Coupling photochemistry with haze formation in Titan's atmosphere, Part I: Model description
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ackermann, 1990, Pulse radiolysis flash photolysis and shock wave study of the recombination H+benzyl→toluene at 300 and 1300–1650K, J. Phys. Chem., 94, 5247, 10.1021/j100376a015
Adachi, 1980, Mutual interaction of the methyl and methylperoxy radicals studied by flash photolysis and kinetic spectroscopy, Int. J. Chem. Kinetics, 12, 949, 10.1002/kin.550121206
Adam, 2005, Experiment and theoretical investigation of the reaction NH(X3Σ-)+H(S2)→N(S4)+H2(X1Σg+), J. Chem. Phys., 122, 114301, 10.1063/1.1862615
Ahmed, 1999, The photodissociation of the vinyl radical (C2H3) at 243 nm studied by velocity map imaging, J. Chem. Phys., 110, 4248, 10.1063/1.478307
Aleksandrov, 1980, Study of the reaction of atomic hydrogen with allene, Kinet. Catal., 21, 1323
Aleksandrov, 1990, Rate constants and mechanism of the reactions of N(S4) atoms with methane and ethane, Bull. Acad. Sci. URSS, Div. Chem. Sci., 39, 625, 10.1007/BF00959601
Aleksandrov, 1994, Initial act of nitrogen atoms interaction with H2 in gas phase, Khim. Fiz., 13, 90
Allamandola, 1989, Interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: the infrared emission bands, the excitation/emission mechanism, and the astrophysical implications, Astrophys. J. Suppl., 71, 733, 10.1086/191396
Allen, 1976
Allen, 1980, Titan: aerosol photochemistry and variations related to the sunspot cycle, Astrophys. J., 242, L125, 10.1086/183416
Arrington, 1998, Aromatic ring-forming reactions of metastable diacetylene with 1,3-Butadiene, J. Phys. Chem. A, 102, 3315, 10.1021/jp980648m
Atakan, 1992, Kinetic studies of the reactions of CN radicals with alkanes in the temperature range between 294 and 1260K, Chem. Phys. Lett., 186, 547, 10.1016/0009-2614(91)90465-L
Atkinson, 1999, Rate coefficients for the propargyl radical self-reaction and oxygen addition reaction measured using ultraviolet cavity ring-down spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem., 103, 4242, 10.1021/jp990468s
Backx, 1976, Oscillator strengths (10–70eV) for absorption, ionization and dissociation in H2, HD and D2, obtained by an electron-ion coincidence method, J. Phys. B: Atom. Mol. Phys., 9, 315, 10.1088/0022-3700/9/2/018
Balucani, 1999, Crossed beam reaction of cyano radicals with hydrocarbon molecules. I. Chemical dynamics of cyanobenzene (C6H5CN; X1A1) and perdeutero cyanobenzene (C6D5CN; X1A1) formation from reaction of CN (X2Σ+) with benzene C6H6(X1A1g) and d6-benzene C6D6 (X1A1g), J. Chem. Phys., 111, 7457, 10.1063/1.480070
Balucani, 2000, Observation of nitrogen-bearing organic molecules from reactions of nitrogen atoms with hydrocarbons: a crossed beam study of N(D2)+ethylene, J. Phys. Chem., 104, 5655, 10.1021/jp001057a
Balucani, 2001, A combined crossed molecular beam and ab initio study of the reactions C2(X1Σg+,a3Πu)+C2H4→n-C4H3(X2A′)+H(S1/22), J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 9813, 10.1021/jp012073q
Banks, 1973
Bar-Nun, 1988, Shape and optical properties of aerosols formed by photolysis of acetylene, ethylene and hydrogen cyanide, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 8383, 10.1029/JD093iD07p08383
Baulch, 1992, Evaluated kinetic data for combustion modeling, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 21, 411, 10.1063/1.555908
Baulch, 1994, Evaluated kinetic data for combustion modeling. Supplement I, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 847, 10.1063/1.555953
Bauschlicher, 2000, Mechanisms for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) growth, Chem. Phys. Lett., 326, 283, 10.1016/S0009-2614(00)00798-3
Bénilan, 1996, Temperature dependence of HC3N,C6H2, and C4N2 mid-UV absorption coefficients: application to the interpretation of Titan's atmospheric spectra, Astrophys. Space Sci., 236, 85, 10.1007/BF00644323
Bénilan, 2000, The long wavelength range temperature variations of the mid-UV acetylene absorption coefficient, Planet. Space Sci., 48, 463, 10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00019-2
Bergmann, 1968, Mass-spectrometric investigation of the primary processes in the photodissociation of 1,3-butadiene, J. Chem. Phys., 48, 18, 10.1063/1.1667897
Blitz, 2000, Formation of the propargyl radical in the reaction of CH21 and C2H2: experiment and modelling, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2, 805, 10.1039/a907959i
Bocherel, 1996, Ultralow-temperature kinetics of CH(X2II) reactions: rate coefficients for reactions with O2 and NO (T=13–708K), and with NH3(T=23–295K), J. Phys. Chem., 100, 3063, 10.1021/jp952628f
Böhland, 1985, The contributions of intersystem crossing and reaction in the removal of CH2(a˜A11) by hydrocarbons studied with the LMR, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 89, 1013, 10.1002/bbpc.19850890917
Böhland, 1985, Kinetics of the reactions between CH2(XB13) radicals and saturated hydrocarbons in the temperature range 296–707 K, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 89, 1110, 10.1002/bbpc.19850891018
Böland, 1988, Kinetics of the reactions of CH2 (X 3B1)-radicals with C2H2 and C4H2 in the temperature range 296K<T<700K, Symp. Int. Combust. Proc., 21, 841, 10.1016/S0082-0784(88)80316-3
Borysow, 1986, Collision induced rototranslational absorption spectra of N2-N2 pairs for temperatures from 50 to 300K, Astrophys. J., 311, 1043, 10.1086/164841
Borysow, 1986, Theoretical collision induced rototranslational absorption spectra for modeling Titan's atmosphere: H2-N2 pairs, Astrophys. J., 303, 495, 10.1086/164096
Borysow, 1986, Theoretical collision induced rototranslational absorption spectra for the outer planets: H2-CH4 pairs, Astrophys. J., 304, 849, 10.1086/164221
Borysow, 1987, Collision induced rototranslational absorption spectra of CH4-CH4 pairs at temperatures from 50 to 300K, Astrophys. J., 318, 940, 10.1086/165426
Borysow, 1993, Far infrared CIA spectra of N2-CH4 pairs for modeling of Titan's atmosphere, Icarus, 105, 175, 10.1006/icar.1993.1117
