Cost-effectiveness analysis in heart disease, part III: Ischemia, congestive heart failure, and arrhythmias

Kupersmith, 1994, Cost-effectiveness analysis in heart disease, part I: General principles, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 37, 161, 10.1016/S0033-0620(05)80041-6 Kupersmith, 1995, Cost-effectiveness analysis in heart disease. II: Preventive therapies, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 37, 243, 10.1016/S0033-0620(05)80009-X US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1994 Goldman, 1992, Cost and health implications of cholesterol lowering, Circulation, 85, 1960, 10.1161/01.CIR.85.5.1960 National Center for Health Statistics, 1992 (communication). Cretin, 1977, Cost/benefit analysis of treatment and prevention of myocardial infarction, Health Serv Res, 12, 174 Fineberg, 1984, Care of patients with a low probability of acute myocardial infarction: Cost-effectiveness of alternatives to coronary-care-unit admission, N Engl J Med, 310, 1301, 10.1056/NEJM198405173102006 Laffel, 1987, A cost-effectiveness model for coronary thrombolysis/reperfusion therapy, J Am Coll Cardiol, 10, 79B, 10.1016/S0735-1097(87)80432-1 Steinberg, 1988, Cost and procedure implications of thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction, J Am Coll Cardiol, 12, 58A, 10.1016/0735-1097(88)92642-3 Chapekis, 1989, The cost:benefit ratio of acute intervention for myocardial infarction: Results of a prospective, matched pari analysis, Am Heart J, 118, 878, 10.1016/0002-8703(89)90217-2 Midgette, 1994, Cost-effectiveness of streptokinase for acute myocardial infarction: A combined meta-analysis of the effects of infarct location and of likelihood of infarction, Med Decis Making, 14, 108, 10.1177/0272989X9401400203 Krumholz, 1992, Cost effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase in elderly patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med, 327, 7, 10.1056/NEJM199207023270102 Dittus, 1987, Cost-effectiveness analysis of patient management alternatives after uncomplicated myocardial infarction: A model, J Am Coll Cardiol, 10, 869, 10.1016/S0735-1097(87)80282-6 Goldman, 1988, Costs and effectiveness of routine therapy with long-term beta-adrenergic antagonists after acute myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med, 319, 152, 10.1056/NEJM198807213190306 Hofvendahl, 1971, Influence of treatment in a coronary care unit on prognosis in acute myocardial infarction: A controlled study in 271 cases, Acta Med Scand Suppl, 519, 1 Knox, 1975 US Department of Health and Human Services publication (PHS), National Center for Health Statistics, 1984, volume 2, 84 Williams, 1986, Intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A report from the NHLBI thrombolysis in myocardial infarction trial, Circulation, 73, 338, 10.1161/01.CIR.73.2.338 1986, Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction, Lancet, 1, 397 1988, Randomized trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both or neither among 17,187 case of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2, Lancet, 2, 349 1986, A prospective trial of intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med, 314, 1463 White, 1987, Effect of intravenous streptokinase on left ventricular function and early survival after acute myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med, 317, 850, 10.1056/NEJM198710013171402 ISIS (International Studies of Infarct Survival) Pilot Studies Investigators, 1987, Randomized factorial trial of high-dose intravenous streptokinase, of oral aspirin and of intravenous heparin in acute myocardial infarction, Eur Heart J, 8, 634 Kennedy, 1988, The Western Washington intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction randomized trial, Circulation, 77, 345, 10.1161/01.CIR.77.2.345 Berwick, 1981, Cholesterol, children and heart disease: An analysis of alternatives, Pediatrics, 68, 721, 10.1542/peds.68.5.721 Crampton, 1975, Reduction of pre-hospital, ambulance and community coronary death rates by the community-wide emergency cardiac care system, Am J Med, 58, 151, 10.1016/0002-9343(75)90564-1 Eisenberg, 1980, Treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests with rapid defibrillation by emergency medical technicians, N Engl J Med, 302, 1379, 10.1056/NEJM198006193022502 Lie, 1974, Lidocaine in the prevention of primary ventricular fibrillation: A double-blind, randomized study of 212 consecutive patients, N Engl J Med, 291, 1324, 10.1056/NEJM197412192912504 Lie, 1974, Characteristics and predictability of primary ventricular fibrillation, Eur J Cardiol, 1, 379 Goldman, 1979, Risk-benefit