3):867S–871S
US EPA (1988a) Copper chemical assessment summary. US EPA. Washington, DC. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0368_summary.pdf
US EPA (1988b) Recommendations for and Documentation of Biological Values for Use in Risk Assessment. US EPA. Washington, DC
US EPA (1993) Reference dose (RfD): description and use in health risk assessments. Background document 1A. US Environmental Protection Agency. US EPA. Washington, DC
US EPA (1997) Exposure factors handbook. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC
US EPA (2000) CatReg software user manual. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment; EPA/600/R-98/052, Research Triangle Park, NC, https://www.epa.gov/bmds/catreg
US EPA (2007) Framework for metals risk assessment. EPA 120/R-07/001. Office of the Science Advisor, US EPA. Washington, DC
US EPA (2017) Regional screening levels (RSLs)—generic tables November 2017. US EPA, Washington, DC
USDA (1996) 1994–1996 continuing survey of food intakes by individuals and 1994–1996 diet and health knowledge survey. Food surveys research group, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Maryland
Van den Berg GJ, Yu S, Lemmens AG, Beynen. AC (1994) Ascorbic acid feeding of rats reduces copper absorption, causing impaired copper status and depressed biliary copper excretion. Biol Trace Elem Res 41(1–2):47–58
Van den Berghe PVE, Klomp LWJ (2009) New developments in the regulation of intestinal copper absorption. Nutr Rev 67(11):658–672
Weiss KC, Linder MC (1985) Copper transport in rats involving a new plasma protein. Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metab 249(1):E77–E88
White AR, Reyes R, Mercer JF, Camakaris J, Zheng H, Bush AI, Multhaup G, Beyreuther K, Masters CL, Cappai R (1999) Copper levels are increased in the cerelbral cortex and liver of APP and APLP2 knockout mice. Brain Res 842(2):439–444
WHO (1996) Trace elements in human nutrition and health. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland
WHO (2002) Principles and methods for the assessment of risks from trace elements. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc228.htm
WHO (2004) Copper in drinking-water. Background document for development of World Health Organization guidelines for drinking-water quality. WHO. Geneva, Switzerland
WHO (2018) A global overview of national regulations and standards for drinking-water quality. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
Wyllie J (1957) Copper poisoning at a cocktail party. Am J Public Health 47(617):1
Xu GG, Salen S, Shefer GS, Tint BT, Kren LB, Nguyen CJ, Steer TS, Chen L, Salen, Greenblatt D (1997) Increased bile acid pool inhibits cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Gastroentrol 113:1958–1965
Xu J, Church SJ, Patassini S, Begley P, Waldvogel HJ, Curtis MA, Faull RL, Unwin RD, Cooper GJ (2017) Evidence for widespread, severe brain copper deficiency in Alzheimer’s dementia. Metallomics 9(8):1106–1109
Zheng W, Monnot AD (2012) Regulation of brain iron and copper homeostasis by brain barrier systems: implication in neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Therapeutics 133(2):177–188