Boudon, 2004, Symmetry-adapted tensorial formalism to model rovibrational and rovibronic spectra of molecules pertaining to various point groups, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 228, 620, 10.1016/j.jms.2004.02.022
Braun, 1967, Flash photolysis of methane in the vacuum ultraviolet. II. Absolute rate constants for reactions of CH with methane, hydrogen and nitrogen, J. Chem. Phys., 46, 2071, 10.1063/1.1841003
Brown, 1973, A measurement of the rate of the reaction N+H+M→NH+M, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 5, 663, 10.1002/kin.550050416
Brownsword, 1996, Kinetics of reactions between neutral free radicals Rate constants for the reaction of CH radicals with N atoms between 216 and 584K, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 92, 723, 10.1039/ft9969200723
Brownsword, 1997, Kinetics over a wide range of temperature (13–744K): rate constants for the reactions of CH(n=0) with H2 and D2 and for the removal of CH(n=1) by H2 and D2, J. Chem. Phys., 106, 7662, 10.1063/1.473750
Burton, 1993, The electronic absorption spectrum of NH3 in the valence shell discrete and continuum regions. Absolute oscillator-strengths for photoabsorption (5–200eV), Chem. Phys., 177, 217, 10.1016/0301-0104(93)80191-B
Butler, 1981, Kinetics of CH radical reactions with selected molecules at room temperature, Chem. Phys., 56, 355, 10.1016/0301-0104(81)80157-7
Butterfield, 1993, Kinetics of CN reactions with allene, butadiene, propylene and acrylonitrile, Chem. Phys., 169, 129, 10.1016/0301-0104(93)80047-D
Canosa, 1997, Reactions of the methylidiyne radical with CH4,C2H2,C2H4,C2H6, and but-1-ene studied between 23 and 295K with a CRESU apparatus, Astron. Astrophys., 323, 644
Capone, 1983, Galactic cosmic rays and N2 dissociation on Titan, Icarus, 55, 73, 10.1016/0019-1035(83)90051-9
Carty, 2001, Low temperature rate coefficients for the reactions of CN and C2H radicals with allene (CH2=C=CH2) and methylacetylene (CH3C=CH), Chem. Phys. Lett., 344, 310, 10.1016/S0009-2614(01)00682-0
Chan, 1993, Absolute optical oscillator strengths for discrete and continuum photoabsorption of molecular nitrogen (11–200eV), Chem. Phys., 170, 81, 10.1016/0301-0104(93)80095-Q
Chang, 1998, Ab initio/RRKM approach toward the understanding of ethylene photodissociation, J. Chem. Phys., 109, 2748, 10.1063/1.476877
Chang, 1994, Rates of the reactions CN+H2CO and NCO+H2CO in the temperature range 294–769K, Chem. Phys., 200, 431, 10.1016/0301-0104(95)00245-6
Chassefiere, 1995, Two formation regions for Titan's hazes: indirect clues and possible synthesis mechanism, Planet. Space Sci., 43, 91, 10.1016/0032-0633(94)00138-H
Chastaing, 1998, Neutral-neutral reactions at the temperatures of interstellar clouds. Rate coefficients for reactions of C2H radicals with O2, C2H2,C2H4 and C3H6 down to 15K, Faraday Disc., 109, 165, 10.1039/a800495a
Chastaing, 2001, Rate coefficients for the reactions of C(PJ3) atoms with C2H2,C2H4,CH3C2H and CH2CCH2 at temperatures down to 15K, Astron. Astrophys., 365, 241, 10.1051/0004-6361:20000026
Chen, 2004, Temperature-dependent photoabsorption cross sections in the VUV-UV region. I. Methane and ethane, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 85, 195, 10.1016/S0022-4073(03)00225-5
Chen, 1999, Low and room temperature photoabsorption cross sections of NH3 in the UV region, Planet. Space Sci., 47, 261, 10.1016/S0032-0633(98)00074-9
Chen, 2000, Temperature dependent photoabsorption cross sections of allene and methylacetylene in the VUV-UV region, Chem. Phys., 260, 215, 10.1016/S0301-0104(00)00244-5
Clarke, 1995, Photodissociation of cyanoacetylene: application to the atmospheric chemistry of Titan, Icarus, 115, 119, 10.1006/icar.1995.1083
Clarke, 1997, Titan haze: structure and properties of the cyanoacetylene and cyanoacetylene-acetylene photopolymers, Icarus, 127, 158, 10.1006/icar.1996.5667
Cody, R.J., Romani, P.N., Nesbitt, F.L., Iannone, M.A., Tardy, D.C., Stief, L.J., 2003. Rate constant for the reaction CH3+CH3→C2H6 at T=155K and model calculation of the CH3 abundance in the atmospheres of Saturn and Neptune. J. Geophys. Res. 108, doi: 10.1029/2002JE002037.
Coll, 1995, Organic chemistry in Titan's atmosphere: new data from laboratory simulations at low temperature, Adv. Space Res., 16, 93, 10.1016/0273-1177(95)00197-M
Coll, 1998, Review and latest results of laboratory investigations of Titan's aerosols, Origins Life Evol. Biosphere, 28, 195, 10.1023/A:1006521601133
Coll, 1999, Experimental laboratory simulation of Titan's atmosphere: aerosols and gas phase, Planet. Space Sci., 47, 1331, 10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00054-9
Collin, 1988, Photochemistry of simple olefines: Chemistry of electronically excited states or hot ground state?, Adv. Photochem., 14, 135, 10.1002/9780470133446.ch3
Connors, 1974, Vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy of cyanogen and cyanoacetylenes, J. Chem. Phys., 60, 5011, 10.1063/1.1681016
Cooper, 1995, Absolute UV and soft X-ray photoabsorption of acetylene by high resolution dipole (e,e) spectroscopy, J. Electron. Spectrosc., 73, 139, 10.1016/0368-2048(94)02271-2
Cooper, 1995, Absolute UV and soft X-ray photoabsorption of ethylene by high resolution dipole (e,e) spectroscopy, Chem. Phys., 194, 175, 10.1016/0301-0104(94)00431-9
Courtin, 1991, UV spectroscopy of Titan's atmosphere, planetary organic chemistry and prebiological synthesis II. Interpretation of new IUE observations in the 220–335nm range, Icarus, 90, 43, 10.1016/0019-1035(91)90067-4
Coustenis, 1989, The gas composition of Titan's equatorial region, Icarus, 80, 54, 10.1016/0019-1035(89)90161-9
Coustenis, 1991, Titan's Atmosphere from Voyager Infrared Observations. III. The vertical distributions of hydrocarbons and nitriles near Titan's north pole, Icarus, 89, 152, 10.1016/0019-1035(91)90095-B
Coustenis, 1995, Titan's surface: composition and variability from the near-infrared albedo, Icarus, 118, 87, 10.1006/icar.1995.1179
Coustenis, 2003, Titan's atmosphere from ISO mid-infrared spectroscopy, Icarus, 161, 383, 10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00028-3
Coustenis, A., and 24 co-authors, 2007. The composition of Titan's stratosphere from Cassini/CIRS mid-infrared spectra. Icarus 189 (1), 35–62.