stratification as a guide to lidocaine prophylaxis of primary ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction: An analytic review, Yale J Biol Med, 52, 455 Lowrie, 1968, Ventricular fibrillation complicating acute myocardial infarction, Lancet, 2, 523, 10.1016/S0140-6736(68)92403-3 Valentine, 1974, Lidocaine in the prevention of sudden death in the pre-hospital phase of acute infarction: A double blind study, N Engl J Med, 291, 1327, 10.1056/NEJM197412192912505 DeSilva, 1981, Lignocaine prophylaxis in acute myocardial infarction: An evaluation of randomized trials, Lancet, 2, 855, 10.1016/S0140-6736(81)91116-8 Harrison, 1978, Should lidocaine be administered routinely to all patients after acute myocardial infarction?, Circulation, 58, 581, 10.1161/01.CIR.58.4.581 Hindman, 1978, The clinical significance of bundle branch block complicating cute myocardial infarction. I: Clinical characteristics, hospital mortality, and one-year follow-up, Circulation, 58, 679, 10.1161/01.CIR.58.4.679 Chatterjee, 1969, The risk of pacing after infarction, and current recommendations, Lancet, 2, 1061, 10.1016/S0140-6736(69)90658-8 Hindman, 1978, The clinical significance of bundle branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction. 2. Indications for temporary and permanent pacemaker insertion, Circulation, 58, 689, 10.1161/01.CIR.58.4.689 1986, A prospective trial of intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction (ISAM): Morbidity and infarct size at 21 days, N Engl J Med, 314, 1465, 10.1056/NEJM198606053142301 Simoons, 1985, Improved survival after early thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: a randomized trial by the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute in the Netherlands, Lancet, 2, 578, 10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90584-7 O'Connor, 1990, Stroke and acute myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era: Clinical correlates and long-term prognosis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 16, 533, 10.1016/0735-1097(90)90338-P Weinstein, 1987, Forecasting coronary heart disease incidence, mortality and cost: The coronary heart disease policy model, Am J Public Health, 77, 1417, 10.2105/AJPH.77.11.1417 Hodgson, 1984, Health care expenditures for major diseases in 1980, Health Care Financing Rev, 5, 1 Taylor, 1980, Predictors of clinical course, coronary anatomy and left ventricular function after recovery from acute myocardial infarction, Circulation, 62, 960, 10.1161/01.CIR.62.5.960 Bigger, 1978, Risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction, Am J Cardiol, 42, 202, 10.1016/0002-9149(78)90901-3 Gibson, 1983, Prediction of cardiac events after uncomplicated myocardial infarction: A prospective study comparing pre-discharge exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy and coronary angiography, Circulation, 68, 321, 10.1161/01.CIR.68.2.321 DeFeyter, 1982, Prognostic value of exercise testing, coronary angiography and left ventriculography 6–8 weeks after myocardial infarction, Circulation, 66, 527, 10.1161/01.CIR.66.3.527 Epstein, 1982, Evaluation of patients after acute myocardial infarction: Indications for cardiac catheterization and surgical intervention, N Engl J Med, 307, 1487, 10.1056/NEJM198212093072404 Hammond, 1985, Noninvasive testing in the evaluation of myocardial ischemia: Agreement among tests, J Am Coll Cardiol, 5, 59, 10.1016/S0735-1097(85)80085-1 Weiss, 1984, Exercise testing after myocardial infarction, J Card Rehab, 4, 429 Mygaard, 1984, Prevalence of high-risk thallium-201 scintigraphic findings in left main coronary artery stenosis: Comparison with patients with multiple and single-vessel coronary artery disease, Am J Cardiol, 53, 462, 10.1016/0002-9149(84)90013-4 Krone, 1985, Low-level exercise testing after myocardial infarction: Usefulness in enhancing clinical risk stratification, Circulation, 71, 80, 10.1161/01.CIR.71.1.80 1982, A randomized trial of propranolol in patients with acute myocardial infarction. I. Mortality results, JAMA, 247, 1707, 10.1001/jama.1982.03320370021023 1981, Timolol-induced reduction in mortality and reinfarction in patients surviving acute myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med, 304, 801, 10.1056/NEJM198104023041401 Pedersen, 1983, A multicentre study on timolol in secondary prevention after myocardial infarction, Acta Med Scand Suppl, 674, 1 Hansteen, 1982, One year's treatment with propranolol after myocardial infarction: Preliminary report of Norwegian Multicentre Trial, Br Med J, 284, 155, 10.1136/bmj.284.6310.155 1975, Improvement in prognosis of