Crack width measurement with OFDR distributed fiber optic sensors considering strain redistribution after structure cracking
Tóm tắt
Crack monitoring is an important task in structural health monitoring. In this study, a procedure is developed to assess the crack width based on the strain curve of distributed fiber optic sensors (DFOS), taking into account of the strain redistribution of the structural substrate after cracking. Fifteen aluminum alloy plates with two or three pre-cut cracks spaced at varying intervals were installed with DFOS and subjected to a tensile test. During the test, the width of the cracks was measured using an optical microscope. The results revealed that cracks caused a peak value in the strain curve of DFOS, which is dependent on the spacing of the cracks. The peak strains overlap when the cracking spacing is less than 20 mm, as there is a significant strain interference between the two adjacent strain peaks. Depending on the number and location of cracks, thirteen scenarios are classified and a corresponding procedure is proposed to evaluate the crack width by considering the strain redistribution of the cracked substrate. Validation tests demonstrated that the proposed procedure reduced the relative measurement error to 6.64%. Therefore, the developed procedure improves the accuracy of crack width evaluation based on DFOS in practical engineering applications.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Xu W, Cui C, Luo C, Zhang Q (2022) Fatigue crack monitoring of steel bridge with coating sensor based on potential difference method. Constr Build Mater 350:128868
Dai T, Jia Z, Ren L, Li Y, Ma G (2022) Design and experimental study on FBG-based crack extension monitoring sensor. Opt Fiber Technol 71:102946
Billmann L, Isermann R (1987) Leak detection methods for pipelines. Automatica 23(3):381–385
Fan L, Teng L, Tang F, Khayat KH, Chen G, Meng W (2021) Corrosion of steel rebar embedded in UHPC beams with cracked matrix. Constr Build Mater 313:125589
Elforjani M, Mba D (2009) Detecting natural crack initiation and growth in slow speed shafts with the Acoustic Emission technology. Eng Fail Anal 16(7):2121–2129
Alam SY, Loukili A, Grondin F, Roziere E (2015) Use of the digital image correlation and acoustic emission technique to study the effect of structural size on cracking of reinforced concrete. Eng Fract Mech 143:17–31
Wei H, Hu B, Wang F, Zheng J, Jin J, Liu C (2020) Temporal-spatial evolution characteristics of acoustic emission in asphalt concrete cracking process under low temperature. Constr Build Mater 248:118632
Karimian SF, Modarres M, Bruck HA (2020) A new method for detecting fatigue crack initiation in aluminium alloy using acoustic emission waveform information entropy. Eng Fract Mech 223:106771
Zhang J, Yan W, Cui D (2016) Concrete condition assessment using Impact-Echo method and extreme learning machines. Sensors 16(4):447
Sun Y, Huang P, Su J, Wang T (2018) Depth estimation of surface-opening crack in concrete beams using impact-echo and non-contact video-based methods. EURASIP J Image Video Process 2018:144
Jiang T, Kong Q, Peng Z, Wang L, Dai L, Feng Q, Huo L, Song G (2017) Monitoring of corrosion-induced degradation in prestressed concrete structure using embedded piezoceramic-based transducers. IEEE Sens J 17(18):5823–5830
Liao W, Wang J, Song G, Gu H, Mo Y, Olmi C, Chang K, Loh CH (2011) Structural health monitoring of concrete columns subjected to seismic excitations using piezoceramic-based sensors. Smart Mater Struct 20(12):125015
Kong Q, Robert RH, Silva P, Mo Y (2016) Cyclic crack monitoring of a reinforced concrete column under simulated pseudo-dynamic loading using piezoceramic-based smart aggregates. Appl Sci 6(11):341
Pedrosa F, Andrade C (2017) Corrosion induced cracking: effect of different corrosion rates on crack width evolution. Constr Build Mater 133:525–533
Duan C, Jiang Y, Chen L, Tai H, He Y (2013) Design and development of MEMS capacitive large-scale strain sensors. Integr Ferroelectr 147(1):123–130
