Critical Loads and Exceedances of Acid Deposition and Associated Forest Growth in the Northern Hardwood and BorealConiferous Forests in Québec, Canada
Tóm tắt
We used the Québec forest monitoring network (`Réseaud'Étude et de Surveillance des Écosystèmes Forestiers' or RESEF)along with its atmospheric monitoring stations to assess criticalS and N loads and their combined soil acidification exceedancesfor natural ecosystems of the northern hardwood and borealconiferous forests in Québec, Canada. Critical loads (CL) forforest soil acidification were calculated using the simple mass-balance (SMB) approach and with the steady-state PROFILE model.Atmospheric deposition rates for water, S, N, Ca, Mg, Na, and K,for the years 1989–1993, and detailed, plot-specific forest andsoil characteristics were used as input. The SMB model alsorequired information regarding nutrient uptake and storage in theaboveground woody biomass. The CL calculations indicated that,from the 31 RESEF plots, 18 received atmospheric acidic inputs inexcess of their CL (55 and 61% of the hardwood and coniferousplots, respectively). The range of CL exceedance varied from 60to 470 eq ha-1 yr-1 for the hardwood stands, and from 10to 590 eq ha-1 yr-1 for the coniferous stands. The standswith CL exceedance were mainly located in the western and centralpart of the province. Stand growth associated with exceedanceclass of acidity was determined using the RESEF plots along withselected permanent forest survey plots having similar sitecharacteristics, but for which longer growth records wereavailable. We found a significant negative correlation betweenforest growth rates and critical soil acidification exceedancefor both the northern hardwood and the boreal conifer sites.Specifically, plots with critical load exceedances were found tohave a growth reduction of about 30% during the 1974–1982 andthe 1972–1990 measurement (plots with no soil acidificationexceedance served as a control). While this correlation is notnecessarily causal, it is nevertheless consistent with theexpectation that increased losses of soil base cations on accountof increased soil acidification should and could lead todeteriorating forest health conditions.
Tài liệu tham khảo
AETG (The Acidifying Emissions task Group): 1997, 'Towards a national acid rain strategy', National Air Issues Coordinating Committee, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 97 pp.
Alveteg, M., Warfvinge, P. and Sverdrup, H.: 1994, 'Profile 3.2 User's guidance for the AppleMacintosh version', Department of Chemical Engineering II, Chemical Center, Lund Univ., Lund, Sweden, 42 pp.
Arp, P. A., Oja, T. and Marsh, M.: 1996, 'Calculating critical S and N current exceedances for upland forests in southern Ontario, Canada', Can. J. For. Res. 26, 696-709.
Arp, P. A. and Yin, X.: 1992, 'Predicting water fluxes through forests from monthly precipitation and mean monthly air temperature records', Can. J. For. Res. 22, 864-877.
Boulet, G. and Jacques, G.: 1992, 'Programme d'échantillonnage des précipitations du Québec: Sommaire des données de la qualité des eaux de précipitations 1989', Report PA-45, Ministère de l'Environnement, Québec, 101 pp.
Boulet, G. and Jacques, G.: 1993a, 'Programme d'échantillonnage des précipitations du Québec: Sommaire des données de la qualité des eaux de précipitations 1990', Report PA-49, Ministère de l'Environnement, Québec, 105 pp.
Boulet, G. and Jacques, G.: 1993b, 'Programme d'échantillonnage des précipitations du Québec: Sommaire des données de la qualité des eaux de précipitations 1991', Report PA-50, Ministère de l'Environnement, Québec, 101 pp.
Boulet, G. and Jacques, G.: 1995, 'Programme d'échantillonnage des précipitations du Québec: Sommaire des données de la qualité des eaux de précipitations 1992–1993', Report PA-51, Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Faune, Québec, 151 pp.
Canada Soil Survey Committee: 1992, 'The Canadian system of soil classification', Publication No. 1646, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 170 pp.
Cole, D. W. and Rapp, M.: 1981, 'Elemental Cycling in Forest Ecosystems', in D. E. Reichle (ed.), Dynamic Properties of Forest Ecosystems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 341-349.
De Vries, W., Reinds, G. J. and Posch, M.: 1994, 'Assessment of critical loads and their exceedance on European forests using a one-layer steady-state model', Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 72, 357-394.
De Vries, W., Posch, M., Oja, T., van Oene, H., Kros, J. and Arp, P. A.: 1995, 'Modelling critical loads for the Solling spruce site', Ecological Modeling 83, 283-293.
Duchesne, L. and Ouimet, R.: 1996, 'Estimation préliminaire des charges critiques en dépôts atmosphériques de N et S pour les forêts du Québec', Internal Report. No. 410, Gouvernement du Québec, Direction de la recherche forestière, 38 pp.
Dupont, J.: 1993, 'Bilan de l'acidité des lacs du Québec méridional', Report QEN/PA-47/1, Ministère de l'Environnement du Québec, Direction de la qualité des cours d'eau, 129 pp.
EPA: 1995, 'Acid deposition standard feasibility study. Report to Congress', Report. No. EPA430-R-95-001a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Acid Rain Division, 120 pp.
Friedland, A. J. and Miller, E. K.: 1999, 'Major-element cycling in a high-elevation Adirondack forest: patterns and changes, 1986–1996', Ecol. Applic. 9, 958-967.
Gagnon, G., Gravel, C., Ouimet, R., Dignard, N., Paquin, R. and Jacques, G.: 1994, 'Le réseau de surveillance des écosystèmes forestiers (RESEF). II. Description des places d'étude et données de base', Research Report No. 116, Gouvernement du Québec, Direction de la recherche forestière, 187 pp.