myocardial infarction by long-term beta-adrenoreceptor blocade: A multicentre international study: Supplementary report, Br Med J, 3, 735, 10.1136/bmj.3.5986.735 Julian, 1982, Controlled trial of sotalol for one year after myocardial infarction, Lancet, 1, 1142, 10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92225-5 1984, European Infarction Study (EIS): A secondary prevention study with slow release oxprenolol after myocardial infarction: morbidity and mortality, Eur Heart J, 5, 189 1977, Reduction in mortality after myocardial infarction with long-term beta-adrenoreceptor blockade: A multicentre international study: Supplementary report, Br Med J, 2, 419, 10.1136/bmj.2.6084.419 Olsson, 1985, Long-term treatment with metoprolol after myocardial infarction: Effect on 3-year mortality and morbidity, J Am Coll Cardiol, 5, 1428, 10.1016/S0735-1097(85)80360-0 Cats, 1983, Effect of treatment with 2 × 100 mg metoprolol on mortality in a single-center study with low placebo mortality-rate after infarction, Circulation, 68, III Norris, 1976, Coronary prognostic index for predicting survival after recovery from acute myocardial infarction, Lancet, 2, 485 Mervilees, 1984, Prognosis after myocardial infarction: Results of 15-year follow-up, Br Med J, 288, 356, 10.1136/bmj.288.6414.356 Thibault, 1985, Making the coronary care unit cost-effective, Am J Cardiol, 56, 35C, 10.1016/S0002-9149(85)80007-2 Goldman, 1988, A computer protocol to predict myocardial infarction in emergency department patients with chest pain, N Engl J Med, 318, 797, 10.1056/NEJM198803313181301 1970-1977 Goldman, 1982, A computer-derived protocol to aid in the diagnosis of emergency room patients with chest pain, N Engl J Med, 307, 588, 10.1056/NEJM198209023071004 Weinstein, 1985, Cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent or treat coronary heart disease, Annu Rev Public Health, 6, 41, 10.1146/annurev.pu.06.050185.000353 Mulley, 1980, The course of patients with suspected myocardial infarction: The identification of low-risk patients for early transfer from intensive care, N Engl J Med, 302, 943, 10.1056/NEJM198004243021704 Deleon, 1989, Chest pain evaluation unit: A cost-effective approach for ruling out acute myocardial infarction, South Med J, 82, 1083, 10.1097/00007611-198909000-00006 Singer, 1983, Rationing intensive care: Physician responses to a resource shortage, N Engl J Med, 309, 1155, 10.1056/NEJM198311103091905 Puleo, 1994, Use of rapid assay of subforms of creatine kinase MB to diagnose or rule ut acute myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med, 331, 561, 10.1056/NEJM199409013310901 Vermeer, 1988, Cost benefit analysis of early thrombolytic treatment with intracoronary streptokinase: Twelve month follow up report of the randomized multicenter trial conducted by the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Br Heart J, 58, 527, 10.1136/hrt.59.5.527 The GUSTO Investigators, 1993, An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med, 329, 673, 10.1056/NEJM199309023291001 Grines, 1993, A comparison of immediate angioplasty with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med, 328, 673, 10.1056/NEJM199303113281001 Roig, 1987, In-hospital mortality rates for acute myocardial infarction by race in US hospitals: Findings from the Nationd Hospital Discharge Survey, Circulation, 76, 280, 10.1161/01.CIR.76.2.280 Cannon, 1994, A pilot trial of recombinant desulfatohirudin compared with heparin in conjunction with tissue-type plasminogen activator and aspirin for acute myocardial infarction: Results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 5 trial, J Am Coll Cardiol, 23, 993, 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90581-9 1989, Comparison of invasive and conservative strategies after treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. Results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) phage II trial, N Engl J Med, 320, 618, 10.1056/NEJM198903093201002 Yusef, 1985, β-Blockade during and after myocardial infarction: An overview of randomized trials, 27, 355 Tsevat, 1993, Cost-effectiveness of captopril therapy after myocardial infarction, Clin Res, 41, 180A Pfeffer, 1992, Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators, N Engl J Med, 327, 669, 10.1056/NEJM199209033271001 Sox, 1988 Patterson, 1984, Baysian comparison of cost-effectiveness of different clinical approaches to diagnose coronary artery disease, J Am Coll Cardiol, 4, 278, 10.1016/S0735-1097(84)80214-4 Doubilet, 1985, The decision concerning coronary angiography in patients with chest pain: A cost-effectiveness analysis, Med Decis Making, 