Derecskei-Kovacs, 1999, The unimolecular dissociation of vinylcyanide: a theoretical investigation of a complex multichannel reaction, J. Chem. Phys., 110, 2862, 10.1063/1.477929
Diau, 1994, A theoretical study of the CH3+C2H2 reaction, J. Chem. Phys., 101, 3923, 10.1063/1.467510
Dobe, 1994, Observations of an H/D-isotope exchange channel in the reaction D+H2CO, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 98, 754, 10.1002/bbpc.19940980517
Dransfeld, 1987, Investigation of the gas phase reaction N+NH2→N2+2H at room temperature, Z. Phys. Chem. (Munich), 153, 10.1524/zpch.1987.153.Part_1_2.089
Duràn, 1988, Is the homogeneous thermal dimerization of acetylene a free-radical chain reaction?. Kinetic and thermochemical analysis, J. Phys. Chem., 92, 636, 10.1021/j100314a014
Eden, 2003, High resolution photo-absorption studies of acrylonitrile C2H3CN and acetonitrile CH3CN, Eur. Phys. J. D, 26, 201, 10.1140/epjd/e2003-00223-5
Ehrenfreund, 1995, Analytical pyrolysis experiments of Titan aerosol analogues in preparation for the Cassini-Huygens mission, Adv. Space Res., 15, 335, 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)80105-7
Fagerstrom, 1995, Kinetics of the self-reaction and the reaction with OH of the amidogen radical, Chem. Phys. Lett., 236, 103, 10.1016/0009-2614(95)00154-V
Fahr, 2003, Ultraviolet absorption spectrum and cross-sections of ethynyl (C2H) radicals, J. Molec. Spectr., 217, 249, 10.1016/S0022-2852(02)00039-5
Fahr, 1994, Temperature dependent ultraviolet absorption cross sections of 1,3-butadiene and butadiyne, Chem. Phys., 189, 725, 10.1016/0301-0104(94)00306-8
Fahr, 1996, Temperature dependent ultraviolet absorption cross section of propylene, methylacetylene and vinylacetylene, Chem. Phys., 203, 351, 10.1016/0301-0104(95)00401-7
Fahr, 1989, Reactions of vinyl and phenyl radicals with ethyne, ethene, and benzene, 1023
Fahr, 1991, Reaction rate determinations of vinyl radical reactions with vinyl, methyl, and hydrogen atoms, J. Phys. Chem., 95, 3218, 10.1021/j100161a047
Fahr, 1997, Ultraviolet absorption and cross sections of propargyl (C3H3) radicals in the 230–300nm region, Chem. Phys., 215, 59, 10.1016/S0301-0104(96)00334-5
Fahr, 1998, Ultraviolet absorption spectrum and cross-sections of vinyl (C2H3) radical in the 225–238nm region, Chem. Phys., 236, 43, 10.1016/S0301-0104(98)00213-4
Fennelly, 1992, Photoionization and photoabsorption cross sections of O, N2, O2, and N for aeronomic calculations, Atom. D. Nucl. D. Tables, 51, 321, 10.1016/0092-640X(92)90004-2
Flasar, F.M., 44 co-authors, 2005. Titan's atmospheric temperatures winds and composition. Science 308, 975–978.
Frederick, 1977, On the chemistry of metastable atomic nitrogen in the F region deducted from simultaneous satellite measurements of the 5200Åairglow and atmospheric composition, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 3509, 10.1029/JA082i025p03509
Fuchs, 1964
Fulcignoni, M., 42 coworkers, 2005. In situ measurements of the physical characteristics of Titan's environment. Nature, doi:10.1038/nature04314.
Fulle, 1996, The high-pressure range of the reaction of CH(Π2) with N2, J. Chem. Phys., 105, 5423, 10.1063/1.472383
Fulle, 1997, The temperature and pressure dependence of the reactions CH+H2⇔CH3⇔CH2+H, J. Chem. Phys., 106, 8691, 10.1063/1.473930
Gardner, 1982, Vacuum-ultraviolet photolysis of methylamine, J. Phys. Chem., 86, 2646, 10.1021/j100211a019
Garland, 1990, Rate constants for some radical-radical cross sections and the geometric rule, J. Phys. Chem., 94, 4941, 10.1021/j100375a034
Garrett, 1990, Theoretical calculations of the thermal rate constants for the gas-phase chemical reactions H+NH3→H2+NH2 and D+ND3→D2+ND2, J. Phys. Chem., 94, 7096, 10.1021/j100381a029
Ge, 2006, Calculations of the thermochemistry of six reactions leading to ammonia formation in Titan's atmosphere, Icarus, 183, 153, 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.01.018
von Gehring, 1971, Die reaktion von atomaren wasserstoff mit hydrazin, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 75
Gladstone, 1996, Hydrocarbon photochemistry in the upper atmosphere of Jupiter, Icarus, 119, 1, 10.1006/icar.1996.0001
Gueymard, 2004, The sun's total and spectral irradiance for solar energy applications and solar radiation models, Solar Energy, 76, 423, 10.1016/j.solener.2003.08.039
Hack, 1994, Elementary reactions of NH(a1Δ) and NH(XΣ3) with N, O and NO, Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 98, 156, 10.1002/bbpc.19940980204
Haider, 1993, Absolute rate data for the reactions of ground-state atomic carbon, C[2p2(3PJ)], with alkenes investigated by time-resolved atomic resonance absorption spectroscopy in the vacuum ultraviolet, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 89, 7, 10.1039/ft9938900007
Halberstadt, 1973, Insertion of methylene into the carbonhydrogen bonds of the C1 to C4 alkanes, J. Photochem., 1, 295, 10.1016/0047-2670(72)80022-4
Halpern, 1989, The reaction of CN radicals with cyanoacetylene, Chem. Phys. Lett., 155, 347, 10.1016/0009-2614(89)87167-2
Hampson, 1965, Vacuum-ultraviolet photolysis of ethane at high temperature, J. Chem. Phys., 42, 2200, 10.1063/1.1696268
Hanning-Lee, 1992, Kinetics of the reaction between H atoms and allyl radicals, Int. J. Chem. Kinetics, 24, 271, 10.1002/kin.550240305
Harding, 1993, Theoretical studies of the reactions H+CH→C+H2 and C+H2→CH2 using an ab initio global ground-state potential surface for CH2, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 5472, 10.1021/j100123a005
Harding, 2005, Predictive theory for hydrogen atom—hydrocarbon radical association kinetics, J. Phys. Chem. A., 109, 4646, 10.1021/jp0508608
Hartmann, 2002, A far wing lineshape for H2 broadened CH4 infrared transitions, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 72, 117, 10.1016/S0022-4073(01)00058-9
Hatzianastassiou, 2004, Long-term global distribution of Earth's shortwave radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1217, 10.5194/acp-4-1217-2004
Hatzianastassiou, 2005, Global distribution of Earth's surface shortwave radiation budget, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2847, 10.5194/acp-5-2847-2005
Heckmann, 1996, High-temperature reactions and thermodynamic properties of phenyl radicals, Symp. Int. Combust. Proc., 26, 543, 10.1016/S0082-0784(96)80258-X
Herron, 1999, Evaluated chemical kinetics data for reactions of N(D2), N(P2), and N2(AΣ+u3) in the gas phase, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 28, 1453, 10.1063/1.556043
Hess, 1989, Kinetic study of the reactions of CN with ethane and propane, J. Phys. Chem., 93, 6402, 10.1021/j100354a025
