Cortical stimulation in pharmacoresistant focal epilepsies

Alam M, Truong DQ, Khadka N, Bikson M. Spatial and polarity precision of concentric high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS). Phys Med Biol. 2016;61(12):4506–21. Antal A, Alekseichuk I, Bikson M, Brockmoller J, Brunoni AR, Chen R, et al. Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(9):1774–809. Baulac M, Brodie MJ, Patten A, Segieth J, Giorgi L. Efficacy and tolerability of zonisamide versus controlled-release carbamazepine for newly diagnosed partial epilepsy: a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(7):579–88. Baulac M, Rosenow F, Toledo M, Terada K, Li T, De Backer M, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of lacosamide monotherapy versus controlled-release carbamazepine in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy: a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(1):43–54. Beghi E. The epidemiology of epilepsy. Neuroepidemiology. 2020;54(2):185–91. Billakota S, Devinsky O, Kim KW. Why we urgently need improved epilepsy therapies for adult patients. Neuropharmacology. 2020;170:107855. Braunewell KH, Manahan-Vaughan D. Long-term depression: a cellular basis for learning? Rev Neurosci. 2001;12(2):121–40. Brodie MJ, Perucca E, Ryvlin P, Ben-Menachem E, Meencke HJ, Levetiracetam Monotherapy Study G. Comparison of levetiracetam and controlled-release carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Neurology. 2007;68(6):402–8. Chang WP, Lu HC, Shyu BC. Treatment with direct-current stimulation against cingulate seizure-like activity induced by 4-aminopyridine and bicuculline in an in vitro mouse model. Exp Neurol. 2015;265:180–92. Chen Z, Brodie MJ, Kwan P. What has been the impact of new drug treatments on epilepsy? Curr Opin Neurol. 2020;33(2):185–90. Chkhenkeli SA, Sramka M, Lortkipanidze GS, Rakviashvili TN, Bregvadze E, Magalashvili GE, et al. Electrophysiological effects and clinical results of direct brain stimulation for intractable epilepsy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2004;106(4):318–29. EASEE-II. Available from: https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx? TrialID=DRKS00015918. [Accessed 16 July 2020]. Ellrich J. Electric low-frequency stimulation of the tongue induces long-term depression of the jaw-opening reflex in anesthetized mice. J Neurophysiol. 2004;92(6):3332–7. Ellrich J, Schorr A. Long-term depression of the human masseter inhibitory reflex. Neurosci Lett. 2002;329(3):265–8. Ellrich J, Schorr A. Low-frequency stimulation of trigeminal afferents induces long-term depression of human sensory processing. Brain Res. 2004;996(2):255–8. Engel J Jr. The current place of epilepsy surgery. Curr Opin Neurol. 2018;31(2):192–7. FDA. Summary of safety and effectiveness data; 2013. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf10/P100026B.pdf. [Accessed 17 Aug 2020]. Forsgren L, Bucht G, Eriksson S, Bergmark L. Incidence and clinical characterization of unprovoked seizures in adults: a prospective population-based study. Epilepsia. 1996;37(3):224–9. Fregni F, Otachi PT, Do Valle A, Boggio PS, Thut G, Rigonatti SP, et al. A randomized clinical trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with refractory epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 2006;60(4):447–55. Goddard GV, McIntyre DC, Leech CK. A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation. Exp Neurol. 1969;25(3):295–330. Gonzalez HFJ, Yengo-Kahn A, Englot DJ. Vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2019;30(2):219–30. Hamer HML, J. D, Richter S, Watermann N, Strzelczyk A. Gesundheitsökonomie und Lebensqualität bei Epilepsie. Z Epileptol. 2015;28:153–60. Heck CN, King-Stephens D, Massey AD, Nair DR, Jobst BC, Barkley GL, et al. Two-year seizure reduction in adults with medically intractable partial onset epilepsy treated with responsive neurostimulation: final results of the RNS system pivotal trial. Epilepsia. 2014;55(3):432–41. Holmes MD, Feng R, Wise MV, Ma C, Ramon C, Wu J, et al. Safety of slow-pulsed transcranial electrical stimulation in acute spike suppression. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2019;6(12):2579–85. Janmohamed M, Brodie MJ, Kwan P. Pharmacoresistance - epidemiology, mechanisms, and impact on epilepsy treatment. Neuropharmacology. 2020;168:107790. Jung K, Rottmann S, Ellrich J. Long-term depression of spinal nociception and pain in man: influence of varying stimulation parameters. Eur J Pain. 2009;13(2):161–70. Kemp N, Bashir ZI. Long-term depression: a cascade of induction and expression mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol. 2001;65(4):339–65. Kerezoudis P, Grewal SS, Stead M, Lundstrom BN, Britton JW, Shin C, et al. Chronic subthreshold cortical stimulation for adult drug-resistant focal epilepsy: safety, feasibility, and technique. J Neurosurg. 2018;129(2):533–43. Khatoun A, Asamoah B, Mc LM. Investigating the feasibility of Epicranial cortical stimulation using concentric-ring electrodes: a novel minimally invasive neuromodulation method. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:773. Kwan P, Arzimanoglou A, Berg AT, Brodie MJ, Allen Hauser W, Mathern G, et al. Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: consensus proposal by the ad hoc task force of the ILAE commission on therapeutic strategies. Epilepsia. 2010;51(6):1069–77. Lattanzi S, Zaccara G, Giovannelli F, Grillo E, Nardone R, Silvestrini M, et al. Antiepileptic monotherapy in newly diagnosed focal epilepsy. A network meta-analysis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2019;139(1):33–41. Lefaucheur JP, Aleman A, Baeken C, Benninger DH, Brunelin J, Di Lazzaro V, et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): an update (2014-2018). Clin Neurophysiol. 2020;131(2):474–528. Lefaucheur JP, Antal A, Ayache SS, Benninger DH, Brunelin J, Cogiamanian F, et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(1):56–92. Lesser RP, Kim SH, Beyderman L, Miglioretti DL, Webber WR, Bare M, et al. Brief bursts of pulse stimulation terminate afterdischarges caused by cortical stimulation. Neurology. 1999;53(9):2073–81. Loscher W, Schmidt D. Epilepsy: perampanel-new promise for refractory epilepsy? Nat Rev Neurol. 2012;8(12):661–2. Luders H, Lesser RP, Dinner DS, Morris HH, Wyllie E, Godoy J. Localization of cortical function: new information from extraoperative monitoring of patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1988;29(Suppl 2):S56–65. Lundstrom BN, Gompel JV, Khadjevand F, Worrell G, Stead M. Chronic subthreshold cortical stimulation and stimulation-related EEG biomarkers for focal epilepsy. Brain Commun. 2019;1(1):fcz010. Luoni C, Bisulli F, Canevini MP, De Sarro G, Fattore C, Galimberti CA, et al. Determinants of health-related quality of life in pharmacoresistant epilepsy: results from a large multicenter study of consecutively enrolled patients using validated quantitative assessments. Epilepsia. 2011;52(12):2181–91. Luu P, Essaki Arumugam EM, Anderson E, Gunn A, Rech D, Turovets S, et al. Slow-frequency pulsed transcranial electrical stimulation for modulation of cortical plasticity based on reciprocity targeting with precision electrical head modeling. Front Hum Neurosci. 2016;10:377. Malek N, Heath CA, Greene J. A review of medication adherence in people with epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2017;135(5):507–15. Meador KJ. The basic science of memory as it applies to epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2007;48(Suppl 9):23–5. Mishra A, Maiti R, Mishra BR, Jena M, Srinivasan A. Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on seizure frequency and epileptiform discharges in drug-resistant epilepsy: a meta-analysis. J Clin Neurol. 2020;16(1):9–18. Morrell M. Brain stimulation for epilepsy: can scheduled or responsive neurostimulation stop seizures? Curr Opin Neurol. 2006;19(2):164–8. Morrell MJ, Group RNSSiES. Responsive cortical stimulation for the treatment of medically intractable partial epilepsy. Neurology. 2011;77(13):1295–304. Motamedi GK, Lesser RP, Miglioretti DL, Mizuno-Matsumoto Y, Gordon B, Webber WR, et al. Optimizing parameters for terminating cortical afterdischarges with pulse stimulation. Epilepsia. 