5, 293, 10.1177/0272989X8500500305 Lee, 1988, Cost-effectiveness of screening strategies for left main coronary artery disease in patients with stable angina, Med Decis Making, 8, 268, 10.1177/0272989X8800800408 Weinstein, 1982, Cost-effectiveness of coronary artery bypass surgery, Circulation, 66, 56 Wong, 1990, Myocardial revascularization for chronic stable angina: Analysis of the role of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty based on data available in 1989, Ann Intern Med, 113, 852, 10.7326/0003-4819-113-11-852 Cohen, 1993, Economics of elective coronary revascularization: Comparison of costs and charges for conventional angioplasty, directional atherectomy, stenting and bypass surgery, J Am Coll Cardiol, 22, 1052, 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90415-W Patterson, 1982, Can exercise electrodiography and thallium-201 myocardial imaging exclude the diagnosis of coronary artery disease?, Am J Cardiol, 49, 1127, 10.1016/0002-9149(82)90036-4 McNeer, 1978, The role of the exercise testing the evaluation of patients for ischemic heart disease, Circulation, 57, 64, 10.1161/01.CIR.57.1.64 Kent, 1982, Prognosis of asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with coronary artery disease, Am J Cardiol, 49, 1823, 10.1016/0002-9149(82)90198-9 Detry, 1977, Diagnostic value of history and maximal exercise electrocardiography in men and women suspected of coronary heart disease, Circulation, 56, 756, 10.1161/01.CIR.56.5.756 Hansing, 1979, The risk and cost of coronary angiography. I. Cost of coronary angiography in Washington state, JAMA, 241, 731, 10.1001/jama.1979.03300080029020 Kennedy, 1981, Clinical and angiographic predictors of operative mortality from the collaborative study in coronary artery surgery (CASS), Circulation, 63, 793, 10.1161/01.CIR.63.4.793 1983, Coronary artery surgery study (CASS): A randomized trial of coronary artery bypass surgery. Survival data, Circulation, 68, 939, 10.1161/01.CIR.68.5.939 1982, Prospective randomized study of coronary artery bypass surgery in stable angina pectoris: a progress report on survival, Circulation, 65, II Takaro, 1982, The Veterans Administration Cooperative Study of Stable Angina: Current status, Circulation, 65, II Cosgrove, 1982, Results of myocardial revascularization: A 12-year experience, Circulation, 65, II Hammermeister, 1980, Comparison of survival of medically and surgically treated patients in the Seattle Heart Watch: A nonrandomized study, Circulation, 62, II Lawrie, 1982, Survival with coronary artery bypass surgery in specific patient groups, Circulation, 65, II Whalen, 1982, Survival of coronary artery disease patients with stable pain and normal left ventricular function treated medically or surgically at Duke University, Circulation, 65, II 1979, Coronaryartery bypass surgery in stable angina pectoris: Survival at two years, Lancet, 2, 889 1980, Prospective randomized study of coronary artery bypass surgery in stable angina pectoris, Lancet, 2, 491 Pliskin, 1980, Utility functions for life years and health status, Operations Res, 28, 206, 10.1287/opre.28.1.206 Campeau, 1979, Loss of improvement of angina between 1 and 7 years after aorta coronary bypass surgery. Correlations with changes in vein grafts and in coronary artiers, Circulation, 60, II Stoney, 1978, The cost of coronary bypass procedures, JAMA, 240, 2278, 10.1001/jama.1978.03290210060028 Marty, 1977, The variation in hospital charges: a problem in determining cost/benefit for cardiac surgery, Ann Thorac Surg, 112, 409, 10.1016/S0003-4975(10)63433-9 Collins, 1980, The cost of coronary bypass surgery, 84 Weinstein, 1976 Charles, 1980 Mathur, 1977, Prospective randomized study of the surgical therapy of stable angina, Cardiovasc Clin, 8, 131 Kolata, 1981, Consensus on bypass surgery, Science, 211, 42, 10.1126/science.6969440 Adams, 1979, Complications of coronary arteriography: A follow-up report, Cardiovasc Radiol, 2, 89, 10.1007/BF02575368 Reeder, 1984, Is percutaneous coronary angioplasty less expensive than bypass surgery?, N Engl J Med, 311, 1157, 10.1056/NEJM198411013111805 Kelly, 1985, Comparative cost of myocardial revascularization: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and coronary artery bypass surgery, J Am Coll Cardiol, 5, 16, 10.1016/S0735-1097(85)80079-6 Black, 1988, Comparative costs of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting in multivessel coronary artery disease, Am J Cardiol, 62, 809, 10.1016/0002-9149(88)91228-3 Jang, 1984, Relative cost of coronary angioplasty and bypass surgery in a one-vessel disease model, Am J Cardiol, 53, 52C, 