Ho, 1998, Photoabsorption and photoionization of propyne, J. Chem. Phys., 109, 5868, 10.1063/1.477209
Holland, 1997, A photoabsorption, photodissociation and photoelectron spectroscopy study of C2H4 and C2D4, Chem. Phys., 219, 91, 10.1016/S0301-0104(97)00090-6
Hoobler, 1997, Rate coefficients for reactions of ethynyl radical (C2H) with HCN and CH3CN: implications for the formation of complex nitriles on Titan, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28717, 10.1029/97JE02526
Hoobler, 1999, Low temperature rate coefficients for reactions of the ethynyl radical (C2H) with C3H4 isomers methylacetylene and allene, J. Phys. Chem., 103, 1342, 10.1021/jp9839596
Hoobler, 1997, Low-temperature rate coefficients for the reactions of ethynyl radical (C2H) with propane, isobutane, n-Butane, and neopentane, J. Phys. Chem. A, 101, 1338, 10.1021/jp963286w
Horne, 1970, The photolysis of acyclic azines and the electronic spectra of R1R2CN radicals, Proc. R. Soc. London A, 315, 10.1098/rspa.1970.0045
Huang, 2004, Kinetics of C2(a3Πu) radical reactions with alkanes by LIF, J. Chem. Phys., 120, 2225, 10.1063/1.1636692
Huang, 1999, Crossed beam reaction of the cyanogen radical, , CN(X2Σ+), with acetylene, C2H2(X1Σg+): observation of cyanoacetylene, HCCCN(X1Σ+), J. Chem. Phys., 110, 7119, 10.1063/1.478614
Hubin-Franskin, 2002, Electronic excitation and optical cross sections of methylamine and ethylamine in the UV-VUV spectral region, J. Chem. Phys., 116, 9261, 10.1063/1.1473820
Hudgins, 2005, Variation in the peak position of the 6.2μm interstellar emission future: a tracer of N in the interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon population, Astrophys. J., 632, 316, 10.1086/432495
Hudson, 1971, Critical review of ultraviolet photoabsorption cross sections for molecules of astrophysical and aeronomic interest, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 9, 305, 10.1029/RG009i002p00305
Husain, 1997, Reactions of atomic carbon, C[2p2(3PJ)], with dienes and diynes investigated by time-resolved atomic resonance absorption spectroscopy in the vacuum ultraviolet, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 93, 3625, 10.1039/a704816e
Husain, 1971, Reactions of atomic carbon by kinetic absorption spectroscopy in the vacuum ultraviolet, Trans. Faraday Soc., 67, 2025, 10.1039/tf9716702025
Husain, 1975, Kinetic investigation of ground-state carbon atoms, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 71, 525, 10.1039/f29757100525
Imanaka, 2004, Laboratory experiments of Titan tholin formed in cold plasma at various pressures: implications for nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds in Titan haze, Icarus, 168, 344, 10.1016/j.icarus.2003.12.014
Irwin, 2005, Improved near-infrared methane band models and k-distribution parameters from 2000 to 9500cm-1 and implications for the interpretations of outer planet spectra, Icarus, 181, 309, 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.11.003
Israël, G., and 21 coworkers, 2005. Complex organic matter in Titan's atmospheric aerosols from in situ pyrolysis and analysis. Nature, doi: 10.1038/nature04349.
Jackson, 1991, Molecular beam studies of the photolysis of allene and the secondary photodissociation of the C3Hx fragments, J. Chem. Phys., 95, 7327, 10.1063/1.461410
Jamieson, 1970, The reaction of atomic hydrogen with methyl cyanide, Can. J. Chem., 48, 3619, 10.1139/v70-609
Jodkowski, 1995, Kinetics of the cross reaction between amidogen and methyl radicals, Chem. Phys. Lett., 240, 63, 10.1016/0009-2614(95)00470-O
Joseph, 1976, The Delta–Eddington approximation or radiative flux transfer, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2452, 10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<2452:TDEAFR>2.0.CO;2
Kameta, 1996, Photoabsorption, photoionization, and neutral-dissociation cross sections of C2H6 and C3H8 in the extreme-uv region, J. Electron. Spectrosc., 79, 391, 10.1016/0368-2048(96)02879-4
Kameta, 2002, Photoabsorption, photoionization and neutral-dissociation cross sections of simple hydrocarbons in the vacuum ultraviolet range, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 123, 225
Karkoschka, 1994, Spectrophotometry of the Jovian planets and Titan at 300 to 1000nm wavelength: the methane spectrum, Icarus, 111, 174, 10.1006/icar.1994.1139
Kassner, 1994, The VUV photodissociation CH3→CH(AΔ2 and BΣ-2)+H2, Chem. Phys. Lett., 222, 425, 10.1016/0009-2614(94)00389-0
Kerr, 1972
Khare, 1984, Optical constants of organic tholins produced in a simulated Titanian atmosphere: from soft X-ray to microwave frequencies, Icarus, 60, 127, 10.1016/0019-1035(84)90142-8
Khare, 1994, Optical properties of poly-HCN and their astronomical applications, Can. J. Chem., 72, 678, 10.1139/v94-093
Khare, 2002, Analysis of the time-dependent chemical evolution of Titan haze tholin, Icarus, 160, 172, 10.1006/icar.2002.6899
Kinsman, 1994, A kinetic analysis of the photolysis of mixtures of acetone and propylene, Int. J. Chem. Kinetics, 26, 191, 10.1002/kin.550260118
Kley, 1974, Mechanism of CN* production in flames of active nitrogen with cyanogen, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 78, 205
Kloster-Jensen, 1974, The electronic spectra of unsubstituted mono- to penta- acetylene in the gas phase and in solution in the range 1100 to 4000Å, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 57, 1731, 10.1002/hlca.19740570625
Koizumi, 1985, VUV-optical oscillator strength distributions of C3H6 and C4H8 isomers, J. Chem. Phys., 82, 4856, 10.1063/1.448655
Knyazev, 1996, Unimolecular decomposition of n-C4H9 and iso-C4H9 radicals, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 5318, 10.1021/jp952229k
Knyazev, 2001, Kinetics of the reaction of allyl and propargyl radicals with CH3, J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 3196, 10.1021/jp003890d
Knyazev, 2001, Kinetics for the reactions of n-alkyl (C2H5, n-C3H7, and n-C4H9) radicals with CH3, J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 6490, 10.1021/jp010878s
Knyazev, 1996, Kinetics of the C2H3+H2⇆H+C2H4 and CH3+H2⇆H+CH4 reactions, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 11346, 10.1021/jp9606568
Kraus, 1993, Rate constants for the reactions of CH2(XB13) with selected alkenes at temperatures between 296 and 728K, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 97, 545, 10.1002/bbpc.19930970402
Langford, 1983, Collisional removal of CH2(A11): absolute rate constants for atomic and molecular collisional partners at 295K, J. Chem. Phys., 78, 6650, 10.1063/1.444664
Lara, 1996, Vertical distribution of Titan's atmospheric neutral constituents, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23261, 10.1029/96JE02036