Jeong JH, Jo H, Laflamme S, Li J, Downey A, Bennett C, Collins W, Taher SA, Liu H, Jung HJ (2022) Automatic control of AC bridge-based capacitive strain sensor interface for wireless structural health monitoring. Measurement 202:111789
Kong X, Li J, Laflamme S, Bennett C, Matamoros A (2015) Characterization of a soft elastomeric capacitive strain sensor for fatigue crack monitoring. in: SPIE Conference on Smart Structues & Nde. Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems, Vol. 9435, No. 943531
Loh KJ, Hou TC, Lynch JP, Kotov NA (2009) Carbon nanotube sensing skins for spatial strain and impact damage identification. J Nondestruct Eval 28(1):9–25
Pour-Ghaz M, Weiss J (2011) Detecting the time and location of cracks using electrically conductive surfaces. Cement Concrete Comp 33(1):116–123
Pour-Ghaz M, Barrett T, Ley T, Materer N, Apblett A, Weiss J (2014) Wireless crack detection in concrete elements using conductive surface sensors and radio frequency identification technology. J Mater Civil Eng 26(5):923–929
Selvakumaran L, Long Q, Prudhomme S, Lubineau G (2015) On the detectability of transverse cracks in laminated composites using electrical potential change measurements. Compos Struct 121:237–246
Lim M-J, Lee HK, Nam I-W, Kim H-K (2017) Carbon nanotube/cement composites for crack monitoring of concrete structures. Compos Struct 180:741–750
Sanchez-Romate XF, Moriche R, Jimenez-Suarez A, Sanchez M, Guemes A, Urena A (2019) An approach using highly sensitive carbon nanotube adhesive films for crack growth detection under flexural load in composite structures. Compos Struct 224:111087
Slonski M, Tekieli M (2020) 2D Digital image correlation and Region-Based convolutional neural network in monitoring and evaluation of surface cracks in concrete structural elements. Materials 13(16):3527
De Capua C, Morello R, Jablonski I (2017) Active and eddy current pulsed thermography to detect surface crack and defect in historical and archaeological discoveries. Measurement 116:676–684
Karimian SF, Bruck HA, Modarres M (2019) Thermodynamic entropy to detect fatigue crack initiation using digital image correlation, and effect of overload spectrums. Int J Fatigue 129:105256
Wu D, Zhang H, Yang Y (2022) Deep learning-based crack monitoring for ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). J Adv Transport 2022:4117951
Aeshah HA (2022) Application of machine learning to stress corrosion cracking risk assessment. Egypt J Pet 31:11–21
Long X, Yu M, Liao W, Jiang C (2023) A deep learning-based fatigue crack growth rate measurement method using mobile phones. Int J Fatigue 167:107327
Bao Y, Tang F, Chen Y, Meng W, Huang Y, Chen G (2016) Concrete pavement monitoring with PPP-BOTDA distributed strain and crack sensors. Smart Struct Syst 18(3):405–423
Jinachandran S, Ning Y, Wu B, Li H, Xi J, Prusty BG, Rajan G (2020) Cold crack monitoring and localization in welding using fiber Bragg grating sensors. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 69(11):9228–9236
Zhao L, Tang F, Verstrynge E, Ren L, Li H (2022) Experimental and numerical investigation into corrosion-induced mortar/concrete cracking with distributed optical fiber sensors. J Civil Struct Health Monit 12(4):943–960
Cheng L, Song F, Zhang K, Li Y, Yang J (2020) A U-shaped-wound fiber macro-bending loss crack sensor improved by an optical splitter. Opt Fiber Technol 58:102259
Chilelli SK, Schomer JJ, Dapino MJ (2019) Detection of crack initiation and growth using fiber Bragg grating sensors embedded into metal structures through ultrasonic additive manufacturing. Sensors 19(22):4917
Pereira GF, Mikkelsen LP, McGugan M (2015) Crack detection in fiber reinforced plastic structures using embedded fiber Bragg grating sensors: theory, model development and experimental validation. Plus One 10(10):e0141495
Bao T (2012) Distributed fiber Bragg grating sensors for monitoring cracks in concrete structures, in: 5th NASA/ASCE Workshop on Granular Materials in Space Exploration. ASCE Earth and Space, 2012, pp. 1390–1399