10.1016/0002-9149(84)90746-X Greenberg, 1989 Wittels, 1990, Medical costs of coronary artery disease in the United States, Am J Cardiol, 65, 432, 10.1016/0002-9149(90)90806-C Ryan, 1988, Guidelines for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: A report of the ACC/AHA task force on assessment of diagnostic and therapeutic cardiovascular procedures, J Am Coll Cardiol, 12, 529, 10.1016/0735-1097(88)90431-7 Diamond, 1979, Analysis of probability as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of coronary artery disease, N Engl J Med, 300, 1350, 10.1056/NEJM197906143002402 Uhi, 1981, Relations between high density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary artery disease in asymptomatic men, Am J Cardiol, 48, 903, 10.1016/0002-9149(81)90357-X Roland, 1984, Coronary heart disease risk factor trends in blacks between the first and second National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, United States, 1971–1980, Am Heart J, 108, 771, 10.1016/0002-8703(84)90670-7 Gessini, 1972, Incidence and progression of coronary artery disease: An angiographic correlation in 1,263 patients, Arch Intern Med, 129, 814, 10.1001/archinte.1972.00320050138015 Chaitman, 1981, Angiographic prevalence of high-risk coronary artery disease in patient subsets (CASS), Circulation, 64, 360, 10.1161/01.CIR.64.2.360 Killip, 1985, A randomized trial of coronary bypass surgery. Eight years follow-up and survival in patients with reduced ejection fraction, Circulation, 72, V The CASS investigators, 1983, Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS): Survival data, Circulation, 68, 939, 10.1161/01.CIR.68.5.939 Showstack, 1986, Coronary artery bypass graft surgery in California, 1983: Outcomes and charges Davis, 1979, Complications of coronary artery surgery (CASS), Circulation, 89, 1105, 10.1161/01.CIR.59.6.1105 Stuart, 1980, National survey of exercise stress testing facilities, Chest, 77, 94, 10.1378/chest.77.1.94 Diamond, 1983, Computer-assisted diagnosis in the noninvasive evaluation of patients with suspected coronary artery disease, J Am Coll Cardiol, 1, 444, 10.1016/S0735-1097(83)80072-2 Harris, 1980, Outcome in medically treated coronary artery disease, Circulation, 62, 718, 10.1161/01.CIR.62.4.718 Kennedy, 1982, Complications associated with cardiac catheterization and angiography, Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn, 8, 5, 10.1002/ccd.1810080103 Murphy, 1977, Treatment of chronic stable angina. A preliminary report of survival data of the randomized Veterans Administration Cooperative Study, N Engl J Med, 297, 621, 10.1056/NEJM197709222971201 Takaro, 1976, The VA cooperative randomized study of surgery for coronary occlusive disease. II. Subgroup with significant left main lesions, Circulation, 54, III Killip, 1985, Randomized trials in coronary bypass surgery, Circulation, 71, 418, 10.1161/01.CIR.71.3.418 Manca, 1978, Different prognostic value of exercise electrocardiogram in men and women, Cardiology, 63, 312, 10.1159/000169910 Weiner, 1979, Exercise stress testing: correlation among history of angina, ST-segment response and prevalence of coronary-artery disease in the coronary artery surgery study (CASS), N Engl J Med, 301, 230, 10.1056/NEJM197908023010502 1988, Prelminary report: Findings from the aspirin component of the ongoing Physicians' Health Study, N Engl J Med, 318, 262, 10.1056/NEJM198801283180431 1986, Guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol, 8, 725, 10.1016/S0735-1097(86)80208-X BARI, CABRI, EAST, GABI, and RITA, 1990, Coronary angioplasty on trial, Lancet, 335, 1315, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91194-F Parisi, 1992, A comparison of angioplasty with medical therapy in the treatment of single-vessel coronary artery disease, N Engl J. Med, 326, 10, 10.1056/NEJM199201023260102 Cohen, 1993, Economics of elective coronary revascularization: Comparison of costs and charges for conventional angioplasty, direction, atherectomy, stenting and bypass surgery, J Am Coll Cardiol, 22, 1052, 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90415-W Hlatky, 1990, Resource use and cost of initial coronary revascularization: Coronary angioplasty versus coronary bypass surgery, Circulation, 82, IV Serruys, 1991, Angiographic follow-up after placement of a self-expanding coronary-artery stent, N Engl J Med, 324, 13, 10.1056/NEJM199101033240103 Carrozza, 1992, Angiographic and clinical outcome of intracoronary stenting: Immediate and long-term results from a large single-center experience, J Am Coll Cardiol, 20, 328, 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90098-8 Topol, 1994, Caveats