Hedin, L. O., Likens, G. E. and Bormann, F. E.: 1987, 'Decrease in precipitation acidity resulting from decreased SO4 concentration', Nature 325,244-246.
Hettelingh, J.-P., Sverdrup, H. and Zhao, D.: 1995, 'Deriving critical loads for Asia', Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 85, 2565-2570.
Hodson, M. E. and Langan, S. J.: 1999, 'Considerations of uncertainty in setting critical loads of acidity of soils: The role of weathering rate determination', Environ. Pollut. 106, 73-81.
Hornung, M., Bull, K. R., Cresser, M., Hall, J., Langan, S. J., Loveland, P. and Smith, C.: 1994, 'An empirical map of critical loads of acidity for soil in Great Britain', Environ. Pollut. 90, 301-310.
Houle, D., Paquin, R., Camiré, C., Ouimet R. and Duchesne, L.: 1997, 'Response of the Lake Clair Watershed (Duchesnay, Québec) to changes in precipitation chemistry (1988–1994)', Can. J. For. Res. 27, 1813-1821.
Johnson, D. W.: 1992, 'Relationships Among Atmospheric Deposition, Forest Nutrient Status, and Forest Decline', in D. W. Johnson and S. E. Lindberg (eds), Atmospheric Deposition and Forest Nutrient Cycling: A Synthesis of the Integrated Forest Study, Ecological Studies Vol. 91, Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 577-580.
Johnson, D. W. and Lindberg, S. E.: 1992, Atmospheric Depositions and Forest Nutrient Cycling: A Synthesis of the Integrated Forest Study', Ecological Studies Vol. 91, Springler-Verlag, New-York, 707 pp.
Kirchner, J. W., Dillon, P. J. and Lazerte, B. D.: 1992, 'Predicted response of stream chemistry to acid loading tested in Canadian catchments', Nature 358478-481.
Lawrence, G. B. and Huntington, T. G.: 1999, 'Soil-calcium depletion linked to acid rain and forest growth in the eastern United States', USGS Report WRIR 98-4267, http://water.usgs.gov.
Likens, G. E., Driscoll, C. T. and Buso, D. C.: 1996, 'Long-term effects of acid rain: response and recovery of a forest ecosystem', Science 272, 244-246.
Markewitz, D., Richter, D. D., Allen, H. L. and Urrego, J. B.: 1998, 'Three decades of observed soil acidification in the Calhoun experimental forest: Has acid rain made a difference?,' Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62, 1428-1439.
McLaughlin, D.: 1998, 'A decade of forest tree monitoring in Canada: evidence of air pollution effects', Environ. Rev. 6, 151-171.
Morrison, I. K., Foster, N. W. and Nicolson, J. A.: 1992., 'Influence of acid deposition on element cycling in mature sugar maple forest, Algoma, Canada', Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 61, 243-252.
Nillson, J. and Grennfelt, P.: 1988, Critical Loads for Sulphur and Nitrogen, NORD 1988:97, Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark, 418 pp.
Ouimet, R. and Camiré, C.: 1995, 'Foliar deficiencies of sugar maple stands associated with soil cation imbalances in the Québec Appalachians', Can. J. Soil Sci. 75, 169-175.
Ouimet, R., Camiré, C. and Furlan, V.: 1996a, 'Effect of soil K, Ca, and Mg saturation and endomycorrhization on growth and nutrient uptake of sugar maple seedlings', Plant Soil 179, 207-216.
Ouimet, R., Camiré, C. and Furlan, V.: 1996b, 'Effect of base saturation of soil and endomycorrhization on growth and nutrient uptake of sugar maple seedlings', Can. J. Soil Sci. 76, 109-115.
Posch, M., De Smet, P. A. M., Hettelingh, J.-P. and Downing, R. J.: 1995, 'Calculation and mapping of critical thresholds in Europe', CCE Status Report, RIVM Report No. 259101004, 198 pp.
Ryan, D., Allen, O., McLaughlin, D. and Gordon, A.: 1994, 'Interpretation of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) ring chronologies from central and southern Ontario using a mixed linear model', Can. J. For. Res. 24, 568-575.
SAS Institute Inc.: 1997, SAS/STAT Software: Changes and Enhancements Through Release 6.12, Cary, NC, 1167 pp.
Shannon, J. D.: 1999, 'Regional trends in wet deposition of sulfate in the United states and SO2 emissions from 1980 through 1995', Atmos. Environ. 33, 807-816
Stoddard, J. L., Jeffries, D. S., Lukewille, A., Clair, T. A., Dillon, P. J., Driscoll, C. T., Forsius, M., Johannessen, M., Kahl, J. S., Kellog, J. H., Kemp, A., Mannio, J., Monteith, D. T., Murdoch, P. S., Patrick, S., Rebsdorf, A., Skjelkvale, B. L., Stainton, M. P., Traaen, T., van Dam, H.,Webster, K. E.,Wieting, J. and Wilander, A.: 1999, 'Regional trends in aquatic recovery from acidification in North America and Europe', Nature 401, 575-578.
Sverdrup, H. and De Vries, W.: 1994, 'Calculating critical loads for acidity with the simple mass balance method', Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 72, 143-162.
Sverdrup, H., Warfvinge, P. and Nihlgard, B.: 1994. 'Assessment of soil acidification effects on forest growth in Sweden', Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 78, 1-36.
Sverdrup, H. and Warfvinge, P.: 1995. 'Critical loads of acidity for Swedish forest ecosystems', Ecol. Bull. 44, 75-89.
Yin, X. and Arp, P. A.: 1993, 'Predicting forest soil temperatures from monthly air temperature and precipitation records', Can. J. For. Res. 23, 2521-2536.