2002;43(8):836–46. Nair DR, Laxer KD, Weber PB, Murro AM, Park YD, Barkley GL, et al. Nine-year prospective efficacy and safety of brain-responsive neurostimulation for focal epilepsy. Neurology. 2020; in press. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010154. Ngugi AK, Bottomley C, Kleinschmidt I, Sander JW, Newton CR. Estimation of the burden of active and life-time epilepsy: a meta-analytic approach. Epilepsia. 2010;51(5):883–90. Nitsche MA, Fricke K, Henschke U, Schlitterlau A, Liebetanz D, Lang N, et al. Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability shifts induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in humans. J Physiol. 2003;553(Pt 1):293–301. Nitsche MA, Paulus W. Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J Physiol. 2000;527(Pt 3):633–9. Penfield W, Jasper H. Epilepsy and the functional anatomy of the human brain. Boston: Little Brown; 1954. PIMIDES-I. Available from: https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx? TrialID=DRKS00017833. [Accessed 16 July 2020]. Rottmann S, Jung K, Ellrich J. Electrical low-frequency stimulation induces homotopic long-term depression of nociception and pain from hand in man. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008;119(8):1895–904. Rottmann S, Jung K, Ellrich J. Electrical low-frequency stimulation induces long-term depression of sensory and affective components of pain in healthy man. Eur J Pain. 2010a;14(4):359–65. Rottmann S, Jung K, Vohn R, Ellrich J. Long-term depression of pain-related cerebral activation in healthy man: an fMRI study. Eur J Pain. 2010b;14(6):615–24. Salanova V, Witt T, Worth R, Henry TR, Gross RE, Nazzaro JM, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of thalamic stimulation for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Neurology. 2015;84(10):1017–25. Saturnino GB, Antunes A, Thielscher A. On the importance of electrode parameters for shaping electric field patterns generated by tDCS. Neuroimage. 2015;120:25–35. Schorr A, Ellrich J. Long-term depression of the human blink reflex. Exp Brain Res. 2002;147(4):549–53. Schulze-Bonhage A. Epikraniale stimulation in Prüfung. Dtsch Arztebl. 2019;116:26–30. Skarpaas TL, Jarosiewicz B, Morrell MJ. Brain-responsive neurostimulation for epilepsy (RNS((R)) system). Epilepsy Res. 2019;153:68–70. Stagg CJ, Antal A, Nitsche MA. Physiology of transcranial direct current stimulation. J ECT. 2018;34(3):144–52. Starnes K, Miller K, Wong-Kisiel L, Lundstrom BN. A review of Neurostimulation for epilepsy in pediatrics. Brain Sci. 2019;9(10):283. Sun W, Mao W, Meng X, Wang D, Qiao L, Tao W, et al. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of refractory partial epilepsy: a controlled clinical study. Epilepsia. 2012;53(10):1782–9. Tang F, Hartz AMS, Bauer B. Drug-resistant epilepsy: multiple hypotheses, few answers. Front Neurol. 2017;8:301. Trinka E, Ben-Menachem E, Kowacs PA, Elger C, Keller B, Loffler K, et al. Efficacy and safety of eslicarbazepine acetate versus controlled-release carbamazepine monotherapy in newly diagnosed epilepsy: a phase III double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, multicenter study. Epilepsia. 2018;59(2):479–91. VanHaerents S, Chang BS, Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A, Shafi MM. Noninvasive brain stimulation in epilepsy. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2020;37(2):118–30. Weiss SR, Li XL, Rosen JB, Li H, Heynen T, Post RM. Quenching: inhibition of development and expression of amygdala kindled seizures with low frequency stimulation. Neuroreport. 1995;6(16):2171–6. Xia Z, Storm DR. The role of calmodulin as a signal integrator for synaptic plasticity. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6(4):267–76. Yang D, Wang Q, Xu C, Fang F, Fan J, Li L, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation reduces seizure frequency in patients with refractory focal epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, and three-arm parallel multicenter study. Brain Stimul. 2020;13(1):109–16.