about elective coronary stents, N Engl J Med, 331, 539, 10.1056/NEJM199408253310811 Cohn, 1986, Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in congestive heart failure, N Engl J Med, 314, 1547, 10.1056/NEJM198606123142404 Cohn, 1991, A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure, N Engl J Med, 325, 303, 10.1056/NEJM199108013250502 1987, Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure: Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS), N Engl J Med, 316, 1429, 10.1056/NEJM198706043162301 The SOLVD Investigators, 1991, Effects of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and congestive heart failure, N Engl J Med, 325, 293, 10.1056/NEJM199108013250501 Paul, 1992, The costs and the effectiveness of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in patients with congestive heart failure, Circulation, 86, I Glick, 1994, Projections of the cost and benefits of enalapril treatment in patients with symptomatic heart failure, J Am Coll Cardiol, 23, 284A Evans, 1986, Cost-effectiveness analysis of transplantation, Surg Clin North Am, 66, 603, 10.1016/S0039-6109(16)43943-5 Pennock, 1982, Cardiac transplantation in perspective for the future, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 83, 168, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)37294-0 Kupperman, 1990, An analysis of the cost effectiveness of the implantable defibrillator, Circulation, 81, 91, 10.1161/01.CIR.81.1.91 Larsen, 1992, Cost-effectiveness of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator: Effect of improved battery life and comparison with amiodarone therapy, J Am Coll Cardiol, 19, 1323, 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90341-J Kupersmith J, Hogan A, Guerrero P, et al: Cost effectiveness of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator. (manuscript submitted) Guerrero, 1993, Relationship of cost effectiveness of the transthoracic implantable cardioverter defibrillator to patient category and clinical strategy, Circulation Suppl, 88, 1 Hogenhuis, 1993, Cost-effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation compared with other strategies in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Circulation, 88, II Beck, 1987, A computer-based Markov decision analysis of the management of symptomatic bifascicular block: The threshold probability for pacing, J Am Coll Cardiol, 9, 920, 10.1016/S0735-1097(87)80251-6 Echt, 1985, Clinical experience, complications and survival in 70 patients with the automatic implantable cardioverter/defibrillator, Circulation, 71, 289, 10.1161/01.CIR.71.2.289 Mirowski, 1983, Mortality in patients with implanted automatic defibrillators, Ann Intern Med, 98, 585, 10.7326/0003-4819-98-5-585 Mirowski, 1985, The automatic implantable cariodverter-defibrillator: An overview, J Am Coll Cardiol, 6, 461, 10.1016/S0735-1097(85)80186-8 Reid, 1987, The automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator: Five-year clinical results, 143 Kelly, 1988, The automatic implantable defibrillator (AICD): Efficacy, coplications and survival in patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias, J Am Coll Cardiol, 11, 1278, 10.1016/0735-1097(88)90292-6 Tchou, 1988, Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and survival of patients with left ventricular dysfunction and malignant ventricular arrhythmias, Ann Intern Med, 109, 529, 10.7326/0003-4819-109-7-529 Graboys, 1982, Long-term survival of patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmia treated with antiarrhythmic drugs, Am J Caridol, 50, 437, 10.1016/0002-9149(82)90307-1 Roy, 1983, Clinical characteristics and long-term follow-up in 119 survivors of cardiac arrest: Relation to inducibility at electrophysiologic testing, Am J Cardiol, 52, 969, 10.1016/0002-9149(83)90514-3 Stein, 1984, Long-term mexiltene for ventricular arrhythmia, Am Heart J, 107, 1091, 10.1016/0002-8703(84)90180-7 Swerdlow, 1983, Determinants of survival with ventricular tachyarrhythmias, N Engl J Med, 308, 1436, 10.1056/NEJM198306163082402 Wilber, 1988, Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Role of electrophysiologic testing in the prediction of long-term outcome, N Engl J Med, 318, 19, 10.1056/NEJM198801073180105 Wilber, 1987, Electrophysiologic testing in survivors of cardiac arrest, Circulation, 75, III Hohnloser, 1986, Short- and long-term therapy with tocainide for malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias, Circulation, 73, 143, 10.1161/01.CIR.73.1.143 Tordjman, 1986, Safety and efficacy of encainide for malignant ventricular arrhythmias, Am J Cardiol, 58, 87C, 10.1016/0002-9149(86)90110-4 