Laufer, 2004, Reactions and kinetics of unsaturated C2 hydrocarbon radicals, Chem. Rev., 104, 2813, 10.1021/cr030039x
Laufer, 1983, Computations and estimates of rate coefficients for hydrocarbon reactions of interest to the atmospheres of the outer solar system, Icarus, 56, 560, 10.1016/0019-1035(83)90173-2
Lebonnois, 2005, Benzene and aerosol production in Titan and Jupiter's atmospheres: a sensitivity study, Planet. Space Sci., 53, 486, 10.1016/j.pss.2004.11.004
Lebonnois, 2001, Seasonal variations of Titan's atmospheric composition, Icarus, 152, 384, 10.1006/icar.2001.6632
Lebonnois, 2002, Transition from gaseous compounds to aerosols in Titan's atmosphere, Icarus, 159, 505, 10.1006/icar.2002.6943
Lee, 1980, CN(A2Πi→X2Σ+) and CN(B2Σ+→X2Σ+) yields from HCN photodissociation, J. Chem. Phys., 72, 6414, 10.1063/1.439140
Lee, 2004, Dynamics of photodissociation of ethylene and its isotopomers at 157nm: branching ratios and kinetic-energy distributions, J. Chem. Phys., 120, 10983, 10.1063/1.1740711
Lellouch, 1989, Titan's atmosphere and hypothesized ocean–a reanalysis of the Voyager 1 radio-occultation and IRIS 7.7μm data, Icarus, 79, 328, 10.1016/0019-1035(89)90081-X
Lellouch, 1994, The vertical distribution and origin of HCN in Neptune's atmosphere, Icarus, 108, 112, 10.1006/icar.1994.1045
Lemaire, 2005, Variation of the full sun hydrogen lyman profiles through solar cycle 23, Adv. Space Res., 35, 384, 10.1016/j.asr.2004.11.004
Lindal, 1983, The atmosphere of Titan: an analysis of the Voyager 1 radio occultation measurements, Icarus, 53, 348, 10.1016/0019-1035(83)90155-0
Lungard, 1984, Pyrolysis of vinylacetylene between 300 and 450°C, Int. J. Chem. Kinetics, 16, 125, 10.1002/kin.550160205
Manabe, 1967, Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a given distribution of relative humidity, J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 241, 10.1175/1520-0469(1967)024<0241:TEOTAW>2.0.CO;2
Mantei, 1968, Reactions of nitrogen-hydrogen radicals. III. Formation and disappearance of NH radicals in the photolysis of ammonia, J. Chem. Phys., 49, 3248, 10.1063/1.1670577
Marston, 1989, Branching ratios in the N+CH3 reaction: formation of the methylene amidogen (H2CN) radical, J. Chem. Phys., 91, 3483, 10.1063/1.456878
Martinotti, 1968, The reactivity of thermal carbon atoms in the gas phase, Chem. Commun., 3, 115
McDonald, 1994, Chemical investigation of Titan and Triton tholins, Icarus, 108, 137, 10.1006/icar.1994.1046
McEwan, 1975
McKay, 1996, Elemental composition, solubility and optical properties of Titan's organic haze, Planet. Space Sci., 44, 741, 10.1016/0032-0633(96)00009-8
McKay, 1989, The thermal structure of Titan's atmosphere, Icarus, 80, 23, 10.1016/0019-1035(89)90160-7
McKay, 1991, The greenhouse and antigreenhouse effects on Titan, Science, 253, 1118, 10.1126/science.11538492
McKay, 2001, Physical properties of the organic aerosols and clouds on Titan, Planet. Space Sci., 49, 79, 10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00051-9
McKellar, 1989, The spectrum of gaseous methane at 77K in the 1.1–2.6μm region: A benchmark for planetary astronomy, 1–2.6μm region: A benchmark for planetary astronomy. Can. J. Phys., 67, 1027
Mebel, 1999, Prediction of absolute rate constant for the reaction of NH2 with alkanes from ab initio G2M/TST calculations, J. Phys. Chem. A, 103, 2088, 10.1021/jp9844922
Mebel, 1997, Theoretical study of potential energy surface and thermal rate constants for the C6H5+H2 and C6H6+H reactions, J. Phys. Chem. A, 101, 3189, 10.1021/jp9702356
Mebel, 2001, Branching ratios of C2 products in the photodissociation of C2H at 193nm, J. Chem. Phys., 114, 9821, 10.1063/1.1370942
Monks, 1993, The kinetics of the formation of nitrile compounds in the atmosphere of Titan and Neptune, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 17115, 10.1029/93JE01789
Monks, 1995, Absolute rate constants and product branching ratios for the reaction between H and C2H3 at T=213 and 298K, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 17151, 10.1021/j100047a018
Mordaunt, 1993, Primary product channels in the photodissociation of methane at 121.6nm, J. Chem. Phys., 98, 2054, 10.1063/1.464237
Morter, 1994, Rate constant measurement of the recombination reaction C3H3+C3H3, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 7029, 10.1021/j100079a023
Moses, 2000, Photochemistry of Saturn's Atmosphere: I. Hydrocarbon Chemistry and Comparisons with ISO Observations, Icarus, 143, 244, 10.1006/icar.1999.6270
Moses, J.I., Fouchet, T., Bézard, B., Gladstone, G.R., Lellouch, E., Feuchtgruber, H., 2005. J. Geophys. Res. 110, E08001, doi: 10.1029/2005JE002411.
Mullen, 2005, Low temperature H radical reactions with NO, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons studied in a pulsed supersonic Laval nozzle flow reactor between 53 and 188K, J. Phys. Chem., 109, 1391, 10.1021/jp045541f
Munk, 1986, Spectrokinetic studies of ethyl and ethylperoxy radicals, J. Phys. Chem., 90, 2752, 10.1021/j100403a038
Munk, 1986, Spectrokinetic studies of i-C3H7 and i-C3H7O2 radicals, Chem. Phys. Lett., 132, 10.1016/0009-2614(86)80638-8
Münzel, 1988, UV/VIS absorption spectrum, geometry and electronic structure of transient o-Benzyne, Chem. Phys. Lett., 147, 192, 10.1016/0009-2614(88)85082-6
Murhpy, 2003, Laboratory kinetics of C2H radical reactions with ethane propane and n-butane at T=96–296K: implications for Titan, Icarus, 163, 175, 10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00071-X
Nakayama, 1964, Absorption and photoionization coefficients of acetylene, propyne and 1-butyne, J. Chem. Phys., 40, 558, 10.1063/1.1725154
Nava, 1986, The reaction H+C4H2: Absolute rate constant measurement and implication for atmospheric modeling of Titan, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 4585, 10.1029/JA091iA04p04585
Nesbitt, 1990, Kinetic studies of the reactions of H2CN and D2CN radicals with N and H, J. Phys. Chem., 94, 4946, 10.1021/j100375a035
Nguyen, 1996, Another look at the decomposition of methyl azide and methanimine: how is HCN formed?, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 6499, 10.1021/jp953022u
Nicholas, 1986, Kinetics and mechanism in the decomposition of NH3 in a radio-frequency pulse discharge, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 6, 10.1007/BF00573820
Nicolas, 2003, Dissociative photoionization of N2 in the 24–32 eV photon energy range, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys., 36, 2239, 10.1088/0953-4075/36/11/309
Niemann, H.B., and 17 co-authors, 2005. The abundance of constituents of Titan's atmosphere from the GCMS instrument on the Huygens probe. Nature doi:10.1038/nature04122.
