Credibility of the Emotional Witness: A Study of Ratings by Court Judges

Anderson, D.E., De Paulo, B.M., Ansfield, E., Tickle, J.J., & Green, E. (1999). Beliefs about cues to deception: mindless stereotypes or untapped wisdom? Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 23, 67–89. Ashmore, R.D., & Longo, L.C. (1995). Accuracy of social stereotypes: what research on physical attractiveness can tell us. In Y.T. Lee, L.T. Jussim, & C.R. McCauley (eds.), Stereotype accuracy: toward appreciating group differences (pp. 63–86). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Baldry, A.C., & Winkel, F.W. (1998). Perceptions of the credibility and evidential value of victim and suspect statements in interviews. In J. Boros, I. Munnich, & M. Szegedi (eds.), Psychology and criminal justice: international review of theory and practice (pp. 74–82). Berlin: De Gruyter. Baldry, A.C., Winkel, F.W., & Enthoven, D.S. (1997). Paralinguistic and nonverbal triggers of biased credibility assessments of rape victims in Dutch police officers: an experimental study on nonevidentiary bias. In S. Redondo, V. Garrido, J. Perez, & R. Barabaret (eds.), Advances in psychology and law (pp. 163–174). New York: De Gruyter. Bothwell, R., & Jalil, M. (1992). The credibility of nervous witnesses. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 7, 581–586. Bull, R., & Mc Alpine, S. (1998). Facial appearance and criminality. In A. Memon, A. Vrij, & R. Bull (eds.), Psychology and law: truthfulness, accuracy and credibility (pp. 59–76). London: McGraw-Hill. Cassidy, T. (1999). Stress, cognition and health. Routledge, PA: Taylor & Francis. Christianson, S.Å., & Engelberg, E. (2004). Remembering and forgetting traumatic experiences: a matter of survival. In M.A. Conway (Ed.), Recovered memories and false memories (pp. 230–250). Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press. Christianson, S.Å., & Lindholm, T. (1998). The fate of memories in childhood and adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 761–780. Clermont, K.M., & Eisenberg, T. (1992). Trial by the jury or judge: transcending empiricism. Cornell Law Review, 77, 1124–1177. DePaulo, B.M., Lindsay, J.J., Malone, B.E., Muhlenbruck, L., Charlton, K., & Cooper, H. (2003). Cues to deception. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 74–118. Drevland, G.C.B., & Wessel, E. (2000). Det er ikke det du sier men måten du sier det på: betydningen av emosjonelle uttrykk for vitners troverdighet. [It's not what you say, but how you say it: the effect of displayed emotions on credibility ratings]. (Cand. Psychol. thesis, ISBN 82-569-1564-1). Norway: University of Oslo. Ehlers, A., & Clark, D.M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319–345. Ekman, P., & O’Sullivan, M. (1991). Who can catch a liar? American Psychologist, 46, 913–920. Ekman, P., O’Sullivan, M., & Frank, M. (1999). A few can catch a liar. Psychological Science, 10, 263–266. Elklit, A. (2002). Attitudes toward rape victims—An empirical study of the attitudes of Danish website visitors. Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 3, 73–83. Feldman, R.S., Tomasian, J.C., & Coats, E.J. (1999). Nonverbal deception and abilities and adolescents social competence: adolescent with higher social skills are better liars. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 23, 237–250. Feldman, R.S., & Chesley, R.B. (1984). Who is lying, who is not: an attributional analysis of the effects of nonverbal behavior on judgments of defendant believability. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 2, 451– 461. Frank, M.G., & Ekman, P. (2004). Appearing truthful generalizes across different deception situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 486–495. Horowitz, I.A., FosterLee, L., & Brolly, I. (1996). Effects of trial complexity on decision making. Journal of Applied Cognitive Psychology, 81, 757–768. Johnson, A. (2003). Procedural memory and skill acquisition. In R.W. Proctor & A.F. Healey (eds.), Handbook of psychology: experimental psychology (pp. 499–523). New York: Wiley. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1982). The simulation heuristic. In D. Kahneman, P. Solvic, & A. Tversky (eds.), Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases (pp. 201–208). New York: Cambridge University Press. Kaufmann, G., Drevland, G.C.B., Wessel, E., Overskeid, G., & Magnussen, S. (2003). The importance of being earnest: displayed emotions and witness credibility. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17, 21–34. Koriat, A., Lichtenstein, S., & Fischhoff, B. (1980). Reason for confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 107–118. Koppellar, L., Lange, A., & van de Velde, J.W. (1997). The influence of positive and negative victim credibility on the assessment of rape victims; an experimental study of expectancy-confirmation bias. International Review of Victimology, 5, 61–85. Kovera, B.M. (2002). The effects of general pre-trial publicity on juror decisions: an examination of moderators and mediating mechanisms. Law and Human Behavior, l26, 43–72. Lazarus, R.S. (1999). Stress and emotion; a new synthesis. London: Springer. Mann, S., Vrij, A., & Bull, R. (2002). Suspects, lies, and videotape: an analysis of authentic high-stake liars. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 365–376. Rishikof, J.R. (2001). Meta-communication and the attribution of credibility versus dishonesty by trial court judges. Dissertation-Abstracts-International: Section B: The-Science-and-Engineering, 62, 2116. Robbennolt, J.K. (2002). Punitive damage decision making: the decisions of citizens and trial court judges. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 315–342. Shields, S.A. (2002). Speaking from the heart: gender and the social meaning of emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sternberg, R.J. (2003). Cognitive psychology (3rd ed.). CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Thune-Ellefsen, H. (2003). Alderseffekter ved vurdering av troverdighet. [Effects of age on credibility judgments]. (Cand. Psychol. thesis, ISBN 82-569-2061-0). Norway: University of Oslo. Vidmar, N. (1999). Juries don't make legal decisions! And other problems: a critique of Hastie et al. on punitive damage. Law and Human Behavior, 23, 705–714. Vrij, A. (1993). Credibility judgments of detectives: the impact of nonverbal behavior, social skills and physical characteristics on impression formation. Journal of Social Psychology, 133, 601–610. Vrij, A. (1998). Nonverbal communication and credibility. In A. Memon, A. Vrij, & R. Bull (eds.), Psychology and law: truthfulness, accuracy and credibility (pp. 32–58). London: McGraw-Hill. Vrij, A. (2000). Detecting lies and deceit: psychology of lying and the implication for professional practice. Chichester, Great Britain: Wiley. Vrij, A. (2004). Guidelines to catch a liar. In P.A. Granhag & L.A. Strømwall (eds.), The detection of deception in forensic contexts (pp. 287–314). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vrij, A., Akerhurst, L., Soukara, S., & Bull, R. (2002). Will the truth come out? The effect of deception, age status, coaching and social skills on CBCA scores. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 261–283. Vrij, A., & Fisher, A. (1997). The role of displays of emotions and ethnicity in judgments of rape victims. International Review of Victimology, 4, 255–265. Vrij, A., & Mann, S. (2001). Telling and detecting lies in a high-stake situation: the case of a convicted murderer. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, 187–203. Weinstock, M., & Cronin, M.A. (2003). The everyday production of knowledge: individual differences in epistemological understanding and juror-reasoning skills. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17, 161–181. Winkel, F.W., & Koppelaar, L. (1991). Rape victims’ style of self-presentation and secondary victimization by the environment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6, 29–40. Yamawaki, N., & Tschang, B.T. (2005). Rape perception differences between Japanese and American college students: on the mediating influence of gender role tradition. Sex Roles, 52, 379–392. Zammuner, L.V. (1996). Felt emotions, and verbally communicated emotions: the case of pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 233–245.