Winkle, 1987, The automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator: the U.S. experience, 663 Manolis, 1989, Clinical experience in seventy-seven patients with the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator, Am Heart J, 118, 445, 10.1016/0002-8703(89)90256-1 Winkle, 1989, Long-term outcome with the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator, J Am Coll Cardiol, 13, 1353, 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90310-0 Naidemanee, 1983, Amiodarone in refractory life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias (part 1), Ann Intern Med, 98, 577, 10.7326/0003-4819-98-5-577 McGovern, 1984, Long-term clinical outcome of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation treated with amiodarone, Am J Cardiol, 53, 1558, 10.1016/0002-9149(84)90579-4 Heger, 1981, Amiodarone: Clinical efficacy and electrophysiology during long-term therapy for recurrent ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, N Engl J Med, 305, 539, 10.1056/NEJM198109033051002 DiCarlo, 1985, Cardiac arrest and sudden death in patients treated with amiodarone for sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation: Risk stratification based on clinical variables, Am J Cardiol, 55, 372, 10.1016/0002-9149(85)90378-9 Waxman, 1982, Amiodarone for control of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia: Clinic and eletrophysiologic effects in 51 patients, Am J Cardiol, 50, 1066, 10.1016/0002-9149(82)90419-2 Herre, 1989, Long-term results of amiodarone therapy in patients with recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 13, 442, 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90525-1 Herre, 1989, Long-term results of amiodarone therapy in patients with recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 13, 449, 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90525-1 Horowitz, 1985, Usefulness of electrophysiologic testing in evaluation of amiodarone therapy for sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias associated with coronary heart disease, Am J Cardiol, 55, 367, 10.1016/0002-9149(85)90377-7 Yazaki, 1987, Electrophysiologic predictors of long-term clinical outcome with amiodarone for refractory ventricular tachycardia secondary to coronary artery disease, Am J Cardiol, 60, 293, 10.1016/0002-9149(87)90230-X Veltri, 1985, Results of late programmed electrical stimulation and long-term electrophysiologic effects of amiodarone therapy in patients with refractory ventricular tachycardia, Am J Cardiol, 55, 375, 10.1016/0002-9149(85)90379-0 Manolis, 1989, Prognostic value of early electrophysiologic studies for ventricular tachycardia recurrence in patients with coronary artery disease treated with amiodarone, Am J Cadiol, 63, 1052, 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90077-5 Skale, 1968, Survivors of cardiac arrest: prevention of recurrence by drug therapy as predicted by electrohysiologic testing or electrocardiographic monitoring, Am J Cardiol, 57, 113, 10.1016/0002-9149(86)90962-8 Kim, 1986, Is programmed stimulation of value in predicting the long-term success of antiarrhythmic therapy for ventricular tachycardia?, N Engl J Med, 315, 356, 10.1056/NEJM198608073150604 Manolis, 1989, Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: Current status, JAMA, 262, 1362, 10.1001/jama.1989.03430100096036 Gabry, 1987, Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: Patient survival battery longevity and shock delivery analysis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 9, 1349, 10.1016/S0735-1097(87)80477-1 Saksena, 1992, Long-term multicenter experience with a second generation implantable pacemaker defibrillator in patients with malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias, J Am Coll Cardiol, 19, 490, 10.1016/S0735-1097(10)80260-8 Borbola, 1988, The automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator, Arch Intern Med, 142, 70, 10.1001/archinte.1988.00380010074007 Jackman, 1991, Catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular pathways (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) by radiofrequency current, N Engl J Med, 324, 1605, 10.1056/NEJM199106063242301 Morady, 1989, Long-term results of catheter ablation of a posteroseptal accessory atrioventricular connection in 48 patients, Circulation, 79, 1160, 10.1161/01.CIR.79.6.1160 Teo, 1991, Predictive accuracy of electro-physiologic localization of accessory pathways, J Am Coll Cardiol, 18, 527, 10.1016/0735-1097(91)90610-L Jackman, 1992, Treatment of supraventricular tachycardia due to atrioventricular nodal reentry by radiofrequency catheter