Nizamov, 2003, Spectroscopic and kinetic investigation of methylene amidogen by cavity ring-down spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. A, 107, 2256, 10.1021/jp022197i
Nizamov, 2004, Kinetics of C2H reactions with hydrocarbons and nitriles in the 104–296K temperature range, J. Phys. Chem. A., 108, 1746, 10.1021/jp031162v
Nuth, 1982, The vacuum ultraviolet spectra of HCN, C2N2, and CH3CN, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 28, 223, 10.1016/0022-4073(82)90025-5
Obi, 1971, Photolyses of propane, n-Butane, and Cyclobutane at Xe and Kr resonance lines, J. Chem. Phys., 55, 3822, 10.1063/1.1676667
Okabe, 1978
Onyszchuk, 1953, The reaction of active nitrogen with propane, Can. J. Chem., 32
Opansky, 1996, Low-temperature rate coefficients of C2H with CH4 and CD4 from 154 to 359K, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 4888, 10.1021/jp9532677
Opansky, 1996, Rate coefficients of C2H with C2H4, C2H6, and H2 from 150 to 359K, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 19904, 10.1021/jp9619604
Pagsberg, 1979, Pulse radiolysis of gaseous ammonia-oxygen mixtures, J. Phys. Chem., 83, 582, 10.1021/j100468a006
Park, 1999, Experimental and theoretical studies of the C6H5+C6H6 reaction, J. Phys. Chem., 103, 9036, 10.1021/jp9920592
Parker, 2004, Kinetics of the reaction of atomic hydrogen with cyanoacetylene from T=200 to 298K, J. Phys. Chem A, 108, 1938, 10.1021/jp037142a
Pavlakis, 2004, Ten-year global distribution of down-welling longwave radiation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 127, 10.5194/acp-4-127-2004
Payne, 1996, The reaction between N(S4) and C2H3: rate constant and primary reaction channels, J. Chem. Phys., 104, 9808, 10.1063/1.471740
Peeters, 1994, Branching ratio of the C2H2+O reaction at 290 K from kinetic modelling of relative methylene concentration versus time profiles in C2H2/O/H systems, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 26, 869, 10.1002/kin.550260902
Petrie, 2004, NCCN and NCCCCN formation in Titan's atmosphere: 2. HNC as a viable precursor., J. Phys. Chem. A, 108, 3623, 10.1021/jp0378182
Petrishchev, 1981, Rate constant of the N+H2 reaction, Kinetics Catal., 22
Pilling, 1971, Oscillator strengths of CH2 and CH3 in the vacuum ultraviolet, Chem. Phys. Lett., 9, 147, 10.1016/0009-2614(71)80209-9
Pitts, 1982, Temperature dependence of the C2(XSg+1 and a Πu3 equilibrated states) with O2, Chem. Phys., 68, 417, 10.1016/0301-0104(82)87050-X
Pruppacher, 1978
Ramanathan, 1978, Climate modeling through radiative-convective models, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 16, 465, 10.1029/RG016i004p00465
Ramirez, 2002, Complex refractive index of Titan's aerosol analogues in the 200–900nm domain, Icarus, 156, 515, 10.1006/icar.2001.6783
Rannou, 1995, Titan's geometric albedo: role of the fractal structure of the aerosols, Icarus, 118, 355, 10.1006/icar.1995.1196
Rannou, 1997, A new interpretation of scattered light measurements at Titan's limb, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10997, 10.1029/97JE00719
Rannou, 2003, A model of Titan's haze of fractal aerosols constrained by multiple observations, Planet. Space Sci., 51, 963, 10.1016/j.pss.2003.05.008
Rages, 1980, Titan aerosols: optical properties and vertical distribution, Icarus, 41, 119, 10.1016/0019-1035(80)90164-5
Rages, 1983, Size estimate of Titan's aerosols based on Voyager high-phase-angle images, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 8721, 10.1029/JA088iA11p08721
Redondo, 2006, Theoretical survey of the NH+CH3 potential energy surface in relation to Titan atmospheric chemistry, Planet. Space Sci., 54, 181, 10.1016/j.pss.2005.10.008
Reisler, 1980, Kinetics of free radicals generated by IR laser photolysis. IV. Intersystem crossings and reactions of C2(X1Σg+) and C2(α3Πu) in the gaseous phase, J. Chem. Phys., 73, 2280, 10.1063/1.440377
Rennie, 1998, A photoabsorption, photodissociation and photoelectron spectroscopy study of C6H6 and C6D6, Chem. Phys., 229, 107, 10.1016/S0301-0104(97)00373-X
Ricca, 2001, A computational study of the mechanisms for the incorporation of a nitrogen atom into polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Titan haze, Icarus, 154, 516, 10.1006/icar.2001.6694
Richter, 2000, Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their growth to soot- a review of chemical reaction pathways, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 26, 565, 10.1016/S0360-1285(00)00009-5
Romani, 1996, Recent rate constant and product measurements of the reactions C2H3+H2 and C2H3+H–Importance for the photochemical modeling of hydrocarbons on Jupiter, Icarus, 122, 233, 10.1006/icar.1996.0122
Romanzin, C., and 8 co-authors, 2005. Methane photochemistry: a brief review in the frame of a new experimental program of Titan's atmosphere simulations. Adv. Space Research 36, 258–267.
Sagan, 1979, Tholins: organic chemistry of interstellar grains and gas, Nature, 277, 102, 10.1038/277102a0
Sagan, 1984, Production and condensation of organic gases in the atmosphere of Titan, Icarus, 59, 133, 10.1016/0019-1035(84)90018-6
Samson, 1962, Absorption and photoionization coefficients of propylene and butene-1 in the vacuum ultraviolet, J. Chem. Phys., 36, 783, 10.1063/1.1732610
Samson, 1989, Ionization yields total absorption and dissociative photoionization cross sections of CH4 from 110 to 950Å, J. Chem. Phys., 90, 6925, 10.1063/1.456267
Samuelson, 1983, Radiative equilibrium model of Titan's atmosphere, Icarus, 53, 364, 10.1016/0019-1035(83)90156-2
Samuelson, 1997, C4N2 ice in Titan's north polar stratosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 45, 941, 10.1016/S0032-0633(97)00088-3
Sato, 1999, Measurements of thermal rate constants for the reactions of N(D2,P2) with C2H4 and C2D4 between 225 and 292K, J. Phys. Chem. A, 103, 8650, 10.1021/jp991742l
Scala, 1976, The gas phase photolysis and γ radiolysis of ethylenimine, J. Chem. Phys., 65, 4455, 10.1063/1.432980
Scattergood, 1992, Titan's aerosols. I. Laboratory investigations of shapes, size distributions, and aggregation of particles produced by UV photolysis of model Titan atmospheres, Icarus, 99, 98, 10.1016/0019-1035(92)90174-6
Scherzer, 1985, Untersuchungen sur kinetik und zum mechanismus der addition von methylradicalen an vinylacetylen, Z. Chem. Phys. (Leipzig), 266, 321, 10.1515/zpch-1985-26645
Schiavello, 1962, Reaction of hydrogen atoms with hydrazine, ammonia and nitrous oxide, J. Chem. Phys., 37, 1510, 10.1063/1.1733316
Schofield, 1973, Evaluated chemical kinetic rate constants for various gas phase reactions, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 25, 10.1063/1.3253112