Han T, Wu G, Lu Y (2021) Crack monitoring using short-gauged Brillouin fiber optic sensor. Measurement 179:109461
Li J, Yu T, Zhang M, Zhang J, Qiao L, Wang T (2019) Temperature and crack measurement using distributed optic-fiber sensor based on Raman loop configuration and fiber loss. IEEE Photonics J 11(4):6802113
Zhang H, Wu Z (2008) Performance evaluation of BOTDR-based distributed fiber optic sensors for crack monitoring. Struct Health Monit 7(2):143–156
Zhang D, Yang Y, Xu J, Ni L, Li H (2020) Structural crack detection using DPP-BOTDA and crack-induced features of the Brillouin gain spectrum. Sensors 20(23):6947
Zhang S, Liu H, Coulibaly AAS, DeJong M (2020) Fiber optic sensing of concrete cracking and rebar deformation using several types of cable. Struct Control Health Monit 28(2):e2664
Wang H, Xiang P (2016) Strain transfer analysis of optical fiber based sensors embedded in an asphalt pavement structure. Meas Sci Technol 27:075106
Wu J, Liu H, Yang P, Tang B, Wei G (2020) Quantitative strain measurement and crack opening estimate in concrete structures based on OFDR technology. Opt Fiber Technol 60:102354
Sieńko R, Zych M, Bednarski L, Howiacki T (2019) Strain and crack analysis within concrete members using distributed fibre optic sensors. Struct Health Monit 18(5–6):1510–1526
Barrias A, Casas JR, Villalba S (2018) Embedded distributed optical fiber sensors in reinforced concrete structures—a case study. Sensors 18(4):980
Barrias A, Casas JR, Villalba S (2019) Distributed optical fibre sensors in concrete structures: performance of bonding adhesives and influence of spatial resolution. Struct Control Health Monit 26(3):e2310
Liu H, Zhang S, Coulibaly AAS, Cheng J, DeJong MJ (2021) Monitoring reinforced concrete cracking behavior under uniaxial tension using distributed fiber-optic sensing technology. J Struct Eng 147(12):04021212
Rodriguez G, Casas JR, Villalba S (2019) Shear crack width assessment in concrete structures by 2D distributed optical fiber. Eng Struct 195:508–523
De Pauw B, Hinderdae M, Moonens M, De Baere D, Geernaert T, Berghmans F, Guillaume P (2019) Fatigue failure monitoring of 316L stainless steel coupons using optical fibre based distributed strain sensing. Smart Mater Struct 28(10):105054
Zhang S, Liu H, Cheng J, DeJong MJ (2021) A mechanical model to interpret distributed fiber optic strain measurement at displacement discontinuities. Struct Health Monit 20(5):2584–2603
Tang F, Zhao L, Tian H, Li H, Li H (2021) Localization and monitoring of initiation and propagation of corrosion-induced mortar cracking based on OFDR distributed optical fiber sensor. J Intel Mat Syst Str 32(17):1948–1965
Tan X, Bao Y (2021) Measuring crack width using a distributed fiber optic sensor based on optical frequency domain reflectometry. Measurement 172:108945
Berrocal CG, Fernandez I, Rempling R (2020) Crack monitoring in reinforced concrete beams by distributed optical fiber sensors. Struct Infrastruct Eng 17(1):124–139
Brault A, Hoult N (2019) Monitoring reinforced concrete serviceability performance using fiber-optic sensors. ACI Struct J 116(1):57–70
Tan X, Abu-Obeidah A, Bao Y, Nassif H, Nasreddine W (2021) Measurement and visualization of strains and cracks in CFRP post-tensioned fiber reinforced concrete beams using distributed fiber optic sensors. Automat Constr 124:103604
Liang C, Bai Q, Yan M, Wang Y, Zhang H, Jin B (2021) A comprehensive study of optical frequency domain reflectometry. IEEE Access 9:41647–41668
Wang H, Xiang P, Jiang L (2019) Strain transfer theory of industrialized optical fiber-based sensors in civil engineering: a review on measurement accuracy, design and calibration. Sensor Actuat A-Phys 285:414–426
Zhao L, Tang F, Li H, Ansari F (2022) Characterization of OFDR distributed optical fiber for crack monitoring considering fiber-coating interfacial slip. Struct Health Monit 22(1):180–200
Wan KT, Leung CKY, Olson NG (2008) Investigation of the strain transfer for surface-attached optical fiber strain sensors. Smart Mater Struct 17(3):035037