ablation of slow pathway conduction, N Engl J Med, 327, 313, 10.1056/NEJM199207303270504 Green, 1983, Toxic and therapeutic effects of amiodarone in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2, 1114, 10.1016/S0735-1097(83)80338-6 Zipes, 1992, Specific arrhythmias: Diagnosis and treatment, 693 Gallagher, 1984, Results for surgery for pre-excitation caused by accessory atrioventricular pathways in 267 consecutive cases, 259 Cox, 1985, Experience with 118 consecutive patients undergoing operation for the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 90, 490, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)38561-7 Zanini, 1989, Survival rates after pacemaker implantation: a study of patients paced for sick sinus syndrome and atrioventricular block, PACE, 12, 1065, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1989.tb01927.x Andersen, 1991, The epidemiology of pacemaker implantation of Fyn County, Denmark, PACE, 14, 1614, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1991.tb02737.x Levine, 1991, Predictors of first discharge and subsequent survival in patients with automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators, Circulation, 84, 558, 10.1161/01.CIR.84.2.558 1994, Clinical outcome of patients with malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias implanted with a multiprogrammable cardioverter-defibrillator with or without thoracotomy: An international multicenter study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 23, 1521, 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90650-5 Bardy, 1993, Implantable transvenous cardioverter-defibrillators, Circulation, 87, 1152, 10.1161/01.CIR.87.4.1152 O'Donoghue, 1990, Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: Is early implantation cost-effective?, J Am Coll Cardiol, 16, 1258, 10.1016/0735-1097(90)90563-5 Arai, 1990, Current management of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, W J Med, 152, 383 Simon, 1978, Atrioventricular block. Natural history after permanent ventricular pacing, Am J Cardiol, 41, 500, 10.1016/0002-9149(78)90006-1 Ohm, 1978, Patients with high-grade atrioventricular block treated and not treated with a pacemaker, Acta Med Scand, 203, 521, 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1978.tb14919.x Furman, 1980, Results of cardiac pacing, 273 Scheinman, 1977, Prognostic value of infranodal conduction time in patients with chronic bundle branch block, Circulation, 56, 240, 10.1161/01.CIR.56.2.240 Dhingra, 1980, Effect of age on atrioventricular conduction in patients with chronic bifascicular block, Am J Cardiol, 45, 746, 10.1016/0002-9149(80)90117-4 Echt, 1991, Mortality and mrobidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial, N Engl J Med, 324, 781, 10.1056/NEJM199103213241201 Goldman, 1991, Cost-effectiveness of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition for primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease, JAMA, 265, 1145, 10.1001/jama.1991.03460090093039 Krumholz, 1993, Cost-effectiveness of a smoking cessation program after myocardial infarction, J Am Coll Cardiol, 22, 1697, 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90598-U Eckman, 1993, Effect of laboratory variation in the prothrombin-time ratio on the results of oral anticoagulant therapy, N Engl J Med, 329, 696, 10.1056/NEJM199309023291005 Cummings, 1989, The cost-effectiveness of counseling smokers to quit, JAMA, 261, 75, 10.1001/jama.1989.03420010085038 Eckman, 1992, Decision analytic and cost-effectiveness issues concerning anticoagulant prophylaxis in heart disease, Chest, 102, 538S, 10.1378/chest.102.4_Supplement.538S Eckman, 1990, Anticoagulation for noncardiac procedures in patients with prosthetic heart valves, JAMA, 263, 1513, 10.1001/jama.1990.03440110079032 Edelson, 1990, Long-term cost-effectiveness of various initial monotherapies for mild to moderate hypertension, JAMA, 263, 407, 10.1001/jama.1990.03440030094028 Littenberg, 1990, Screening for hypertension, Ann Intern Med, 112, 192, 10.7326/0003-4819-112-3-192 Hatziandreu, 1988, A cost-effectiveness analysis of exercise as a health promotion activity, Am J Public Health, 78, 1417, 10.2105/AJPH.78.11.1417 Kinosian, 1988, Cutting into cholesterol: Cost-effective alternatives for treating hypercholesterolemia, JAMA, 259, 2249, 10.1001/jama.1988.03720150025030 Oster, 1986, Primary prevention and coronary heart disease: The economic benefits of lowering serum cholesterol, Am J Publ Health, 76, 647, 10.2105/AJPH.76.6.647 Gardiner J, Hogan A, Holmes-Rovner M, et al: Confidence intervals for cost effectiveness ratios. Med Decis Making (in press)