Schwanebeck, 1975, Reaktionen des butadiins. I. Die reaction mit wasserstoffatomen, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 79, 530, 10.1002/bbpc.19750790611
Seki, 1992, Photodissociation of methylacetylene at 193nm, J. Phys. Chem., 96, 3345, 10.1021/j100187a031
Seki, 1986, Photochemistry of acetylene at 193nm: two pathways for diacetylene formation, J. Chem. Phys., 85, 274, 10.1063/1.451855
Seki, 1996, Reaction rates of the CN radical with diacetylene and dicyanoacetylene, Chem. Phys. Lett., 258, 657, 10.1016/0009-2614(96)00697-5
Shindo, 2005, Ultraviolet and infrared spectrum of C6H2 revisited and vapor pressure curve in Titan's atmosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 51, 9, 10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00151-4
Sillesen, 1993, Kinetics of the reaction H+C2H4→C2H5, H+C2H5→2CH3, CH3+C2H5→ products studied by pulse radiolysis combined with infrared diode lase spectroscopy, Chem. Phys. Lett., 201, 171, 10.1016/0009-2614(93)85052-P
Sims, 1993, Rate constants for the reactions of CN with hydrocarbons at low and ultra-low temperatures, Chem. Phys. Lett., 211, 461, 10.1016/0009-2614(93)87091-G
Sims, 1994, Ultralow temperature kinetics of neutral-neutral reactions. The technique and results for the reactions CN+O2 down to 13K and CN+NH3 down to 25K, J. Chem. Phys., 100, 4229, 10.1063/1.467227
Slack, 1976, Kinetics and thermodynamics of the CN molecule. III. Shock tube measurement of CN dissociation rates, J. Chem. Phys., 64, 228, 10.1063/1.431955
Smith, 1999, Modeling of methane photolysis in the reducing atmospheres of the outer solar system, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1873, 10.1029/1998JE900027
Smith, 1998, The temperature dependent absorption cross-sections of C4H2 at mid ultraviolet wavelengths, Planet. Space Sci., 46, 1215, 10.1016/S0032-0633(97)00206-7
Smith, 1991, High-resolution VUV (147–201nm) photoabsorption cross sections for C2H2 at 195 and 195K, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 17529, 10.1029/91JE01739
Sromovsky, 2006, Near-IR methane absorption in the outer planet atmospheres: improved models of temperature dependence and implications for Uranus cloud structure, Icarus, 182, 577, 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.01.008
Stewart, 1989, Pressure and temperature dependence of reactions proceeding via a bound complex. II. Application to 2CH3?C2H5CH, Combust. Flame, 75, 25, 10.1016/0010-2180(89)90084-9
Stief, 1970, Ratio of disproportionation to combination of N2H3 radicals, J. Chem. Phys., 52, 4841, 10.1063/1.1673721
Stief, 1995, Rate constant and reaction channels for the reaction of atomic nitrogen with the ethyl radical, J. Chem. Phys., 102, 5309, 10.1063/1.469257
Strobel, 1974, The photochemistry of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Titan, Icarus, 21, 466, 10.1016/0019-1035(74)90149-3
Strong, 1993, Spectral parameters for self- and hydrogen-broadened methane from 2000 to 9500cm-1 for remote sounding of the atmosphere of Jupiter, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 50, 363, 10.1016/0022-4073(93)90072-P
Sun, 1990, Experimental and reduced dimensionality quantum rate coefficients for H2(D2)+CN→H(D)CN+H(D), J. Chem. Phys., 93, 4730, 10.1063/1.458663
Sun, 1999, Discrimination of products isomers in the photodissociation of propyne and allene at 193nm, J. Chem. Phys., 110, 4363, 10.1063/1.478318
Suto, 1985, Fluorescence from VUV excitation of formaldehyde, J. Chem. Phys., 85, 4228, 10.1063/1.451793
Suto, 1992, Quantitative photoabsorption and fluorescence spectroscopy of benzene, naphthalene and some derivatives at 106–295nm, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 48, 79, 10.1016/0022-4073(92)90008-R
Takahashi, 1977, The reactions of the nitrogen atom with ethylene and ethylene-d4, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 50, 1627, 10.1246/bcsj.50.1627
Teng, 1972, Kinetics of the reactions of hydrogen atoms with ethylene and vinyl fluoride, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 68, 1267, 10.1039/f19726801267
Teslja, 2004, The electronic spectrum of methyleneimine, J. Phys. Chem., 108, 4433, 10.1021/jp037938+
Thompson, 1989, Atmospheric formation of organic heteropolymers from N2+CH4: structural suggestions for amino acid and oligomer precursors, Origins of Life, 19, 503, 10.1007/BF02388973
Tomasko, 1982, Photometry and polarimetry of Titan: pioneer 11 observations and their implications for aerosols properties, Icarus, 51, 65, 10.1016/0019-1035(82)90030-6
Tomasko, 1997, Models of the penetration of sunlight into the atmosphere of Titan., ESASP-1177, 345
Tomasko, M.G., and 39 co-authors, 2005. Rain, winds, and haze during the Huygens probe's descent to Titan's surface. Nature, doi:10.1038/nature04126.
Toublanc, 1995, Photochemical modeling of Titan's atmosphere, Icarus, 113, 2, 10.1006/icar.1995.1002
Tran, 2003, Simulation of Titan haze formation using a photochemical flow reactor: the optical constants of the polymer, Icarus, 165, 379, 10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00209-4
Tsang, 1988, Chemical kinetic data base for combustion chemistry. III. Propane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, 887, 10.1063/1.555806
Tsang, 1990, Chemical kinetic data base for combustion chemistry. IV. Isobutane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, 887, 10.1063/1.555806
Tsang, 1991, Chemical kinetic data base for combustion chemistry. V. Propene, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 221, 10.1063/1.555880
Tsang, 1992, Chemical kinetic data base for propellant combustion. II. Reactions involving CN, NCO, and HNCO, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 21, 753, 10.1063/1.555914
Tsang, 1986, Chemical kinetic data base for combustion chemistry. Part 1. Methane and related compounds, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1087, 10.1063/1.555759
Tsang, 1991, Chemical kinetic data base for propellant combustion. I. Reactions involving NO, NO2, HNO, HNO2, HCN and N2O 20, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 609, 10.1063/1.555890
Vaghjiani, 1993, Ultraviolet absorption cross section for N2H4 vapor between 191–291nm and H(2S) quantum yield in 248nm photodissociation at 296K, J. Chem. Phys., 98, 2123, 10.1063/1.464190
Vaghjiani, 1995, Laser photolysis studies of hydrazine vapor: 193 and 222-nm H-atom primary quantum yields at 296K, and the kinetics of H+N2H4 reaction over the temperature range 222–657K, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 27, 777, 10.1002/kin.550270805
Vakhtin, 2001, Kinetics of reactions of C2H radical with acetylene, O2, methylacetylene, and allene in a pulsed Laval nozzle apparatus at T=103K, Chem. Phys. Lett., 344, 317, 10.1016/S0009-2614(01)00681-9
Vakhtin, 2001, Kinetics of C2H radical reactions with ethene, propene and l-butene measured in a pulsed Laval nozzle apparatus at T=103 and 296K, Chem. Phys. Lett., 348, 21, 10.1016/S0009-2614(01)00975-7
Vardavas, 1984, Modelling reactive gas flows within shock tunnels, Aust. J. Phys., 37, 157, 10.1071/PH840157
Vardavas, 1984, Comments on the Newton–Raphson method for obtaining temperature profiles from radiative-convective models, Planet. Spac. Sci., 32, 803, 10.1016/0032-0633(84)90002-3
Vardavas, 1984, Solar and terrestrial parameterizations for radiative-convective models, Planet. Spac. Sci., 32, 1307, 10.1016/0032-0633(84)90074-6
Vargaftik, 1975
Vuitton, 2003, Intrinsic lifetime of metastable excited C4H2: implications for the photochemistry of C4H2 in Titan's atmosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 51, 847, 10.1016/j.pss.2003.07.001
Vuitton, 2006, The nitrogen chemistry of Titan's upper atmosphere revealed, Astrophys. J., 647, L175, 10.1086/507467
Vuitton, 2006, Experimental and theoretical study of hydrocarbon photochemistry applied to Titan stratosphere, Icarus, 185, 287, 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.002
Wakeham, 1973, Diffusion coefficients for n-alkanes in binary gaseous mixtures with nitrogen, J. Phys. B Atom. Molec. Phys., 6, 886, 10.1088/0022-3700/6/5/024
Wang, 2000, Mechanism and rate constant of the reaction of atomic hydrogen with propyne, J. Chem. Phys., 112, 8458, 10.1063/1.481484
Wang, 1994, Calculations of rate coefficients for the chemically activated reactions of acetylene with vinylic and aromatic radicals, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 1465, 10.1021/j100095a033
Wang, 1997, A detailed kinetic modeling study of aromatics formation in laminar premixed acetylene and ethylene flames, Combust. Flame, 110, 173, 10.1016/S0010-2180(97)00068-0
Wang, 1998, VUV photochemistry of CH4 and isotopomers. I. Dynamics and dissociation pathway of the H/D-atom elimination channel, J. Chem. Phys., 109, 7105, 10.1063/1.477394
Wang, 2000, Vacuum ultraviolet photochemistry of CH4 and isotopomers. II. Product channel fields and absorption spectra, J. Chem. Phys., 113, 4146, 10.1063/1.1288145
Warnatz, 1984, Rate coefficients in the C/H/O system
Weissman, 1988, Rate parameters for the reactions of C2H3 and C4H5 with H2 and C2H2, J. Phys. Chem., 92, 4080, 10.1021/j100325a019
West, 1991, Evidence for aggregate particles in the atmospheres of Titan and Jupiter, Icarus, 90, 330, 10.1016/0019-1035(91)90113-8
West, 1983, Voyager 2 photopolarimeter observations of Titan, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 8699, 10.1029/JA088iA11p08699
Westmoreland, 1989, Forming benzene in flames by chemically activated isomerization, J. Phys. Chem., 93, 8171, 10.1021/j100362a008
Whyte, 1983, Rate of reaction of N with CN(v=0,1), Chem. Phys. Lett., 98, 590, 10.1016/0009-2614(83)80248-6
Wilson, 2000, Sensitivity studies of methane photolysis and its impact on hydrocarbon chemistry in the atmosphere of Titan, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20263, 10.1029/1999JE001221
Wilson, 2003, Chemical sources of haze formation in Titan's atmosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 51, 1017, 10.1016/j.pss.2003.06.003
Wilson, E.H., Atreya, S.K., 2004. Current state of modeling the photochemistry of Titan's mutually dependent atmosphere and ionosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 109, doi: 10.1029/2003JE001896.
Wilson, E.H., Atreya, S.K., Coustenis, A., 2003. Mechanisms for the formation of benzene in the atmosphere of Titan. J. Geophys. Res. 108, doi: 10.1029/2002JE002181.
Wilson, 1994, A reinvestigation of the near-ultraviolet photodissociation dynamics of the methyl radical, Chem. Phys. Lett., 227, 456, 10.1016/0009-2614(94)00859-0
Woods, 2002, Solar ultraviolet variability over time periods of aeronomic interest
Xu, 1998, Ab initio study on the reaction 2NH2→NH+NH3, Int. J. Quantum Chem., 70, 321, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-461X(1998)70:2<321::AID-QUA8>3.0.CO;2-W
Xu, 1999, Theoretical studies on the reaction path dynamics and variational transition-state theory rate constants of the hydrogen-abstraction reactions of the NH(X3Σ-) radical with methane and ethane, J. Phys. Chem. A, 103, 4910, 10.1021/jp984499j
Yang, 1992, CN radical reactions with hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen: comparison of theory and experiment, J. Chem. Phys., 97, 222, 10.1063/1.463945
Yang, 1992, Temperature dependence of cyanogen radical reactions with selected alkanes: CN reactivities towards primary, secondary and tertiary C–H bonds, Chem. Phys., 160, 307, 10.1016/0301-0104(92)80131-E
Yelle, 1997
Yelle, 2006, The vertical structure of Titan's upper atmosphere from the Cassini ion neutral mass spectrometer measurements, Icarus, 182, 567, 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.029
Yokoyama, 1990, Molecular beam studies of the photodissociation of benzene at 193 and 248nm, J. Chem. Phys., 92, 4222, 10.1063/1.457780
Young, 2002, A three dimensional map of Titan's tropospheric haze distribution based on HST imaging, Astron. J., 123, 3473, 10.1086/339826
Yu, 1994, Absolute rate constant for the reaction of phenyl radical with acetylene, Int. J. Chem. Kin., 26, 1095, 10.1002/kin.550261105
Yung, 1987, An update of nitrile photochemistry on Titan, Icarus, 72, 468, 10.1016/0019-1035(87)90186-2
Yung, 1984, Photochemistry of the atmosphere of Titan: comparison between model and observations, Astrophys. J. Suppl., 55, 465, 10.1086/190963
Zabarnick, 1989, Kinetics of CN(X2Σ+) radical reactions with HCN, BrCN, and CH3CN, Chem. Phys., 134, 185, 10.1016/0301-0104(89)80249-6
Zabarnick, 1988, Kinetics of CH(X2π) radical reactions with cyclopropane, cyclopentane, and cyclohexane, J. Chem. Phys., 88, 10.1063/1.454516
Zabarnick, 1991, Direct measurement of rate constants for the reactions of CH and CD with HCN and DCN, Chem. Phys., 150, 109, 10.1016/0301-0104(91)90060-7
Zelikoff, 1953, Absorption coefficients of ethylene in the vacuum ultraviolet, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 43, 756, 10.1364/JOSA.43.000756
Zetzsch, 1981, Formation and fate of NH(X3Σ-) in the pulsed vacuum UV photolysis of NH3, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 85, 10.1002/bbpc.19810850709
Zhu, 2004, Ab initio studies of alkyl radical reactions: Combination and disproportionation reactions of CH3 with C2H5, and the decomposition of chemically activated C3H8, J. Chem. Phys., 120, 6566, 10.1063/1.1665370
Zhu, 2003, Kinetics of CCN radical reactions with a series of normal alkanes, J. Phys. Chem. A, 107, 10288, 10.1021/jp030763j
Zu, 1997, Ab initio study on the reaction 2NH(X2Σ-)→NH2(XB12)+N(S4), Chem. Phys. Lett., 275, 386, 10.1016/S0009-2614(97)00748-3